Name: 如何對細胞進行生物黑客攻擊以抗擊癌症--格雷格-足部 (How to biohack your cells to fight cancer - Greg Foot)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T08:29:07.000Z
Duration: 8 min 1 s

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

In fact, as you're made of  30-ish trillion cells,

事實上，你是由 三十多兆個細胞組成的，

you're a robot made of trillions of mini robots-

你是個機器人，由數兆個 迷你機器人組成——

And your mission, for the past 4 billion  years or so-

and for as long as you keep  playing this game of life-

你的使命，在過去四十億年左右，

只要你繼續參與這場生命遊戲，

就得進行的使命是要保護編碼。

The thing is, you're rubbish at  copying your own code.

重點是，你實在很不擅長 複製你自己的編碼。

Not good when an error makes  a robot worse at surviving,

but sometimes a mistake  helps them survive...

當錯誤會讓機器人的生存能力 變差時，並不是好事，

and they pass that glitch in the code on-

但有時候，錯誤能協助它們生存……

它們會把編碼中的 這個小問題傳下去——

Which means you're not the result  of some fancy design, I'm afraid.

概括地說，那就是演化，對吧？

You're a result of billions of  years of bad copies.

這恐怕就意味著，你並不是 酷炫設計出來的結果。

你是數十億年做爛的複製品 所產生的結果。

Another reason you're not totally awesome

is because that megabot of yours  often breaks down.

還有一個理由可以說明 你不是那麼讚，

因為你的那個 超級機器人常常會失靈。

cardiologists, immunologists,  microbiologists- all the "ists"-

幸運的是，心臟病學家、免疫學家、

have spent centuries figuring out  our sensors and wiring

so if something does go wrong,  they can usually fix it.

花了數世紀的時間去了解 我們的感測器和線路，

Where they struggle, though, is when  the machinery turns on itself-

所以有什麼地方出錯時， 他們通常都可以修復。

when a copying error leads a cell  to start dividing uncontrollably,

但，會讓他們很費力的就是 機器自行啟動的情況——

也就是複製錯誤造成細胞 開始不受控制地分裂、

And sadly, even with the might  of our modern medicine,

不幸的是，即使現代醫學威力強大，

But this is where a new band of  biologists step into the story:

但，此時就要輪到 一群生物學家登場了：

These biohackers are mashing up science,  medicine and engineering

to rewrite the code and fix  the un-fixable.

這些生物駭客會把科學、 醫學，以及工程給混合起來，

Biohackers are going into a  patient's genetic code

重新寫過編碼， 把不能修好的部分修好。

and reprogramming their own immune system

生物駭客會進入病人的基因編碼中，

to recognize cancer cells  and destroy them.

並重新寫他們自己的免疫系統，

It's called CAR T-cell therapy,  and it's awesome.

來識別出癌症細胞，並將之消滅。

See, you're constantly under  attack by pathogens-

這就是 CAR T 細胞療法，它很棒。

single-celled bacteria, viruses and fungi.

你常常會受到病原體的攻擊——

to stay solo and not 'avengers assemble'  like you did,

儘管早些時候 那些病原體決定要持續單飛，

those pathogens see you, in all  your mega-meat-bot glory,

但它們把你這個 壯觀的超級肉製機器人，

Thankfully, you've got a security team  in place to battle these invaders-

謝天謝地，你還有個準備好 對抗這些入侵者的保安團隊——

and some of it's top guards are  your white blood cells.

They trawl the darkness  that is your inner space,

團隊中的頂尖警衛 就是你的白血球細胞。

checking the IDs of any cells they pass...

它們在黑暗（也就是 你的內在空間）中捕獵，

只要遇到任何細胞， 就會上前確認它的身分，

but rather protein fragments on  the cell's surface called antigens.

There are two types of these guards:  T-cells and B-cells.

而是細胞表面的 蛋白質片段，稱為抗原。

T-cells check those antigen IDs  using special claws-

警衛有兩類：T 細胞和 B 細胞。

receptors that lock with a  particular antigen.

T 細胞會用特殊的爪子 去檢查那些抗原的身分——

If they find a match, they attach and  they release toxic chemicals

爪子指的是鎖定特定抗原的接收器。

that burst open the  invading cell's membrane.

如果發現符合的對象，它們就會 附著上去，釋出有毒化學物質，

Their B-cell workmates create antibodies-

它們的工作夥伴 B 細胞會創造抗體——

little claws that latch perfectly onto  a particular antigen,

可以完美鎖上特定抗原的小爪子，

and your immune system is brilliant at  spotting and fighting pathogens

你的免疫系統很擅長 發現從外界入侵的病原體，

they're not so good at spotting your  own cells that have gone rogue.

The antigens on cancerous cells  don't look weird,

如果是你自己的細胞叛變了， 就不見得會被它們發現。

癌症細胞上的抗原看起來並不奇怪，

and the T's and B's aren't  programmed to attack them.

它們看起來很像你自己的細胞，

The usual way to deal with cancer is  to try to cut the tumor out,

T 細胞和 B 細胞 不是設計來攻擊它們的。

or turn to radiotherapy and  then chemotherapy

要處理癌症，一般的 做法是把腫瘤切除，

to destroy or block the  growth of cancer cells,

或是做放射線治療， 接著是化學療法，

but if it's a blood cancer, if it's  floating around your whole body,

以摧毀癌症細胞或阻止它們成長，

但，如果是血癌，如果 癌細胞在你全身四處流動，

And if the blood cancer actually starts in your white blood cells-

如果血癌始於你的白血球細胞——

也就是你的免疫系統的重要警衛——

That's the case with acute  lymphoblastic leukemia,

and that's where CAR T-cell therapy  is kicking butt.

The biohackers are reprogramming a  patient's own immune system

那就是 CAR T 細胞療法 能大顯身手的時候了。

to recognize particular antigens- those  particular protein fragments-

這些生物駭客會為病人 自己的免疫系統重新編碼，

讓它能識別出 癌症細胞上的特定抗原——

To do it, you first need millions  of a patient's T-cells

Then, to get a T-cell to do  something different,

如果要做這種治療，你首先 需要病人的數百萬個 T 細胞，

you need to replace its normal  code with something new,

接著，要讓 T 細胞去做不同的事，

就得要把它的正常編碼 換成新的編碼，

What synthetic biologists can now do with DNA is super cool-

they use a computer to put together  their own sequences of bases-

現今，合成生物學家用 DNA 能夠做到非常酷的事——

the chemical letters that spell  out the DNA-

他們會用電腦來拼湊 他們自己的基礎序列——

then they model what that new genetic  code will do on a computer

and then make those sequences  on a DNA printer-

接著，他們用電腦建模， 模擬新的基因碼能夠做什麼，

接著用 DNA 印表機 來做出那些序列——

printing not with ink, or with a plastic  polymer like in a 3D printer,

but with those fundamental  building blocks of life,

不是用墨水來印，也不是 像 3D 印表機用塑料聚合物來印，

The new code they designed for a  T-cell has 3 key instructions:

1. It tells it how to recognize  and kill a cancer cell.

他們為 T 細胞設計的新編碼 會帶有三項重要指令：

一、編碼會告訴 T 細胞 如何識別和殺死癌症細胞。

更明確來說，就是 如何修改抗體——

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如何對細胞進行生物黑客攻擊以抗擊癌症--格雷格-足部 (How to biohack your cells to fight cancer - Greg Foot)

specific

struggle

immune

recognize