and after a 30-year career in capitalism

我是資本主義者，

spanning three dozen companies,

在三十年橫跨三十多間公司的

generating tens of billions of dollars in market value,

資本主義職涯中，

I'm not just in the top one percent, I'm in the top .01 percent of all earners.

創造了數百億美元的市場價值，

Today, I have come to share the secrets of our success,

我的收入不只是在前 1%， 還是在前 0.01%。

because rich capitalists like me have never been richer.

今天，我來分享我們成功的秘密，

So the question is, how do we do it?

因為像我這樣的資本主義者 以前從來沒有這麼富有過。

How do we manage to grab

問題是：我們是怎麼辦到的？

an ever-increasing share of the economic pie every year?

我們這一群人，是如何掌握

Is it that rich people are smarter than we were 30 years ago?

每年都不斷增長的經濟大餅？

Is it that we're working harder than we once did?

是因為有錢人比三十年前更聰明嗎？

Are we taller, better looking?

還是我們現在更努力了？

Sadly, no.

我們有比較高、比較好看嗎？

It all comes down to just one thing:

很不幸的，沒有。

economics.

總結起來只有一點：

Because, here's the dirty secret.

經濟學。

There was a time in which the economics profession

因為，骯髒的秘密如下。

worked in the public interest,

曾經有段時間，經濟學專業人士 是為了公眾利益努力的，

but in the neoliberal era,

但在新自由時代，

today,

如今，

they work only for big corporations

他們只為大公司和億萬富翁工作，

and billionaires,

那會造成一些問題。

and that is creating a little bit of a problem.

我們可以選擇制定經濟政策、

We could choose to enact economic policies

向富人收更高的稅、

that raise taxes on the rich,

規範強大的企業 或者提高員工的薪資。

regulate powerful corporations or raise wages for workers.

這我們以前都做過。

We have done it before.

但新自由主義經濟學家會警告說，

But neoliberal economists would warn

這些政策都會是可怕的錯誤，

that all of these policies would be a terrible mistake,

因為提高稅率會扼殺經濟成長，

because raising taxes always kills economic growth,

而任何形式的政策規範

and any form of government regulation

都沒有效率，

is inefficient,

提高薪資則會扼殺工作機會。

and raising wages always kills jobs.

用這種想法做事的後果就是，

Well, as a consequence of that thinking,

在過去三十年，光是在美國，

over the last 30 years, in the USA alone,

金字塔頂端 1% 的富人財富多了 二十一兆美金，

the top one percent has grown 21 trillion dollars richer

底部 50% 的窮人財富 則少了九千億美金，

while the bottom 50 percent have grown 900 billion dollars poorer,

貧富不均的擴大現象

a pattern of widening inequality that has largely repeated itself

在世界各地不斷地上演。

across the world.

還有，

And yet, as middle class families struggle to get by

就在中產階級這四十年來，

on wages that have not budged in about 40 years,

掙扎著餬口的的同時，

neoliberal economists continue to warn that the only reasonable response

新自由經濟學家仍不斷警告，

to the painful dislocations of austerity and globalization

面對緊縮和全球化的痛苦，

is even more austerity and globalization.

唯一合理的因應方式 竟是更緊縮與更全球化。

So, what is a society to do?

所以，社會該如何是好？

Well, it's super clear to me what we need to do.

我非常清楚該怎麼做。

We need a new economics.

我們需要一種新的經濟學。

So, economics has been described as the dismal science,

經濟學一直被描述成 一門沉悶的科學，

and for good reason, because as much as it is taught today,

雖然學校教這麼多了， 有很好的理由可以說明，

it isn't a science at all,

它其實根本不是科學， 儘管用了一堆很玄的數學。

in spite of all of the dazzling mathematics.

事實上，越來越多學者和業者

In fact, a growing number of academics and practitioners

得出結論認為，新自由經濟理論

have concluded that neoliberal economic theory is dangerously wrong

錯的離譜，

and that today's growing crises of rising inequality

現今，不平等越來越嚴重，

and growing political instability

政策越來越不穩定，

are the direct result of decades of bad economic theory.

這些危機都是數十年採用了不好的 經濟理論而直接造成的結果。

What we now know is that the economics that made me so rich isn't just wrong,

現在我們知道， 讓我如此富有的經濟學

it's backwards,

不僅是錯的，

because it turns out

還開倒車，

it isn't capital that creates economic growth,

因為，我們發現，

it's people;

經濟成長並不是資本創造的，

and it isn't self-interest that promotes the public good,

是人創造出來的；

it's reciprocity;

公眾利益並不是靠自利來推動的，

and it isn't competition that produces our prosperity,

而是靠互惠互利來的；

it's cooperation.

我們的繁榮並不是競爭造成的，

What we can now see is that an economics that is neither just nor inclusive

而是合作。

can never sustain the high levels of social cooperation

現在我們能夠了解， 不公正又不包容的經濟

necessary to enable a modern society to thrive.

永遠不可能維持高度的社會合作，

So where did we go wrong?

但現代社會要繁榮 就少不了社會合作。

Well, it turns out that it's become painfully obvious

所以，我們是哪裡做錯了？

that the fundamental assumptions that undergird neoliberal economic theory

結果發現，這個事實 明顯到讓人感到痛苦：

are just objectively false,

支撐新自由經濟理論的

and so today first I want to take you through some of those mistaken assumptions

那些基礎假設

and then after describe where the science suggests prosperity actually comes from.

客觀來說，根本是錯的，

So, neoliberal economic assumption number one is

所以，今天，我首先想 跟大家談一些錯誤的假設，

that the market is an efficient equilibrium system,

之後再說明，如何從科學的角度 創造繁榮。

which basically means that if one thing in the economy, like wages, goes up,

所以，新自由經濟的第一個假設是

another thing in the economy, like jobs, must go down.

市場是一個有效的平衡系統，

So for example, in Seattle, where I live,

基本上，意思就是，

when in 2014 we passed our nation's first 15 dollar minimum wage,

當經濟體中有一個元素提升， 如薪水，

the neoliberals freaked out over their precious equilibrium.

經濟體中的另一個元素 就會下降，如工作機會。

"If you raise the price of labor," they warned,

比如，在我居住的西雅圖，

"businesses will purchase less of it.

2014 年我們通過了全國 前所未有的十五美金最低薪資，

Thousands of low-wage workers will lose their jobs.

新自由主義者們對即將失去的 寶貴平衡而驚慌失措。

The restaurants will close."

他們警告： 「如果你們提高勞動力的價格，」

Except ...

「企業購買的勞動力就會減少。

they didn't.

數以千計的低薪員工 就會失去工作。

The unemployment rate fell dramatically.

餐廳會關門。」不過……

The restaurant business in Seattle boomed.

並沒有發生。

Why?

失業率大大下降。

Because there is no equilibrium.

西雅圖的餐廳業 突然好轉。為什麼？

Because raising wages doesn't kill jobs, it creates them;

因為根本沒有什麼平衡。

because, for instance,

因為提高薪水不會扼殺而會創造 工作機會；因為，比如，

when restaurant owners are suddenly required to pay restaurant workers enough

當餐廳老闆突然被要求 支付餐廳員工更多錢，

so that now even they can afford to eat in restaurants,

讓他們都能夠負擔得起 在餐廳用餐，

it doesn't shrink the restaurant business,

這就不會讓餐廳的業績萎縮，

it grows it, obviously.

很顯然，反而會成長。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

The second assumption is

第二個假設是，

that the price of something is always equal to its value,

任何東西的價格 總是等同於它的價值，

which basically means that if you earn 50,000 dollars a year

基本上，意思就是， 如果你一年賺五萬美金，

and I earn 50 million dollars a year,

而我一年賺五千萬美金，

that's because I produce a thousand times as much value as you.

那是因為我產出的 價值比你高一千倍。

Now,

現在，

it will not surprise you to learn

對這樣的假設

that this is a very comforting assumption

如果你不會感到太驚訝， 就只有一種可能 :

if you're a CEO paying yourself 50 million dollars a year

你是一位會付給自己 五千萬美金年薪，

but paying your workers poverty wages.

但付給員工的薪水 卻少的可憐的執行長。

But please, take it from somebody who has run dozens of businesses:

但，拜託，聽聽經營過 數十間企業的人怎麼說：

this is nonsense.

這很不合理。

People are not paid what they are worth.

人們的工資與他們的價值無關。

They are paid what they have the power to negotiate,

他們的薪水取決於 薪資協調的權利，

and wages' falling share of GDP

薪水佔國內生產總值的 比例一直下降，

is not because workers have become less productive

並非因為勞工的生產力下降，

but because employers have become more powerful.

而是因為僱主的權利變大了。

And --

且——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And by pretending that the giant imbalance in power between capital and labor

把資方和勞方之間 權利嚴重不平衡的情況

doesn't exist,

裝作沒看到，

neoliberal economic theory became essentially

新自由經濟理論在根本上

a protection racket for the rich.

就是富人的保護傘。

The third assumption, and by far the most pernicious,

第三個假設，目前為止 最有害的一個，就是

is a behavioral model

將人類描述成某種 「經濟智人」的行為模型，

that describes human beings as something called "homo economicus,"

基本上，意思就是， 我們都是非常自私、

which basically means that we are all perfectly selfish,

非常理性無情， 只會不斷膨脹自我的人類。

perfectly rational and relentlessly self-maximizing.

但，問問你自己，

But just ask yourselves,

真的嗎？你這生當中

is it plausible that every single time for your entire life,

每次出手幫忙別人，

when you did something nice for somebody else,

都是為了把你的個人利益最大化嗎？

all you were doing was maximizing your own utility?

一個士兵撲向手榴彈 以保護他的夥伴，

Is it plausible that when a soldier jumps on a grenade to defend fellow soldiers,

目的只是心胸狹窄地 想促進自我利益？這說法對嗎？

they're just promoting their narrow self-interest?

如果你會認為他們都是笨蛋，

If you think that's nuts,

這與任何合理的精神直覺相反，

contrary to any reasonable moral intuition,

那是因為根據最新的科學，

that's because it is

它告訴你，

and, according to the latest science,

這是假的。

not true.

這是因為，以冷酷為核心的 新自由經濟行為模式，

But it is this behavioral model

不僅腐蝕了我們的人性道德，

which is at the cold, cruel heart of neoliberal economics,

從科學的角度而言，也大錯特錯，

and it is as morally corrosive

因為，

as it is scientifically wrong

如果我們接受了錯誤的想法——

because, if we accept at face value

人類基本上是自私的這個想法，

that humans are fundamentally selfish,

然後轉頭看看這個世界，

and then we look around the world

看看世界上所有 明確的繁榮昌盛，

at all of the unambiguous prosperity in it,

從邏輯上，

then it follows logically,

從定義上來看， 是因為數十億個自私的行為

then it must be true by definition,

造就了這個繁榮及

that billions of individual acts of selfishness

符合大眾利益的社會。

magically transubstantiate into prosperity and the common good.

如果我們人類只是自私的膨脹者，

If we humans are merely selfish maximizers,

那麼，自私就是我們繁榮的成因。

then selfishness is the cause of our prosperity.

在這個經濟邏輯下，

Under this economic logic,

貪婪變成是好的，

greed is good,

將不平等擴散出去變成 是對人類有效益的，

widening inequality is efficient,

而企業的唯一目的

and the only purpose of the corporation

就是讓股東更富裕，

can be to enrich shareholders,

因為若不這麼做， 就會讓經濟成長慢下來，

because to do otherwise would be to slow economic growth

並傷害到整體經濟。

and harm the economy overall.

正是這些自私的信條，

And it is this gospel of selfishness

型塑出新自由經濟主義 意識形態的基石，

which forms the ideological cornerstone of neoliberal economics,

這種思考方式所 產生出來的經濟政策

a way of thinking which has produced economic policies

讓我和其他在前 1% 的富有夥伴們

which have enabled me and my rich buddies in the top one percent

能取得過去四十年成長 所帶來的所有利益。

to grab virtually all of the benefits of growth over the last 40 years.

但，

But,

如果我們摒棄這些信條，

if instead

改接納最新的實證研究、

we accept the latest empirical research,

真正的科學，正確地描述人類

real science, which correctly describes human beings

是高度合作的、

as highly cooperative,

互惠的，

reciprocal

且在直覺上具有道德的動物，

and intuitively moral creatures,

根據這樣的邏輯，

then it follows logically

人類是合作的

that it must be cooperation

而非自私的，

and not selfishness

造就我們繁榮昌盛的

that is the cause of our prosperity,

不是我們的自我利益

and it isn't our self-interest

而是人類天生的互惠能力 造就了人類的繁榮昌盛。

but rather our inherent reciprocity

所以，

that is humanity's economic superpower.

在這新經濟學的核心，

So at the heart of this new economics

是一個關於我們自己的故事， 讓我們可以成為最好的自己，

is a story about ourselves that grants us permission to be our best selves,

不像以前的舊經濟學，

and, unlike the old economics,

這個故事是良善的，

this is a story that is virtuous

也具有真實的美德。

and also has the virtue of being true.

現在，

Now,

我想要強調這種新經濟學

I want to emphasize that this new economics

並非我個人想像或發明出來的。

is not something I have personally imagined or invented.

它的理論和模型

Its theories and models are being developed and refined

正在世界各地的大學裡 發展和完善，

in universities around the world

建構的基礎是一些 最好的經濟相關新研究、

building on some of the best new research in economics,

複雜理論、演化理論、

complexity theory, evolutionary theory,

心理學、人類學，及其它行為準則。

psychology, anthropology and other disciplines.

雖然這種新經濟學還沒有 它自己的教科書，

And although this new economics does not yet have its own textbook

甚至沒有一個大家都同意的名稱，

or even a commonly agreed upon name,

廣義來說，

in broad strokes

它對於繁榮從何而來的 解釋是像這樣的。

its explanation of where prosperity comes from goes something like this.

市場資本主義是一個演化系統，

So, market capitalism is an evolutionary system

在這個系統中，繁榮的出現，

in which prosperity emerges

是因為透過不斷增長的 創新與消費需求

through a positive feedback loop

之間的正向回饋，循環而成的。

between increasing amounts of innovation and increasing amounts of consumer demand.

創新就是我們用來 解決人類問題的過程，

Innovation is the process by which we solve human problems,

消費者需求是一種機制， 市場透過它來選擇

consumer demand is the mechanism through which the market selects

哪些創新是有用的，

for useful innovations,

隨著我們解決更多問題， 我們就變得更繁榮。

and as we solve more problems, we become more prosperous.

但，隨著我們變得更繁榮，

But as we become more prosperous,

我們的問題和解決方案

our problems and solutions

會變得更複雜，

become more complex,

技術的複雜度一直上升，

and this increasing technical complexity

就會需要更高程度的 社會和經濟合作，

requires ever higher levels of social and economic cooperation

才能產生出更專業的產品，

in order to produce the more highly specialized products

來定義現代經濟。

that define a modern economy.

當然，舊的經濟學也沒錯，

Now, the old economics is correct, of course,

在市場的運作方式中， 競爭扮演了關鍵的角色，

that competition plays a crucial role in how markets work,

但你在這裡面看不到

but what it fails to see

高度合作團體之間的競爭——

is that it is largely a competition between highly cooperative groups --

公司之間的競爭、 公司網路協作的競爭、

competition between firms, competition between networks of firms,

國家之間的競爭——

competition between nations --

曾經經營過成功企業的人都知道，

and anyone who has ever run a successful business knows

用大家的才華來打造 團結的團隊幾乎一定是

that building a cooperative team by including the talents of everyone

比用一堆自私渾蛋更好的策略。

is almost always a better strategy than just a bunch of selfish jerks.

所以，我們要如何把 新自由主義拋諸腦後，

So how do we leave neoliberalism behind

建立一個更永續、更繁榮，

and build a more sustainable, more prosperous

且更平等的社會？

and more equitable society?

新經濟學提出了五條法則。

The new economics suggests just five rules of thumb.

第一，成功的經濟不是叢林，

First is that successful economies are not jungles, they're gardens,

是花園，

which is to say that markets,

也就是說，

like gardens, must be tended,

市場像花園一樣需要照顧，

that the market is the greatest social technology ever invented

這個市場是有史以來 可以解決人類問題的

for solving human problems,

最偉大的社會技術。

but unconstrained by social norms or democratic regulation,

而不是靠社會規範或 民主監管來約束，

markets inevitably create more problems than they solve.

這樣的市場只會創造出 更多無法避免的問題，

Climate change,

像氣候變遷、2008 年的金融危機

the great financial crisis of 2008

是兩個很容易想到的例子。

are two easy examples.

第二條法則，

The second rule is

包容力能創造經濟成長。

that inclusion creates economic growth.

新自由主義者認為

So the neoliberal idea

包容力只有在經濟成長時 才會出現的的高檔奢侈品，

that inclusion is this fancy luxury

這樣的想法是大錯特錯 且是開倒車的。

to be afforded if and when we have growth is both wrong and backwards.

經濟談的是人。

The economy is people.

用更多方法讓更多人參與

Including more people in more ways

才會造就市場經濟的成長。

is what causes economic growth in market economies.

第三條，

The third principle

企業的目的不能只是 讓股東賺更多錢。

is the purpose of the corporation is not merely to enrich shareholders.

現代經濟最大的騙局，

The greatest grift in contemporary economic life

就是新自由主義的這個想法：

is the neoliberal idea that the only purpose of the corporation

企業唯一目的及主管的唯一責任