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  • Vassy Kapelos: This might be

  • Canada's most persistent piece of fake news.

  • It comes from a 2004 letter to the editor

  • printed in The Toronto Star.

  • It says refugees in Canada receive more money

  • from the government than retired citizens.

  • It's not true.

  • In fact, a retired Canadian is eligible for about double

  • what a refugee gets,

  • depending on the province.

  • But you can still find the falsehood circulating online,

  • even though The Star and the Canadian government

  • debunked it.

  • [loud buzzer]

  • You should also know that Jagmeet Singh

  • is not wanted for terrorism in 15 countries.

  • Nor did the mayor of Dorval, Quebec

  • stand up to Muslim families

  • who asked to take pork off school menus.

  • He didn't do that. They never asked.

  • And this website that looks like a local Quebec news site,

  • it's actually an advertising revenue scheme

  • based in Ukraine.

  • [wings flapping]

  • All of this fake news seems to unravel

  • with just a little bit of digging.

  • So why do people keep falling for it,

  • and how can you better spot it?

  • ♪ [theme]

  • First, let's get clear about the definition.

  • [tv static]

  • This was the largest audience to ever witness an inauguration,

  • period.

  • Vassy: Fake news has been used to describe everything from

  • political spin to pranks to conspiracy theories,

  • even to media outlets politicians don't like.

  • You are fake news.

  • I like real news, not fake news. You're fake news.

  • The fake news, the enemy of the people.

  • That's why researchers say we should stop using those words,

  • and instead, say "misinformation",

  • or "disinformation".

  • They define disinformation as the deliberate creation

  • or sharing of false information to mislead people.

  • Misinformation is the act of sharing information

  • without realizing it's wrong.

  • Whether it's a headline designed to sway opinions,

  • make money, or it's simply just misconstrued,

  • sharing this stuff can have real consequences.

  • Misleading social posts shared in 2017,

  • encouraged Haitian asylum seekers to try and cross

  • in to Canada from the U.S.

  • WhatsApp messages like this one said

  • Canada had invited all Haitian nationals in the U.S.

  • to apply for residency.

  • It wasn't true, but for people facing

  • possible deportation back to Haiti,

  • it was something they wanted to hear.

  • Researchers say there are a ton of reasons

  • people share fake news.

  • Some are just sharing stuff that they agree with.

  • Some are deliberately making trouble.

  • Others just don't know what they're sharing is false.

  • Gordon: I do research on human reasoning/decision making.

  • I research, essentially, the science of human study.

  • Vassy: Gordon Pennycook says social media platforms

  • prime people to be, quote, "lazy thinkers".

  • Gordon: Mostly, it's just, you know, pictures of dogs

  • and babies, and -- [chuckling]

  • -- and things like that.

  • And you might come across a news article,

  • but you're not really in the sort of mode

  • that you ought to be in when you're engaging with --

  • with actual news content.

  • Vassy: Among other things, his research looked at the effect

  • of repeat exposure.

  • Gordon: We basically showed people fake news headlines

  • in the format that they would be on social media,

  • and what we showed is that a single prior exposure

  • to a fake news headline

  • increases later belief in that headline,

  • regardless of whether the person remembers having seen it before.

  • Now consider the convincing nature of a video clip.

  • Check out this moment between Prime Minister Trudeau

  • and Brazil's President Bolsonaro at the G20.

  • Clips of it started circulating online

  • with partisan groups saying it showed

  • "awkward and pathetic Trudeau being snubbed

  • on the world stage".

  • Global News tried to clarify the disinformation

  • by tweeting a longer version of the video showing

  • the two men did, in fact, shake hands.

  • But you'll notice that the correct information

  • didn't spread as far as the disinformation.

  • And that, experts will tell you,

  • is what's wrong with social media.

  • Ultimately, it's calibrated for engagement

  • so that, um, the more people are enraged and engaged,

  • and ultimately, divided on these sites,

  • the more they use them,

  • and the more they post, and the more they share,

  • which is ultimately good for the platforms --

  • the business model of the platforms.

  • Vassy: Taylor Owen studies

  • the political impact of digital technology

  • at McGill University.

  • He says people should be sceptical of content

  • that makes them angry,

  • especially during an election year.

  • Taylor: Pipelines, reconciliation,

  • immigration, these things that we already know

  • are in the popular debate,

  • how are they being amplified,

  • how are they being torqued

  • by people trying to divide us against each other?

  • So what else can you do to prevent falling

  • for disinformation?

  • Well, be sceptical of what you see online.

  • Read the whole article.

  • Sometimes that sensational headline doesn't match

  • the body of the story.

  • Ask yourself, "Is the author or organization familiar to you?

  • Are they reputable?

  • Are other reputable outlets reporting the story too?

  • Look at the url.

  • If the content is imitating a legitimate site,

  • the branding might might match, but the urls won't.

  • If you really want to dig,

  • try a Google reverse image search of photos in the story.

  • And if you see something that's fake or misleading,

  • report it to the platform you saw it on.

  • But here's the problem,

  • not everyone has the time, skill, or will

  • to do this kind of sleuthing.

  • It's not just not knowing that much about the world,

  • you know, it's not like ignorance,

  • it's just not being, kind of, willing to think about things

  • which is a different sort of stupidity.

  • So what's the solution?

  • Well, there's no single easy answer.

  • Fact checking has the potential to be a really helpful

  • and powerful medium.

  • So holding politicians to account for the incorrect

  • things that they say.

  • Vassy: Jason Reifler studies public opinion

  • and political psychology

  • at the University of Exeter in the UK.

  • He says news organizations, journalists,

  • and social media platforms all have a role in preventing

  • the spread of disinformation.

  • But studies show little things you do can help too.

  • On the individual basis, calling our friends and relatives out,

  • in a nice, you know,

  • not in to what starts as a huge political argument,

  • but just pointing out when they're saying things

  • that aren't correct.

  • But that can have a beneficial effect.

  • As the world gets bigger, and more connected,

  • we need that sense of-- of intimacy more than--

  • more than ever.

  • Vassy: Facebook says it's employed fact checkers,

  • and moderators,

  • and will take down accounts

  • that try to interfere with the election.

  • Plus, governments around the world have been turning up

  • the pressure on companies, like Facebook, to do more.

  • The platforms are failing their users.

  • Vassy: Canada has also signalled it's considering penalties

  • for tech platforms that don't clamp down on disinformation.

  • And if they don't, we will hold them to account,

  • and there will be meaningful, financial consequences.

  • Vassy: But they haven't acted specifically on that.

  • ♪ ♪

Vassy Kapelos: This might be

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為什麼很容易上當受騙,如何識別假新聞? (Why it’s so easy to fall for fake news and how to spot it)

  • 85 3
    林宜悉 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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