Placeholder Image

字幕列表 影片播放

  • I'm going to talk today

    今天我要講的是

  • about the pleasures of everyday life.

    有關日常生活的快樂

  • But I want to begin with a story

    但我想先說一則關於

  • of an unusual and terrible man.

    一位特殊又可怕的人的故事

  • This is Hermann Goering.

    他是赫曼.戈林(Hermann Goering)

  • Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,

    戈林是希特勒在二戰時期的副司令官

  • his designated successor.

    也是他指定的接班人

  • And like Hitler,

    和希特勒一樣

  • Goering fancied himself a collector of art.

    戈林也自認自己是一位愛好藝術的收藏家

  • He went through Europe, through World War II,

    他在二戰時期,走遍歐洲

  • stealing, extorting and occasionally buying

    竊取,強奪,偶爾購買

  • various paintings for his collection.

    不同的畫作作為私人收藏

  • And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.

    而當中他最想擁有的是維梅爾 (Vermeer) 的作品

  • Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.

    希特勒收藏了其中兩幅,而他一幅也沒有

  • So he finally found an art dealer,

    後來他終於找上了一位藝術品經銷商

  • a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,

    一位名叫漢‧凡‧米格倫 (Han van Meegeren) 的荷蘭畫商

  • who sold him a wonderful Vermeer

    他賣給他一幅完美的維梅爾的作品

  • for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.

    該作品估計現值一千萬美元

  • And it was his favorite artwork ever.

    該作品也是戈林的最愛

  • World War II came to an end,

    二戰結束時

  • and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg

    戈林被捕,在紐倫堡審判

  • and ultimately sentenced to death.

    而最終被判死刑

  • Then the allied forces went through his collections

    後來盟軍審查了他的收藏品

  • and found the paintings

    找到那些畫作

  • and went after the people who sold it to him.

    逮捕了當時販售畫作給他的人

  • And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam

    某天荷蘭警方到阿姆斯特丹

  • and arrested Van Meegeren.

    逮捕了凡‧米格倫

  • Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,

    凡‧米格倫被控叛國罪

  • which is itself punishable by death.

    叛國罪是會被判處死刑

  • Six weeks into his prison sentence,

    米格倫在監獄服刑的六星期裡

  • Van Meegeren confessed.

    他坦承犯罪

  • But he didn't confess to treason.

    但他並非認了叛國罪

  • He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece

    他說:「我並沒有販賣偉大的畫作

  • to that Nazi.

    給那個納粹

  • I painted it myself; I'm a forger."

    那是我自己畫的,我是一名仿畫家。」

  • Now nobody believed him.

    沒有人相信他

  • And he said, "I'll prove it.

    然後他說:「我可以證明的

  • Bring me a canvas and some paint,

    給我一些畫布和顏料

  • and I will paint a Vermeer much better

    我可以畫出一幅

  • than I sold that disgusting Nazi.

    比我賣給那令人厭惡的納粹更好的維梅爾作品

  • I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."

    我還需要酒和嗎啡,因為這樣我才能工作。」

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • So they brought him in.

    所以他們給了他這些東西

  • He painted a beautiful Vermeer.

    他也畫出了一幅美麗的維梅爾畫作

  • And then the charges of treason were dropped.

    後來叛國的罪名就撤銷了

  • He had a lesser charge of forgery,

    他被判了一個較輕的偽造罪

  • got a year sentence

    判刑一年

  • and died a hero to the Dutch people.

    死後成為荷蘭人民的英雄

  • There's a lot more to be said about Van Meegeren,

    關於凡‧米格倫還有很多事情可以說

  • but I want to turn now to Goering,

    但我想回來談戈林

  • who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.

    照片裡的他在紐倫堡被審問

  • Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.

    戈林,據所有的罪狀,是一個可怕的人

  • Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.

    就算是對納粹分子而言,他還是個可怕的人

  • His American interrogators described him

    他的美籍審問官形容他

  • as an amicable psychopath.

    是一名友善的精神變態者

  • But you could feel sympathy

    但各位可以對他感到同情的是

  • for the reaction he had

    他的反應

  • when he was told that his favorite painting

    當他被告知他最愛的畫作

  • was actually a forgery.

    其實是幅仿畫

  • According to his biographer,

    據他的傳記作者所說

  • "He looked as if for the first time

    「他看上去好像是

  • he had discovered there was evil in the world."

    他第一次發現有世界上有邪惡的事。」

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • And he killed himself soon afterwards.

    之後他很快地就自殺了

  • He had discovered after all

    他後來發現

  • that the painting he thought was this

    他原先以為的這幅畫

  • was actually that.

    事實上是這一幅

  • It looked the same,

    這看起來是相同的

  • but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.

    但來源不同,這是完全不同的畫作

  • It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.

    不單是他感到驚訝

  • Once Van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.

    某次凡‧米格倫受訊時,他不由自主地說出

  • And he boasted about all the great masterpieces

    他吹噓所有其他藝術家所創作的

  • that he himself had painted

    偉大的畫作

  • that were attributed to other artists.

    都是他一個人所畫

  • In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"

    其中特別是《在伊默斯的晚餐》

  • which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --

    這幅被視為是維梅爾最優秀的作品,他的鉅作

  • people would come from all over the world to see it --

    這幅眾人願意從世界各地前去觀賞的作品

  • was actually a forgery.

    其實是幅仿畫

  • It was not that painting, but that painting.

    不是這一幅,而是這一幅

  • And when that was discovered,

    當真相被發現後

  • it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.

    這幅畫失去了價值,也從博物館裡撤下

  • Why does this matter?

    為什麼會這樣?

  • You psychologists, why do origins matter so much?

    心理學家們,為什麼來源如此重要?

  • Why do we respond so much

    為何我們對於所知的事物

  • to our knowledge of where something comes from?

    來自何處的反應如此大?

  • Well there's an answer to that many people would give.

    大部分的人會說一個答案

  • Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe

    很多社會學家像是 Veblen 和 Wolfe 會認為

  • would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously

    我們之所以如此看重事物來自何處

  • is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.

    是因為我們很勢利,我們看重地位

  • Among other things,

    除此之外

  • if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,

    如果你想展現自己的財力和權力

  • it's always better to own an original than a forgery

    當然擁有一幅真跡會比擁有一幅仿畫來的好

  • because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.

    因為和仿畫比起來,真跡只會越來越少

  • I don't doubt that that plays some role,

    我不否認這或多或少有些關聯

  • but what I want to convince you of today

    但我今天想告訴各位的是

  • is that there's something else going on.

    這當中還有別的原因

  • I want to convince you

    我想讓各位知道

  • that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.

    人類,其實就某些層面而言,我們是天生的本質主義者

  • What I mean by this

    我的意思是

  • is we don't just respond to things as we see them,

    我們對於物件的反應不只是我們看見他們

  • or feel them, or hear them.

    感受到他們,或聽見他們

  • Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,

    相反地,我們的反應來自我們對該物件的認知

  • but what they really are, what they came from,

    他們本質,他們的來源

  • what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.

    他們的材質,以及他們的潛在特性

  • I want to suggest that this is true,

    我想說這是真實的

  • not just for how we think about things,

    不單是我們如何看待物品

  • but how we react to things.

    而是我們對物品的反應

  • So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --

    我想傳達的是,快樂其實是深層的

  • and that this isn't true

    這並非

  • just for higher level pleasures like art,

    只針對像是藝術這種較高層次的快樂

  • but even the most seemingly simple pleasures

    而是即便是看似最簡單的快樂

  • are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.

    也都受到我們對於物品潛在本質的認知的影響

  • So take food.

    拿食物來說

  • Would you eat this?

    各位想吃這塊肉嗎?

  • Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"

    一個好的答案是「要看這是什麼肉?」

  • Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.

    如果不是牛肉,而是豬肉,某些人會吃

  • Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.

    如果不是豬肉,而是牛肉,也有某些人會吃

  • Few of you would eat it if it's a rat

    如果是老鼠肉

  • or a human.

    或人肉,極少數的人也會吃

  • Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.

    而如果是一塊奇怪顏色的豆腐,也有某些人會吃

  • That's not so surprising.

    這一點都不需要驚訝

  • But what's more interesting

    更有趣的是

  • is how it tastes to you

    這塊肉對我們來說味道如何

  • will depend critically on what you think you're eating.

    取決於我們認為我們在吃什麼

  • So one demonstration of this was done with young children.

    以幼童當作例子來看

  • How do you make children

    要如何讓孩童

  • not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,

    不僅僅能多吃紅蘿蔔和多喝牛奶

  • but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --

    更要讓他們在吃紅蘿蔔和喝牛奶時覺得快樂

  • to think they taste better?

    覺得這兩樣東西更好吃?

  • It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.

    很簡單,你就告訴他們這兩樣東西是從麥當勞買來的

  • They believe McDonald's food is tastier,

    他們相信麥當勞的食物比較好吃

  • and it leads them to experience it as tastier.

    這點讓他們覺得所吃的東西比較美味

  • How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?

    那要如何讓成人真正享受紅酒呢?

  • It's very simple:

    非常簡單:

  • pour it from an expensive bottle.

    就把酒從很貴的酒瓶倒出來

  • There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing

    現在有幾十個,可能是上百個研究顯示

  • that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,

    如果你相信你在喝昂貴的東西

  • it tastes better to you.

    你會覺得它的味道更好

  • This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.

    最近有個用神經科學方式的實驗

  • They get people into a dMRI scanner,

    他們讓人躺進 dMRI 掃描儀

  • and while they're lying there, through a tube,

    當人躺在那裡,通過一根管子

  • they get to sip wine.

    他們可以喝酒

  • In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.

    而在他們面前的螢幕則會顯示關於他們喝的酒的資訊

  • Everybody, of course,

    每一個人

  • drinks exactly the same wine.

    喝的都是同樣的酒

  • But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,

    但如果你相信你在喝昂貴的酒

  • parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward

    大腦掌管快樂和回報的區塊

  • light up like a Christmas tree.

    就像點亮聖誕樹一樣興奮起來

  • It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,

    這不只是你說你比較快樂,或你比較喜歡

  • you really experience it in a different way.

    而是你用不同的方式在感受這件事

  • Or take sex.

    就性別來說

  • These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.

    這是我曾用在某些研究裡的刺激方式

  • And if you simply show people these pictures,

    如果單純讓人們看這些照片

  • they'll say these are fairly attractive people.

    他們會說這些人相當地有魅力

  • But how attractive you find them,

    但你認為他們多有魅力

  • how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,

    多性感,多麼令你覺得浪漫

  • rests critically on who you think you're looking at.

    關鍵在於你覺得你正在看誰

  • You probably think the picture on the left is male,

    你也許認為左邊這張圖是男性

  • the one on the right is female.

    右邊這張圖是女性

  • If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.

    但如果這樣的認知是錯誤的,那將是完全不同的感受

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • It will make a difference if they turn out to be

    如果他們比各位想的還要年輕或年長

  • much younger or much older than you think they are.

    也會有不同的結果

  • It will make a difference if you were to discover

    如果你發現你用慾望的角度看的人

  • that the person you're looking at with lust

    其實是你的兒子或女兒

  • is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,

    或你的母親或父親的變裝照

  • your mother or father.

    感受也是截然不同的

  • Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.

    獲悉某人是你的親人通常會扼殺掉慾望

  • Maybe one of the most heartening findings

    也許其中最令人振奮的發現是

  • from the psychology of pleasure

    心理學上的快樂

  • is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.

    是你看起來比外表更好看

  • If you like somebody, they look better to you.

    如果你喜歡某人,你看他們就會覺得比較好看

  • This is why spouses in happy marriages

    這就為何在幸福的婚姻裡

  • tend to think that their husband or wife

    配偶們都會認為他們的另一半

  • looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.

    遠比別人認為的還要好看許多

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • A particularly dramatic example of this

    一個特別典型的例子

  • comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.

    是神經系統疾病,稱做卡波格拉斯症候群

  • So Capgras syndrome is a disorder

    卡波格拉斯症候群是一種精神疾病

  • where you get a specific delusion.

    讓人有特定的幻覺

  • Sufferers of Capgras syndrome

    卡波格拉斯症候群的病人

  • believe that the people they love most in the world

    相信這世界上他們最愛的人

  • have been replaced by perfect duplicates.

    被人給完美的冒充了

  • Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.

    卡波格拉斯症候群常有悲慘的事

  • People have murdered those that they loved,

    他們把他們最愛的人給殺害

  • believing they were murdering an imposter.

    因為他們相信他們殺害的是一位冒充者

  • But there's at least one case

    但至少有一個病例

  • where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.

    一位卡波格拉斯症候的病人有了美滿的結局

  • This was recorded in 1931.

    這是1931年的一個紀錄

  • "Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome

    研究裡一位患有卡波格拉斯症候群的女性

  • who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."

    抱怨她那位天資不足且缺乏魅力的情人

  • But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.

    但這是在她罹患卡波格拉斯症候群之前

  • After she got it, "She was happy to report

    在她罹患此精神疾病後,「她開心的說

  • that she has discovered that he possessed a double

    她發現他擁有兩倍的優點

  • who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."

    是一位富有,強健,貴族般的情人。」

  • Of course, it was the same man,

    當然,她口中說的是同一位男人

  • but she was seeing him in different ways.

    但她卻用不同的眼光看他

  • As a third example,

    第三個例子

  • consider consumer products.

    談談消費產品

  • So one reason why you might like something is its utility.

    你喜歡東西的其中一個原因可能是其功用

  • You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;

    你可以把鞋穿在腳上;你可以用這套高球球具打高爾夫球

  • and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.

    而嚼泡泡糖則對你一點用處也沒有

  • But each of these three objects has value

    但這三樣東西

  • above and beyond what it can do for you

    根據他們的來歷

  • based on its history.

    都有超乎其功用的價值

  • The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy

    這套高球球具原是甘迺迪所有

  • and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.

    在一次拍賣會上以七十五萬美元賣出

  • The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears

    這泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布蘭妮嚼過的

  • and sold for several hundreds of dollars.

    後來賣了幾百塊美元

  • And in fact, there's a thriving market

    事實上,心愛的人吃過的食物

  • in the partially eaten food of beloved people.

    也是很有市場的

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.

    這雙鞋可能是三樣裡最有價值的

  • According to an unconfirmed report,

    根據未經證實的報導

  • a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars

    一位沙烏地阿拉伯的富翁花了一千萬美元

  • for this pair of shoes.

    賣了這雙鞋

  • They were the ones thrown at George Bush

    這就是那雙在幾年前在伊拉克

  • at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.

    一場記者會上丟布希的鞋子

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

  • Now this attraction to objects

    而這種物品產生的吸引力

  • doesn't just work for celebrity objects.

    並非只發生在有名的物品

  • Each one of us, most people,

    我們每一個人,大部分的人

  • have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,

    都有某些東西是無法被取代的

  • in that it has value because of its history --

    這些東西的價值來自於物品的背景

  • maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --

    也許是你的婚戒,也是你孩子嬰兒時穿的鞋

  • so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.

    所以如果東西遺失了,你無法找回

  • You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,

    你可能可以找到看起來或摸起來類似的物品

  • but you couldn't get the same object back.

    但你無法找回一模一樣的東西

  • With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,

    與我的同事 George Newman 和 Gil Diesendruck 一起

  • we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters

    我們希望了解是什麼樣的因素,什麼樣的背景,原因

  • for the objects that people like.

    會讓人喜歡物品

  • So in one of our experiments,

    所以在我們某一個實驗裡

  • we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,

    我們請人們說出他們喜歡的名人

  • a living person they adored.

    一位他們崇拜的還在世的人

  • So one answer was George Clooney.

    其中有人回答喬治克隆尼

  • Then we asked them,

    然後我們問他們

  • "How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"

    「你願意花多少錢買喬治克隆尼的毛衣?」

  • And the answer is a fair amount --

    答案是一筆相當多的金額

  • more than you would pay for a brand new sweater

    比起買一件全新的毛衣還要多

  • or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.

    也比你不崇拜的人所擁有的毛衣還多

  • Then we asked other groups of subjects --

    然後我們問了其他的主題

  • we gave them different restrictions

    我們給了他們不同的限制

  • and different conditions.

    還有不同的條件

  • So for instance, we told some people,

    例如,我們告訴某些人

  • "Look, you can buy the sweater,

    「聽好,你能買那件毛衣

  • but you can't tell anybody you own it,

    但你不能告訴任何人你擁有那件毛衣

  • and you can't resell it."

    然後你也不能把毛衣再拍賣出去。」

  • That drops the value of it,

    該件毛衣的價值下跌了

  • suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.

    這說明了我們喜歡這件毛衣的其中一個原因

  • But what really causes an effect

    但真正造成影響的是

  • is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,

    你告訴人們:「看,你可以再把毛衣賣出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的價值

  • but before it gets to you,

    但在你得到毛衣之前

  • it's thoroughly washed."

    這毛衣已經完全洗乾淨了。」

  • That causes a huge drop in the value.

    這點造成毛衣的價值大跌

  • As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."

    如同我太太說的:「你已經把克隆尼的味道洗掉了。」

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • So let's go back to art.

    我們回來談藝術

  • I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.

    我喜歡夏卡爾,我喜歡夏卡爾的作品

  • If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,

    如果在座有人想在演講結束後送我禮物

  • you could buy me a Chagall.

    可以送我夏卡爾的東西

  • But I don't want a duplicate,

    但即便我分辨不出差別

  • even if I can't tell the difference.

    我也不要複製品

  • That's not because, or it's not simply because,

    這不是因為,不是單純因為

  • I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.

    我是一個勢力的人,想吹噓自己擁有一幅真跡

  • Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.

    而是因為我想要擁有一件帶有特殊意義的東西

  • In the case of artwork,

    這些藝術作品

  • the history is special indeed.

    他們的歷史背景是非常特別的

  • The philosopher Denis Dutton

    哲學家Denis Dutton

  • in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"

    在他精彩的著作《The Art Instinct》

  • makes the case that, "The value of an artwork

    說明了「藝術作品的價值

  • is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."

    存在於人類行為中創造力的假設。」

  • And that could explain the difference

    這點足以解釋

  • between an original and a forgery.

    真跡和仿畫的不同

  • They may look alike, but they have a different history.

    真品和複製品看起來相同,但他們擁有不同的歷史背景

  • The original is typically the product of a creative act,

    真品是創作出來的產物

  • the forgery isn't.

    而複製品則不是

  • I think this approach can explain differences

    這個理論可以解釋

  • in people's taste in art.

    人們在藝術品味上的差別

  • This is a work by Jackson Pollock.

    這是 Jackson Pollock 的作品

  • Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?

    在座有誰喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品的呢?

  • Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?

    好,那在座有人對這作品一點都不感興趣的呢?

  • They just don't like it.

    他們不喜歡這件作品

  • I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,

    我不會說明到底哪一方是對的

  • but I will make an empirical claim

    但我會做一項關於

  • about people's intuitions,

    人類意念的實證說明

  • which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,

    也就是說,如果你喜歡 Jackson Pollock 的作品

  • you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it

    你會比那些不喜歡他作品的人

  • to believe that these works are difficult to create,

    更願意去相信這些作品是很困難才完成的

  • that they require a lot of time and energy

    這需要花上很多的時間和體力

  • and creative energy.

    還有創造力

  • I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example

    我刻意用 Jackson Pollock 當作例子

  • because there's a young American artist

    因為有一位年輕的美國藝術家

  • who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,

    她也用和 Jackson Pollock 相同的手法畫畫

  • and her work was worth

    她的作品

  • many tens of thousands of dollars --

    價值上萬塊美金

  • in large part because she's a very young artist.

    而大部分的原因是因為她是一位非常年輕的藝術家

  • This is Marla Olmstead

    這位是 Marla Olmstead

  • who did most of her work when she was three years old.

    在她三歲時她完成了她大部分的作品

  • The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead

    而關於Marla Olmstead一件有趣的事是

  • is her family made the mistake

    她家人犯了一個錯誤

  • of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house

    就是邀請電視節目 60 Minutes II 到他們家中

  • to film her painting.

    拍攝她作畫的過程

  • And they then reported that her father was coaching her.

    然後他們報導出她父親在教導她作畫

  • When this came out on television,

    當這段影片在電視上撥出

  • the value of her art dropped to nothing.

    她的作品就失去了價值

  • It was the same art, physically,

    這基本上是同樣的藝術

  • but the history had changed.

    但作品的歷史背景被改變了

  • I've been focusing now on the visual arts,

    剛才我一直在講視覺藝術

  • but I want to give two examples from music.

    我要講兩個音樂的例子

  • This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.

    這位是 Joshua Bell,他是非常有名的小提琴家

  • And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten

    華盛頓郵報的記者Gene Weingarten

  • decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.

    打算要徵詢他做一項大膽的實驗

  • The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,

    實驗是:大家願意花多少錢在Joshua Bell身上

  • the music of Joshua Bell,

    花在 Joshua Bell 的音樂上

  • if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?

    如果他們不知道他們在聆聽 Joshua Bell 的音樂?

  • So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin

    他要 Joshua Bell 帶著他的百萬小提琴

  • down to a Washington D.C. subway station

    下到華盛頓特區的地鐵站

  • and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.

    站在角落看看他能賺到多少錢

  • And here's a brief clip of this.

    這一小段影片

  • (Violin Music)

    (小提琴音樂)

  • After being there for three-quarters of an hour,

    在那裡過了四十五分鐘

  • he made $32.

    他賺了三十二塊錢

  • Not bad. It's also not good.

    不差,但也不好

  • Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,

    顯然要真正享受 Joshua Bell 的音樂

  • you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.

    你也必須要知道你正在聽 Joshua Bell 演奏

  • He actually made $20 more than that,

    他實際上多賺了 20 塊

  • but he didn't count it.

    但他沒去算

  • Because this woman comes up --

    因為這位女士出現

  • you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.

    各位看到在影片的最後 -- 她出現了

  • She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before

    因為她在幾週前聽曾在美國國會圖書館

  • at this extravagant black-tie affair.

    聽過他穿著正式的黑色禮服演奏

  • So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.

    所以當看到他站在地鐵站裡,她嚇呆了

  • So she's struck with pity.

    她感到可憐

  • She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.

    她從皮包裡拿出二十塊錢給她

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

  • The second example from music

    第二個音樂的例子是

  • is from John Cage's modernist composition,

    是 John Cage 的現代創作曲

  • "4'33"."

    《四分三十三秒》

  • As many of you know,

    如在座各位所知

  • this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,

    這首曲子,鋼琴演奏者坐在椅子

  • opens up the piano

    打開鋼琴

  • and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --

    就坐在那兒,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事

  • that period of silence.

    這段時間是靜默的

  • And people have different views on this.

    大家對此曲有著不同的看法

  • But what I want to point out

    但我想說的是

  • is you can buy this from iTunes.

    這可以從 iTunes 上購買這首曲子

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • For a dollar ninety-nine,

    花上1.99美元

  • you can listen to that silence,

    你可以聽那段靜默的音樂

  • which is different than other forms of silence.

    這和其他形式的靜默是不同的

  • (Laughter)

    (笑聲)

  • Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,

    我已經談論非常多有關快樂

  • but what I want to suggest

    但我想說的是

  • is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.

    我剛說的每一件事也能套用在談痛苦上

  • And how you think about what you're experiencing,

    以及如何認知我們的遭遇

  • your beliefs about the essence of it,

    我們對於事物本質的信念

  • affect how it hurts.

    還有是如何影響傷害的

  • One lovely experiment

    一項很可愛的實驗

  • was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.

    由 Kurt Gray 和 Dan Wegner 所執行

  • What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates

    他們讓哈佛的大學生

  • to an electric shock machine.

    戴上電子刺激工具

  • And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.

    然後給他們一系列的疼痛電子刺激

  • So it was a series of five painful shocks.

    所以是一系列五次的疼痛刺激

  • Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks

    有一半的人有被告知會被在另一間房間的人

  • by somebody in another room,

    給予疼痛的刺激

  • but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.

    但在另一間房間的人並不知道他們在給別人刺激

  • There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.

    他們有沒有惡意,只是按一個按鈕

  • The first shock is recorded as very painful.

    第一次的刺激記錄是非常痛苦

  • The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.

    第二次則較輕,因為你感到有些習慣

  • The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.

    第三次再減輕,第四次,第五次更輕微

  • The pain gets less.

    痛苦隨次數遞減

  • In the other condition,

    而另一個情況是

  • they're told that the person in the next room

    受試者被告知在隔壁房間的人

  • is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.

    是刻意在給他們電子刺激 -- 他們知道要刺激他們

  • The first shock hurts like hell.

    第一次的刺激痛苦的像在地獄

  • The second shock hurts just as much,

    第二次更痛苦

  • and the third and the fourth and the fifth.

    而第三第四和第五次

  • It hurts more

    如果你相信某人士刻意要這麼做

  • if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.

    感受到的痛苦則越來越多

  • The most extreme example of this

    最極端的例子

  • is that in some cases,

    是在某些情況下

  • pain under the right circumstances

    痛苦在對的情況下

  • can transform into pleasure.

    可以轉變為快樂

  • Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property

    人類有非常有趣的特質

  • that will often seek out low-level doses of pain

    往往能在掌控的情況下

  • in controlled circumstances

    尋求找到最少量的痛苦

  • and take pleasure from it --

    然後從中獲得快樂

  • as in the eating of hot chili peppers

    就像在吃辣椒

  • and roller coaster rides.

    和玩雲霄飛車一樣

  • The point was nicely summarized

    這觀點其實早就被

  • by the poet John Milton

    詩人 John Milton 所寫下

  • who wrote, "The mind is its own place,

    他寫道:「心有它自己的地方

  • and in itself can make a heaven of hell,

    而它本身可以把地獄看作天堂

  • a hell of heaven."

    或天堂看作地獄。

  • And I'll end with that. Thank you.

    就以這句話做結語,謝謝各位

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

I'm going to talk today

今天我要講的是

字幕與單字

單字即點即查 點擊單字可以查詢單字解釋