Name: 什麼是關稅？到底增加關稅會如何影響經濟？ (How do tariffs work? | CNBC Explains)
Uploaded: 2019-09-27T10:43:13.000Z
Duration: 4 min 58 s

關係子句

These are just some of the common items that make up the $505 billion worth of goods that are made here in China.

這些都只是合共價值 5050 億美元中國製造的常見物品。

And are imported here to the United States.

President Trump is unapologetically adding and increasing tariffs on many imports, prompting retaliation from China and others.

美國總統川普理毫不猶豫地增加並提高進口商品的關稅，激起中國和其他國家的反擊。

So how do tariffs work, and what do they mean for the economy?

所以到底關稅是怎麼運作？到底對經濟會造成什麼影響？

A tariff is a tax on items entering or leaving a country.

關稅是對進口和出口物品課征的稅。

The money collected under a tariff is called a duty or a customs duty.

根據關稅所收取的錢稱之為海關稅。

And in the United States those duties are collected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

在美國，是由美國海關及邊境保衛局徵收這些稅金。

Last year, U.S. import duties totaled up to $33.1 billion.

去年美國進口稅總共徵收了 331 億美元。

That's 1.4% of the total value of all imported goods.

That makes U.S. tariffs among the lowest in the world.

這樣可以看到美國的關稅是全世界最低。

But that doesn't mean every item entering the U.S. is facing a 1.4% tariff.

但這不代表所有進口美國的物品都只徵收 1.4% 的關稅。

Some items aren't taxed at all, while others, like shoes, are taxed at around 11%.

有的物品沒有課稅，但其他像鞋子的話，徵收約 11% 的稅金。

And upping that 11% to something like 25% or 30

從 11% 的稅金增加至 25% 到 30% 會增加生產商的成本。

Especially when you consider that 98% of shoes sold in the U.S. are made overseas.

尤其在美國市售的鞋子有 98% 是在國外製造。

Let's say I'm buying watches from China to sell at big-box retail stores here in the U.S.

比如說，我在美國的大型連鎖購物中心購買中國製的手錶。

舉例我買一支手錶要價 10 塊美金。

Add in a 20% tariff to that, and I now have to pay $12 per watch.

再加上 20% 的關稅，現在我要付 12 塊美金買一支手錶。

$2 doesn't sound like much but if my order is 15,000 watches, my total cost has now gone from $150,000 to $180,000.

2 塊美金聽起來並不多，倘若我下單買 15,000 支手錶的話，我的總成本會是 150,000 至 180,000 美元。

That 20% tariff on watches cost me an unexpected $30,000 on goods.

20% 手錶的關稅要我突然多付 30,000 美元。

So if tariffs cost businesses so much money, why have them in the first place?

如果關稅會提高生意成本，為什麼還是如此重要？

That revenue goes to the general fund of the U.S. Treasury, which helps pay for running the government.

稅收會歸美國國庫所有，用作協助政府營運。

Last year, the U.S. collected almost $35 billion in duties.

去年美國就徵收了近 350 億美元的關稅。

Number two, tariffs can help protect some domestic industries from competition abroad.

第二，關稅有助保障本地產業與國外的競爭。

Think of it this way: if you're charging "Made in China" more money that makes "Made in America" suddenly seem more affordable.

這樣想吧，如果你收取「中國製造」的商品更多錢，就顯得「美國製造」的商品突然變得不怎麼貴了。

If my manufacturer in China is sending over a batch of watches that cost me $12 instead of $10, I might find a cheaper way to make them here in the U.S. to avoid paying that 20% tariff.

如果我在中國的製造商寄出一批原本價值 10 美元的手錶，但我卻要花 12 美元，我可能為了避免支付 20% 的關稅就會在美國找更便宜的製造方法。

But my supplies used to make the watch are likely going to need to be imported, likely, still from China.

但手錶零件的供給也幾乎需要進口，還是從中國供應。

And those supplies probably will have their own tariffs too.

這些零件供給也可能有自己的關稅。

You can see how this can get complicated.

I could also potentially buy from another country that's not subject to the tariffs on products from China, like India or Vietnam.

我也可以到其他沒有對來自中國的商品徵收稅金的國家購買，如印度或越南。

But it's not just China that Trump has been after.

When the U.S. president introduced billions of dollars in new tariffs, countries like Canada and Mexico, as well as the European Union, were quick to react and retaliate.

美國總統實施徵收上十億美元的新關稅，像加拿大、墨西哥和歐盟等立刻行動和反擊。

So why is he kicking up the controversy with America's biggest allies?

為什麼川普要與美國最大的盟友展開這場爭議？

Trump says he wants to dramatically reduce the U.S.' trade deficit with other countries.

川普表示他希望可以大幅調降美國與其他國家的貿易赤字。

A trade deficit is the amount by which a country's imports exceed the value of its exports.

貿易赤字是指一個國家的進口總值大於出口總值。

Trump is hoping that by introducing drastic tariffs it will reduce the size of the U.S.' trade deficit, and he's particularly focused on China.

川普希望透過實施高額關稅以減低美國的貿易赤字，而他的目標是針對中國。

The U.S.-China trade deficit is estimated to be $370 billion.

目前中美間的貿易赤字估計是 3,700 億美元。

He hopes to reduce it to $200 billion by 2020.

至 2020 年，期望可下降至 2,000 億美元。

So what does all this mean for consumers?

所以這對消費者有什麼重大的影響呢？

When tariffs are put into effect, the person likely paying for that increase in cost is you and I.

關稅一旦落實，要支付那多出來的成本的人就會是你和我。

A number of American companies have said increased tariffs will hurt their businesses, and ultimately they'll have to increase prices for consumers.

不少美國的公司紛紛表示增加關稅有損他們的生意，最終他們也只能提高售價。

In the weeks following Trump's announcement, prices went up on items ranging from a can of Coke to toilet paper and kitchen towels.

在川普宣佈政策後的幾個星期裡面，有一系列從一罐可樂至衛生紙和廚房抹布的商品都漲價。

And some companies like Kimberly-Clark, which makes Huggies and Kleenex, have even lowered their annual forecasts.

有些企業如金佰利，其中生產嬰兒尿布和衛生紙，甚至把年度預測下調。

And the tariffs could badly hurt Chinese companies and their products too.

關稅更有可能會嚴重打擊中國的企業和他們的商品。

Some of the largest items that the U.S. is shipping to China include things like soybeans, aircraft and electrical machinery.

美國海運到中國最大的物品有大豆、飛機和電機。

So, when China retaliated by announcing a 25% tariff on U.S.-made airplanes, that was a direct hit to Boeing, and the company's stock price fell on the news.

所以，一旦中國為了報復而宣佈會對美國製的飛機增加 25% 關稅的話，會對波音公司造成重大的打擊，有指公司的股價因這個消息而下降。

Boeing is selling planes to China Southern Airlines Group, which plans to buy more than 300 aircraft in the next three years.

波音把飛機賣給中國南方航空，而他們正打算在未來 3 年會多買入 300 架飛機。

So with higher tariffs on U.S. planes, it could buy a larger share of airplanes from say France's Airbus instead.

由於美國製造的飛機的關稅提高，航空公司也許會大量購入法國空中巴士來取代。

The vast majority of economists surveyed by a Reuters poll said that import tariffs would do more harm to the U.S. economy than good.

據路透社調查，有絕大多數的經濟學家都表示關稅對美國經濟造成的影響弊多於利。

Yet, like most things with President Trump, he's standing his ground, as governments, companies and consumers scramble to see what's next.

然而，像川普所做的事一樣，他拒不讓步，而政府、企業和消費者都爭相拭目以待地看之後發生的事。

Check out more of our videos here and here.

可以在這裡和這裡收看更多的影片。

We're also taking suggestions for future CNBC Explains.

我們現在也在搜集大家對 CNBC 未來拍攝題材的建議。

So leave your comments in the section below.

大家可以在下面留言讓我們知道。

And while you're at it, subscribe to our channel.

也請大家順便訂閱我們的頻道。