We often hear that it was disease and famine-ridden (which it was).

我們經常聽人們提起那時的疾病和饑荒蔓延 (這是真的)。

Children were supposedly forced to marry at six or eight or ten years old, which was not common, although people did start marrying younger, in part because they were also dying younger.

據傳孩童被迫在 6 歲、8 歲或 10 歲時結婚，這並不常見，不過人們的確開始提早結婚，部分是因為死亡年齡也提早。

We hear that knights in shining armor slaughtered wantonly, albeit with good manners called chivalry, which is partly true, although the chivalric code was in decline.

我們聽說穿著閃亮盔甲的騎士大肆屠殺，儘管有稱為騎士精神的修養，部分說來是真的，儘管騎士精神漸趨式微。

And we also hear that it wasn't safe to drink the water, so they drank beer exclusively, which more on that in a moment. But yeah, today we're turning our attention to these so-called "Middle Ages."

我們也聽說喝水不安全，所以他們只會喝啤酒，待會會提到。不過沒錯，我們今天就來聊聊所謂的「中世紀」。

But right, so about beer. In those days, people did drink beer and ale.

不過對哦，說到啤酒。在那個時期，人們的確會喝啤酒和麥酒。

They were nutritious (and still are), but they also drank other things: milk, other beverages, and especially water.

他們是很營養，現在看來也是，不過當時人們還會喝別的，像是牛奶和其他飲料，尤其是水。

There were wells with safe and delicious drinking water.

也是有安全、好喝的井水。

Still, it's true that a lot of bad things did happen in the 14th and 15th centuries: The Black Death, the Great Schism in the Catholic Church, and the Hundred Years War.

不過，14 和 15 世紀確實發生過許多糟糕的事，如：黑死病、天主教會大分裂，以及百年戰爭。

Also, in the 14th century, the Little Ice Age began, which meant cooler temperatures and declining harvests, and that contributed to stunting and starvation.

還有，14 世紀迎來了小冰期，氣溫降得更低、農作收成減少，造成饑荒和人們發育遲緩。

But let's begin with the Black Death, a huge pandemic of a disease called Bubonic Plague, which spread to Europe from Asia.

但我們從黑死病說起吧！這是一場稱為鼠疫的大規模流行病，由亞洲傳播至歐洲。

Many experts believe the plague originated in Tibet as a localized epidemic but then spread carried by rats and mice and fleas.

許多專家相信這場瘟疫源於泰北，起先只是一場地區流行病，後來由老鼠和跳蚤帶原傳播。

And those animals were able to travel widely because humans were traveling, and the fleas and rats hitched rides with us.

這些動物之所以可以廣泛遷徙，是因為人們也在移動，跳蚤和老鼠就搭人類的便車。

So in that sense, the plague was a product of growing human interconnectedness.

如此說來，這場瘟疫可說是越趨頻繁的人類交流帶來的結果。

Bubonic plague is a horrible disease.

鼠疫是一種恐怖的疾病。

After infection with the bacterium Yersinia Pestis, lymph nodes swell and sometimes burst; victims often get high fevers and vomit blood; gangrene can cause extremities and facial features to turn black with necrosis, hence "the Black Death."

一旦感染鼠疫桿菌，淋巴結就會腫脹，有時會爆裂；患者往往會發高燒並嘔血；壞疽造成四肢和臉部發黑、壞死，「黑死病」一說由此而來。

And depending on the strain, somewhere between 50 and 60 percent of people infected died.

取決於病株，患者的死亡率介於 50 至 60%。

These days, bubonic plague is treatable by antibiotics.

在今日，鼠疫可以用抗生菌醫治。

But such treatments have only been around for a few decades.

但這種療法是到了近幾十年才被發現。

As recently as the 20th century, outbreaks in India and China killed more than 12 million people.

在 20 世紀近代，印度和中國的鼠疫爆發造成超過 1200 萬人喪生。

But the 14th century's Black Death was even worse.

但 14 世紀的黑死病甚至更嚴重。

Around 25 million people had died in Asia by the time the plague reached Constantinople in 1347.

待瘟疫在 1347 年抵達君士坦丁堡，亞洲早有近 2500 萬人喪命於此。

And within four years, a staggering number of Europeans had died from it, often within two days of becoming infected.

大量的歐洲人在四年內因而喪命，多半死於受感染兩天內。

People faced a heartbreaking decision: whether to risk caring for their ailing loved ones, or leave them to die alone in the hopes of avoiding infection.

人們面臨一項心痛的抉擇：是要冒著風險照顧生病的愛人，還是要讓他們孤獨死去，以免遭受感染。

Some areas lost up to 80 percent of their population.

一些地區甚至喪失近 80% 的人口。

The latest research claims that in Europe as a whole, around half of all people died.

一項最新研究表示，歐洲整體約有一半的人口因此逝去。

Death haunted every moment.

死亡如影隨形。

It's difficult to grasp just how profound the Black Death was.

很難明白黑死病究竟有多深遠的影響。

But imagine losing half of your community in a few years to a poorly understood disease.

但試著想像你所在的地區在幾年內，有近半的人口喪命於一個大家並不了解的疾病。

Giovanni Boccaccio wrote, "Many died in the open street.

薄伽丘寫道，「許多人曝屍街頭。」

Others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies.

「其他人死於家中，腐屍的惡臭昭告了他們的死亡。」

Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, ...like goods in a ship's hold."

「教堂墓地根本容不下如此眾多屍體，它們以百具的規模堆疊在大溝中 … 形似船隻上的貨物。」

How different has life become in the last 650 years?

650 年後的生活有哪些改變？

The bacterium that caused the Black Death, is now available as a plush stuffed ...bacterium.

造成黑死病的細菌現在被製作成填塞絨毛 … 細菌。

They don't actually look that threatening, especially with eyes. But yeah, this is Yersenia Pestis!

它們看起來不怎麼有威脅性，尤其是加了眼睛。不過沒錯，這就是鼠疫桿菌！

(Blown up and made into a stuffed animal.) No bacterium! Also you want to know an interesting fact about me?

(被炸爆然後做成絨毛玩偶。) 不對，是細菌！對了，你想知道一件關於我的事嗎？

I- I can't juggle.

我 …… 我不會雜耍。

Amid all this devastation, the Hundred Years War added sustained turmoil and destruction.

在遭逢重創的同時，百年戰爭又帶來長期的混亂和毀壞。

The war was fought between the rulers of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, over who would rule large swaths of continental Europe, and it actually lasted at least 116 years, beginning in 1337.

這場戰役在英國統治者與法國統治者之間開打，雙方爭奪歐洲大陸一大塊地區的統治權，其實際持續了 116 年，始於 1337 年。

One of the most interesting questions in history is: "Whether war leads to instability or instability leads to war?"

歷史上最有趣的其中一個問題是：是戰爭導致不安定，還是不安定導致戰爭？

And the truth is probably...Yes. Both.

事實或許是 … 兩者皆對。

Like, poor harvests and disease outbreaks make war more likely, but war also worsens poor harvests and disease outbreaks.

比如，歉收和疾病爆發使戰爭容易發生，但戰爭也加劇了歉收和疾病爆發的惡化。

So amid the huge shocks to Europe that accompanied the Black Death, the Hundred Years War increased instability in the food supply, and also in long-held cultural beliefs, like The Code of Chivalry.

所以在伴隨黑死病震驚歐洲的同時，百年戰爭也增加了食物供給的不確定性，也動搖了長久以來的文化信仰，如騎士精神。

Chivalry was a set of behaviors toward knightly opponents, whom one would treat on the battlefield with respect and trust, not killing your fellow knight, but, instead, holding him for ransom in good condition.

騎士精神是一種面對騎士對手的行為準則，在戰場上應當報以對手尊重及信任，不應該將同為騎士的對方殺掉，而是讓他安然無恙當人質。

Such noble behavior separated the knight from common archers and mercenaries.

如此高尚的行為將騎士和尋常的射手及傭兵區隔開。

But English Kings began to hire such mercenaries from across Europe, who viciously looted and plundered in a way that wasn't terribly chivalrous.

但英國國王開始從歐洲各地僱用這類的傭兵，他們燒殺擄掠的手段實在和騎士精神相去甚遠。

And some of these knights for hire found it so profitable to fight that even during truces and peace treaties, they kept on marauding.

其中一些僱來的騎士因著參戰的高獲利，即使在休戰及和平協議期間也持續掠奪。

The 116 Years War also changed the nature of war through innovation.

為期 116 年的戰爭同時為戰爭方式帶來創新。

Like, non-aristocratic soldiers from England and Wales used the longbow, famed for its combined deadly speed and accuracy, and that helped the English prevail at the Battle of Agincourt.

例如，來自英格蘭和威爾士的平民士兵使用長弓，這種武器以致命的快速與準確性著稱，這在阿金庫爾戰役中幫助英國人取得優勢。

Before the 100 Years War, the French had innovated with cannons on ships, which the English later used in the war's land battles.

在百年戰爭前，法國人已將船隻改良成搭載大炮，後來英國人在陸戰的時候也用到大炮。

Both types of cannons, by the way, relied on gunpowder, a Chinese invention.

順帶一提，兩種大炮都用到火藥，一種中國發明。

The Hundred Years War also saw the spectacular rise and fall of Joan of Arc, born to a prosperous French peasant family in 1412.

百年戰爭也見證了聖女貞德的崛起與頹敗，她於 1412 年出生於一個繁盛的法國農家。

When she was sixteen, England had won enough battles to take over the French throne, confirmed in the 1420 Treaty of Troyes, and France seemed leaderless.

待她 16 歲時，英國因著《特魯瓦條約》已要坐上法國王座，而法國卻無人領導。

Visions told Joan to get French forces to take to the field and drive out the English, so that Charles, whom she believed to be the rightful heir to the French throne, could be crowned, and astonishingly this proved successful.

異象告訴貞德要掌握法國軍力、奪回失土並驅逐英國人，如此一來查理 —— 貞德相信他才是法國王座的正統繼承人 —— 才能繼位，驚人的是她竟成功了。

By 1429, Charles was Charles VII of France.

到了 1429 年，查理成了法國的查理七世。

But in the process, the Burgundians, a competing and powerful royal court, captured Joan and turned her over to the English, who burned her at the stake in 1431.

但與此同時，勃艮第人 —— 一個強大的皇家朝廷 —— 抓取貞德並將她交給英國人，後者在 1431 年對她處以火刑。

It's a bad way to go. Although, there are no good ways.

這是一個很慘的死法。不過，其實也沒好的死法。

If it sounds like European life in the 14th and 15th centuries was hard, well, it was.

如果 14 和 15 世紀的歐洲生活聽來很艱難，嗯，事實真是如此。

Murder and violent crime rates were likely much higher than they are today, and dying in war was a pretty routine risk.

謀殺和暴力犯罪的比例比今日要高許多，死在戰場上也是家常便飯。

Malnutrition and stunting were also very common.

營養不良和發育遲緩也屢見不鮮。

Child mortality was astonishingly high; perhaps as many as 50% of children died before the age of five.

孩童死亡率驚人地高；孩童在 5 歲前的死亡率高達 50%。

But at least people were surrounded by the comforts of religion.

不過至少人們還有宗教慰藉。

The comforts of religion, however, turned out not to be that comforting.

不過到頭來宗教的慰藉其實也不怎麼撫慰人心。

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

有請思考泡泡。

In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII was the leader of the Catholic Church, but he was also an important political figure in Europe.

在 1300 年，教宗博義八世是天主教教會的領導人，但他同時也是歐洲一位重要的政治人物。

One of Europe's great questions was whether the Church had authority over the entire Catholic world, or if kings had the ultimate authority in their kingdoms?

歐洲的其中一個大疑問就是：究竟是教會握有天主教世界的最大權？還是，國王才是所屬國境內的最終權威？

Could, for instance, King Philip IV of France tax the Catholic clergy in France?

舉個例子，法國的菲利普四世能夠向法國的天主教神職人員收稅嗎？

Pope Boniface thought: No.

教宗博義認為：不能。

He was from a well-connected and powerful family, and at the start of the 14th century, he was flexing his muscles across the papacy, ultimately declaring in 1302 that the Pope had supreme power over everyone!

他來自一個與權貴深交、相當強盛的家族，到了 14 世紀初，他已經開始大展教皇權，最終在 1302 年宣佈教皇擁有最高權力！

The timing was bad in that kings were also starting to flex their muscles.

好死不死這也正是國王大展王權的時候。

They wanted tax money from the Church to expand their administration.

他們想要拿教會的稅收去擴建政府。

Boniface threatened to excommunicate Philip, who then had the Pope kidnapped.

教宗博義威脅要將菲利普逐出教會，於是菲利普就綁架了教宗博義。

Boniface was reportedly tortured in captivity and died soon after his release in 1303.

據傳教宗博義被監禁刑求，並且在 1303 年被釋放後不久辭世。

By 1305, Philip had arranged for the election of a French Pope and his installation at Avignon, just inside what was then the French border, which made people think that the papacy was under the thumb of French kings and distant from its spiritual mission, which you know, it was.

到了 1305 年，菲利普已經安排好法國教宗的選舉以及亞維儂的基地，將教會基地設在法國境內會讓人們認為教宗在法國國王的掌握之下、遠離其教會任務，而你知道的，事實正是如此。

In 1377 Pope Gregory XI decided to move back to Rome, but then he died.

在 1377 年，教宗葛列格里十一世決定遷回羅馬，但接著辭世。

The Cardinals, surrounded by loyal Romans, then elected an Italian pope, causing the French Cardinals to scatter and regroup to elect a French pope to head the papal court in Avignon, which meant there were two popes and a schism had occurred.

樞機主教在忠誠羅馬人的簇擁下，選出了一位義大利教宗，促使法方的樞機主教解散並重組、選出一位新的法國教宗領導位在亞維儂的羅馬教會，意味著出現了兩位教宗，分裂於是產生了。

Historians, in fact, call it the Great Schism.

事實上，歷史學家稱之為天主教會大分裂。

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

謝啦，思考泡泡。

The Great Schism was a huge blow to the Church and its claims of spiritual leadership, which had already been harmed by the clergy's inability or unwillingness to provide spiritual guidance during the Black Death.

天主教會大分裂重創教會及其聲稱的精神領導形象，雖然這早在黑死病肆虐期間就被教會無能與不願提供精神指導而受到傷害。

Priests and monks and nuns had been as frightened of and as vulnerable to death as everyone else.

在死亡面前，牧師、僧侶、修女就和其他所有人一樣驚嚇、脆弱。

And now it wasn't even clear which pope was the real Pope, or which church was the real Church.

現在大家甚至不清楚哪個教宗才是真教宗，哪個教會才是真教會。

This disunity, combined with stories of decidedly unspiritual indulgences, all served to undermine the church's authority.

這起分裂以及教會沉溺於世俗事物的屢見不鮮，正逐步瓦解教會的威信。

Instead, spiritual and other direction came from common people, not the high-and-mighty, like Catherine of Siena, for instance, was an ordinary young woman of intense religious faith, who was the one who successfully urged Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome.

宗教及其他生活方面的導引反倒來自尋常百姓，而非來自在高位者，例如聖女加大利納，她就是一位信仰堅定的尋常年輕女性，也正是她成功說服教宗葛列格里十一世返回羅馬。

Although then of course, he died.

雖然之後他就過世了。

Before Catherine died in 1380 at the age of 33, she'd undertaken several diplomatic missions between the Church and Italian cities and had traveled across the region urging the clergy to reform themselves and fortify their spiritual ministry.

在聖女加大利納於 1380 年、33 歲時辭世前，她曾多次從事教會和義大利城市間的外交任務，並且往返於兩地、力勸神職人員重新集結並強化教會。

Ultimately others in the Church called a council to end the Great Schism, and church leaders finally elected a single pope, Martin V, in 1417.

最後教會內部的其他人召開一場會議結束了這場大分裂，教會領導人終於在 1417 年選出獨立一位教宗 —— 馬丁五世。

Although before that, things got truly out of control when a third Pope was elected for a while.

雖然在這之前情況曾完全失控，甚至一度選出第三位教宗。

I mean, if you wanted to be Pope, your chances really were never better than in the late Middle Ages.

我想如果你想當教宗的話，你在中世紀後期選上的機會大很多。

All of this meant that European Christendom really was declining in power.

這一切意味著，歐洲基督教的權勢確實在下滑。

And in 1453, the Ottomans, a Turkic ethnic group of Muslims captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire, with the help, by the way, of a Hungarian munitions expert who knew about cannons.

然後在 1453 年，鄂圖曼人 —— 一個穆斯林土耳其民族 —— 佔領了拜占庭帝國的首都，順帶一提，他們獲助於一位懂大炮的匈牙利軍火專家。

The Byzantine Emperor had felt that the munition expert's fees were too high.

拜占庭帝國的君主先前覺得聘請這位軍火專家費用太高。

The Ottomans already controlled parts of southeastern Europe, but capturing the Byzantine capital and beheading its Emperor was a big deal.

鄂圖曼人早已經控制了部分東南部歐洲，但是佔領了拜占庭首都並取得君主的項上人頭就是一件大事。

It was the final fall of the Roman Empire, and Islam went on to replace Christianity as the leading religion in Constantinople, as its famed Cathedral became the Hagia Sophia mosque.

這是羅馬帝國的最後一次陷落，在天主教堂被聖索菲亞大教堂取代之時，伊斯蘭教也取代基督教成為君士坦丁堡的主要宗教。

And control of Constantinople was a big deal for many reasons, including trade routes, but also because Constantinople at the time was probably Europe's least terrible city.

控制君士坦丁堡在許多方面都是一件大事，其中包含掌控了商貿路線，但也因為君士坦丁堡大概是當時歐洲最好的一座城市了。

Meanwhile, the aforementioned use of mercenaries helped undermine the feudal system, in which everyone owed loyalty to a lord, from knights to a serf, who was bound to that lord's land.

與此同時，先前提到的君主僱用傭兵也幫助拆除封建制度，後者意味著所有人向一位領主稱臣，從騎士到農奴皆是，農奴甚至被領主的土地所束縛。

The Black Death and persistent warfare helped change that too.

黑死病和持續不斷的戰爭同樣幫助改變這個情況。

And there were also far fewer humans, which meant fewer people to work in agriculture, so serfs could demand their freedom because their labor had become much more valuable.

而且人口變少了，意味著務農的人也變少了，所以農奴因著他們的勞力越來越值錢，可以和地主討價獲取自由。

Indeed, peasants rebelled when the nobility failed to meet their demands for better conditions.

真是如此，當貴族不願應許他們的要求，農民即暴動。

Like in the Peasants Revolt of 1381 in England, they murdered nobles and sacked castles and manor houses.

比如 1381 年英國的農民起義事件，他們殺害貴族、洗劫牲畜和莊園宅邸。

And in cities, urban artisans wanted higher pay and an end to higher taxes.

而在城市，都市的工匠想要更高的報酬以及終止高稅額。

In 1378, The Ciompi, or workers in the cloth trade, rebelled in Florence, demanding an end to harsh prosecution for debt and an end to the imposition of extra taxes.

在 1378 年，強比 (ciompi) —— 即服飾業的工人們 —— 於佛羅倫斯暴動，要求終結嚴厲的債務起訴及額外課稅。

They marched through the streets, shouting, "Long live the little people."

他們在街頭遊行，大喊著：小人物萬歲。

The expansion of rights for artisans and farm workers would of course be a very long process, but their growing power and the decline of feudalism was a dramatic shift for Europe.

工匠和農民爭取權利的過程勢必漫長，然而他們日漸提升的權勢以及封建制度的式微肯定是歐洲的一大劇變。

Even warfare itself had changed. People no longer fought for ethical reasons or for God's glory but for fame and career, as a French chronicler observed.

就連戰爭也改變了。根據一位法國編年家，人們不再出於道德理由或為了上帝的榮耀，而是為了功名事業出戰。

Cutting through the 116 years of back and forth victories and losses, this proverb arose about warfare: "That's the way it is with fighting. Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose."

縱橫 116 年的輸贏交錯，出現了一句關於戰事的諺語：「打仗就是這麼回事。有時你贏，有時你輸。」

As for life in these years, people recited proverbs like "There's nothing more certain than death." (someone along the way added "and taxes")

而對於這期間的生活，人們有句諺語：「沒有什麼比死亡更確鑿。」(後來有人又加上「稅收」一詞。)

Other proverbs emphasized that life had begun to feel like a zero-sum game.

其他的諺語則是強調：生活就如同一場零和賽局。

"The big fishes eat the smaller."

「大魚吃小魚。」

"Men are good so long as it saves their skin."

「在遇到苦難前人都是好的。」

But in the midst of that, there was also new thinking.

但與此同時社會也出現了新思想。

Not just that of The Ciompi and peasants, but of artists and philosophers and architects and others, who were simultaneously creating Europe's rebirth or Renaissance.

不只是強比和農民，也包含藝術家、哲學家、建築家以及其他人，他們同時在創造歐洲文藝復興的新生。

The Great Renaissance Cathedral of Florence was even completed before the end of the Hundred Years War.

佛羅倫斯的聖母百花聖殿甚至在百年戰爭結束前就建好了。

And next week, we'll start there, in Florence, which was home to so much of that so-called rebirth.

下一週我們就從佛羅倫斯開始，那是一切重生的起源。

Thanks for watching. I'll see you then.

感謝收看。我們下回見。

Thanks so much for watching Crash Course European History, which is filmed here in Indianapolis and produced with the help of all of these nice people.

感謝收看速成教室歐洲史，本片拍攝於印第安納波利斯，有這些美好的人們協助製作。

Our animation team is Thought Cafe, and Crash Course would not exist without the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.

我們的動畫團隊是思考咖啡廳，速成教室的存在也歸功於我們在 Patreon 上慷慨的贊助人。

Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love through a monthly donation and help keep crash course free for everyone forever.

Patreon 是一個自由訂閱的服務平台，在那裡你可以透過每月一次的捐款贊助喜歡的內容，並幫助促成免費的速成教室。

Thanks again for watching, and as they say in my hometown, "Don't forget to be awesome!"

再次感謝收看，然後說句我老家的話：一直都要那麼棒啊！

God, it's nice to be back.

天呀，回來真好。