Look closely, and you'll see these huge complexes being built.

仔細觀察，你會看到這些巨大的建築複合體正在建設。

From the sky, they sort of look like factories or even schools.

從天上看下來，它們看起來像工廠 甚至是學校。

But look even closer: this line is one facility's perimeter wall.

但仔細看看會發現：這條線是這個建築複合體的圍牆。

And these shadows?

而這些陰影呢？

They're cast by the watchtowers along the wall.

它們是瞭望塔的陰影。

This compound isn't a school or a factory.

這個建體不是學校或工廠。

It's an internment camp.

這是一個集中營。

Inside these camps, the Chinese government is detaining as many as 1 million Uighurs,

在這些集中營內，中國政府 拘留著多達100萬的維吾爾族人，

China's mostly Muslim minority.

維吾爾族是中國境內主要的穆斯林少數民族。

China doesn't want the world to know any of this.

中國並不希望世界知道這件事。

But the story of these camps is also the story of how we know about them - and China's efforts

但這些集中營的故事，也是我們如何知道這些事的故事，以及中國如何努力的掩蓋他們。

to cover them up.

當我們開始展開記錄這些再教育中心，

As soon as we began to document the re-education centers, there was

中國政府立刻開始刪除我們找到的資料。

Chinese government officials deleting what we were finding.

維吾爾族人主要居住在中國西北邊的新疆省。

Uighurs mainly live here, in the Xinjiang province of northwestern China.

比起北京，他們更接近吉爾吉斯和烏茲別克的首都比。

That puts them closer to the capitals of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan than to Beijing.

而在文化上比起中國的漢族文化，維吾爾族人與突厥族更相近些。

And Uighurs are also closer culturally to those Turkic groups than they are to the Han

維吾爾語講突厥語。他們的文化是不同的。

Chinese, China's ethnic majority.

他們有獨特的音樂風格，並有著悠久且獨特的歷史。

The Uighurs speak a Turkic language. Their culture is different.

這是Vox的記者Sigal Samuel。

They have particular styles of music, a whole a whole rich history

我報導在中國的維吾爾族危機在大約有一年了。

that is unique to them.

中國幾十年來一直關注著 維吾爾分離主義的可能性。

This is Sigal Samuel, a reporter at Vox.

維吾爾族在上個世紀其實有兩個時期擁有獨立國家。

I've been reporting on the Uighur crisis in China for about a year now.

在1933年他們在喀什建立了東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭共和國。

China has been concerned for decades about the possibility of Uighur separatism.

但不到一年之後，在馬家軍軍閥馬仲英的攻擊下解體。

Uighurs have actually had their own independent nation, two separate times in the last century.

然後，在1944年，在蘇聯的推波助瀾下 建立了東突厥斯坦共和國。

In 1933, they established the Islamic Republic of East Turkistan here in Kashgar.

但當中國在1949年赤化後， 蘇聯背叛了東突厥斯坦共和國

But it crumbled less than a year later when it was taken over by Chinese forces.

並協助中國再次佔領新疆地區。

Then, in 1944, the Soviet Union backed the creation of the East Turkestan Republic, based here.

對中國而言新疆地區如此重要 是因為它擁有豐富的能源資源。

But when China became Communist in 1949, the Soviet Union turned on East Turkestan, and

而隨著中國經濟的增長，對於能源的需求也增長。

helped China take it over again.

今日新疆佔了近40％ 中國的煤炭儲量。

Part of why the Xinjiang region is so important to China is that it's rich with energy resources.

約莫20％的石油和天然氣。

And as China's economy grew, so did its need for energy.

也佔了20％風能潛力。

Today Xinjiang accounts for nearly 40% of China's coal reserves.

中國需要資源，需要能源，

And over 20% of the country's oil and gas.

這些東西都在新疆地區。

It also accounts for 20% of China's potential for wind energy.

也是維吾爾族人居住的地方。

China needs resources, it needs energy.

所以中國想要完全掌控這個區域。

It needs the geographical location, the area on which Xinjiang sits.

早在1950年代，中國就有了 稀釋潛於維吾爾族人間反叛主義的機會

That's where Uighurs are.

因此開始鼓勵中國漢人遷移居到新疆。

That's where they're living.

它奏效了。

And so China really wants to have a solid sense of control over that area.

1945年，維吾爾人佔人口的80％以上，而漢族人口僅為6％。

As far back as the 1950s, China saw an opportunity to dilute the influence of the potentially

到2008年，新疆維吾爾族人比例為46％ 漢族人口占39％。

rebellious Uighurs, and started encouraging the migration of Han Chinese, into Xinjiang.

但多年來，隨著新疆在經濟上的成長， 維吾爾人被拋在後面，

And it worked.

他們主要從事低工資的農業工作 而漢族則持有高薪工作。

In 1945, Uighurs made up over 80% of the population, compared to just 6% Han Chinese.

最後，在2009年，一場維吾爾族抗議 中國政府與漢人歧視抗議活動

By 2008, Xinjiang was 46% Uighur compared to 39% Han Chinese.

爆發為暴力衝突。

But over the years, as Xinjiang developed economically, Uighurs were left behind,

“血腥的暴動爆發，民族爆發 維吾爾穆斯林反對占主導地位的漢族人。“

working mostly low-wage jobs in agriculture while the Han held higher-paying jobs.

最嚴重的騷亂發生在省內 烏魯木齊的首都。

Finally, in 2009, a Uighur protest against discrimination at the hands of the Han and

在事件中大約有200人喪生以及 數百人受傷。

the Chinese government erupted in violence.

這是一個轉捩點。

“Bloody riots broke out, pitting ethnic Uighur Muslims against the dominant Han Chinese.”

在這場血腥衝突之後，中國人開始使用更強硬的手段瓦解維吾爾人。

One of the worst riots took place in the provincial capital of Urumqi.

2013年，新疆對於中國的重要性又更加提升。

About 200 people were killed and hundreds injured during the unrest.

中國推出了“一帶一路”倡議，一項數萬億美元的投資

That was sort of an inflection point.

像光纜，火車線，和天然氣管道等，

After that, the Chinese really started to crack down harder on the Uighurs.

意在創造更方便的貿易方式促進中國對於周遭國家的經濟和政治的影響。

And by 2013, Xinjiang had become even more important to China.

如果你將這些計畫繪製在地圖上，你可以看到許多計畫都得經過新疆

The country launched the “Belt and Road” initiative, a trillion-dollar investment in

新疆可以說是整個計畫最重要的廊道。

things like fiber optic cables, train lines, and gas pipelines meant to boost the country's

中國得確保新疆牢牢掌握在他們的手中。

economic and political influence around the world by making it easier to trade with China.

維吾爾人被刻畫為一種

If you plot these projects on a map you'll see a lot of them pass through Xinjiang, making

分離主義與極端主義的威脅。

the province arguably the most important corridor for the whole project.

在2016年和2017年，中國頒布了一系列 針對穆斯林旨在“去極端化”的政策

China would need to ensure that Xinjiang remained securely in its hands.

像禁止蓄長鬍。

The Uighurs came to be perceived and painted more as a threat,

而新疆也逐漸成為一個高科技警察國家。

as a separatist threat, as an extremist threat.

像這種事情其實在全中國各地都在發生，

In 2016 and 2017, the country enacted a series of “de-extremification” policies aimed

但在新疆完全是不同層級的。

at Muslims, like banning long beards.

我們在談論是維吾爾人 得在檢查站交出他們的電話。

And Xinjiang was effectively turned into a hi-tech police state.

我們在談論的是，在他們家門外甚至有QR碼。

So this kind of thing is happening all over the country, but in Xinjiang it's

但整個打壓最殘酷的部分 其實在最初是沒有人知道的。

been just increased by orders of magnitude.

在這張圖片中，你看到的是這個集中營的「開幕式」。

We're talking about Uighurs having to hand over their phones at checkpoints.

牌子上寫著「去極端化教育轉化中心」。

We're even talking about QR codes being installed on the outside of their homes.

大約在2017年左右，中國開始建設 這些集中營，

But the most brutal part of this crackdown was hidden to the world at first.

這些大規模的營區拘留了大量的維吾爾人。

In this image you see the opening of this facility.

中國說這些集中營是必要的 因為維吾爾人是一種恐怖主義的威脅。

The signage, it says "De-extremification reeducation center."

與分裂主義的威脅。

Around 2017, China started building these internment camps,

他們是被極端主義思想感染的人。

these large scale places to detain Uighurs. China says that these camps are

但直到被拘禁過的維吾爾人才出現 說出他們的故事，

necessary because the Uighurs are a terrorist threat.

以及集中營內部的照片開始流出後 這個議題才受到關注。

A separatist threat.

他們被迫記住和 每天背誦共產黨的宣傳。

People who are infected with extremist thinking.

他們經常被迫批評自己的 伊斯蘭信仰

But it wasn't until Uighurs who had been detained told their stories, that the picture

和批評與他們一同受到拘禁的同伴。

from inside the camps came into clearer focus.

「我們不得不唱出歡呼共產黨的歌曲，

They're forced to memorize and recite Communist Party propaganda every day.

我們不得不用中文複頌「習近平萬歲」，

They're often forced to criticize their own Islamic beliefs and to criticize the beliefs

有報導指出集中營內有酷刑與死亡

of their fellow detainees.

「三名守衛圍著我並對我施虐。」

“We had to sing songs hailing the Communist Party.

「他們在我腳上壓上五公斤的重物。」

We had to repeat in Chinese, 'long live [Chinese president] Xi Jinping!

「每次我被電擊，我全身都會抖動。」

There have been reports of death, of torture.

所以那裡有種氛圍 試圖根除你的信仰。

“Three guards surrounded me and abused me.

起初，中國否認這些集中營的存在...

"Each time I was electrocuted, my whole body would shake."

但倡議者和學者們進行了反擊。

So there's this atmosphere of just trying to uproot what you believe in.

在世界上許多人

At first, China denied the existence of these camps...

在網上尋找證據

But activists and academics fought back.

中國的維吾爾族集中營。

A lot of people around the world

就我使用和其他人使用的策略和工具而言去解開

are scouring the Internet for evidence

這些營地的證據，這是滿簡單的計算和認知中國的思維

of China's internment camps for Uighurs.

關於什麼方式、什麼話，特別是政府會使用的網站。

In terms of the strategies and tools that I've used and others have used to uncover

人們翻出了中國政府的文件。

evidence of these camps, it's quite simply a computer and knowledge of Chinese and thinking

「然後我們有了越來越多可見的證據。我們正在看衛星影像。」

about what ways whats words, especially government websites, would use.

「我們實際上可以追溯這些集中營的創建和擴展。」

People have unearthed government documents...

「我認為這可能是一些運氣或機會，」

"And then we had growing visual evidence. We're looking at satellite images."

「讓我發現了這張照片。」

We could actually trace the creation and expansion of the reeducation camp.

「在這之前，我們沒有一個明確的影像證據，」

It was a matter of, I think luck or chance

「能夠指稱它是什麼。」

I uncovered this image.

「而這就是中國政府如何稱呼他的。」

And until then, we didn't have that piece of visual evidence that said this

提姆並不孤單。

is what it is.

有一整個「網絡偵探」社群 使用基本的網路工具在世界各地

And this is what the Chinese government's calling it.

記錄那些中國不想讓外界知道的東西

Tim isn't alone.

而透過這些的調查，他們也讓中國改變了他們的故事，至少，一點點。

There's a whole network of “web sleuths” around the world using basic internet tools

中國一直否認這些集中營的存在，

to document what China doesn't

直到記者與學者們累積了大量「罪證確鑿」的證據

want the world to see.

中國終於法在演下去了。

And they've gotten China to change their story, at least a little.

中國採取了不同的方法並開始了承認這些設施存在，

China was denying that these re education centers exist, until journalists

但將它們描繪 為潛在犯罪者與 恐怖份子所設立的培訓學校

and academics and others started to really amass a body of evidence that was so convincing

與此同時，集中營仍在那裡 並且持續擴建中。

that China couldn't just deny it anymore.

這個營地是中國最大的集中營之一， 在2017年它的規模與鄰近的達坂城差不多大。

China took a different approach and started admitting that these facilities exist, but

但到2018年，營地擴張到兩倍大。

carefully painted them as training schools for potential criminals or terrorists.

從中國的角度來看，他們認為這是值得的。

In the meantime, the camps are still there and growing.

他們需要確保新疆是一個他們能夠完全控制的地區。

This camp, one of China's largest, was as big as the nearby city of Dabancheng in 2017.

而如果這意味著需要付出很高的人力成本， 甚至是對國家聲譽的打擊

But by 2018, the camp had expanded to twice the size.

目前中國看起來乎願意做出這些犧牲。

From China's perspective they think it's worth it. They want to make sure Xinjiang is an

area of the country that they have total control over.

And if that comes with a high human cost and even a reputational blow on the international

stage, China so far seems willing to do that anyway.