Name: 【海洋教育】養殖漁業可以幫助解決氣候變遷嗎？(Could underwater farms help fight climate change? - Ayana Johnson and Megan Davis)
Uploaded: 2019-06-23T21:01:20.000Z
Duration: 4 min 31 s

For 3 billion people around the world, seafood provides a significant source of protein and nutrition.

海鮮是世界上 30 億人主要的蛋白質和營養來源。

But recent studies show that 33% of wild fisheries are overfished, while another 60% are fished at their maximum capacity.

但近期研究顯示，有 33% 的野生漁場過度捕撈，同時還有 60% 的漁場則已達到捕撈上限。

In fact, over half the seafood we eat – from finfish and shellfish to seaweed and algae – isn't caught in the wild.

事實上，我們吃的海產 —— 從鰭骨魚到甲殼類到海藻 —— 都不是野生捕撈的。

It's grown through aquaculture, or aquatic farming.

而是透過水產養殖，或稱「水產農場」。

Farmed seafood is one of the fastest-growing food industries, expanding in volume by 5.8 percent each year

海產養殖是其中一項成長最快速的食品產業，每年規模擴大 5.8%。

But different methods of aquaculture come with different advantages and issues– some of which echo the serious problems we've seen in industrial agriculture.

但不同的水產養殖方式都有不同的優缺點，有些和工業化農業一樣有嚴重的問題。

So how can we avoid repeating the mistakes we've made on land, at sea?

所以我們該如何避免再犯陸地上的錯誤？

What aquaculture approaches are we currently using, and what does a sustainable way to farm the ocean really look like?

我們目前採用哪些水產養殖方式？又該如何維持養殖的永續？

One of the most common aquaculture methods involves large pens made of nets, where fish are farmed offshore in floating cages roughly 1,000 square meters in size.

其中一種最常見的水產養殖方式是用大網圈起來，將魚類養在大小約 1000 平方公尺的漂浮籠具內。

Commonly employed off the coast of Chile and in the fjords of Norway, these fish, like many industrially farmed animals, occupy stressful, overcrowded pens.

這些在智利的海岸和挪威的峽灣都很常見，魚類就如多數工業化養殖動物，處在高壓擁擠的圈籠內。

They produce massive amounts of waste, polluting the surrounding areas and potentially spreading diseases to wild species.

牠們會製造大量的排洩物，污染周邊區域，還有將疾病傳染給野生物種的潛在風險。

Worse still, since the antibiotics employed to fight disease aren't fully absorbed by the fish, they get excreted back into the environment.

更糟的是，由於抗病用的抗生素無法被魚完全吸收，因此被排洩至環境中。

Net pens are also susceptible to escapes, unleashing huge numbers of fish which compete for resources and weaken the local gene pool with genes adapted for captivity.

網籠也有讓魚脫逃的風險，圈養的魚群去到到野外會和當地魚類爭奪資源，且牠們的基因已適應豢養，將會弱化野生魚群基因。

Escaped fish can even disrupt local ecosystems as invasive species.

脫逃的魚甚至可能成為入侵物種，擾亂當地生態。

Other techniques, such as man-made coastal ponds commonly used for shrimp farming in Southeast Asia, create additional environmental problems.

其他的水產養殖方法，如在東南亞廣泛使用來養殖蝦子的人造濱海水塘，則會製造額外的環境問題。

Just like net pens, these ponds are prone to spreading pollution and disease.

如同網籠，這些水塘也可能傳染污染及疾病。

Their construction also frequently destroys important ecosystems like mangroves and marshes, which protect coastal areas from storms, provide habitats, and absorb tons of greenhouse gases.

它們的建造過程也通常會毀壞重要的生態系統，如紅樹林和濕地，這些生態系統本可以保護濱海免受暴風雨摧殘，並且提供生物棲息地和吸收溫室氣體。

One way to solve these problems is to farm fish on land in completely contained systems.

解決這些問題有個方法，那就是在陸地上用完全密閉的系統養殖。

Tanks and raceways can recirculate and filter water to prevent pollution.

水槽和水道能夠讓水循環並過濾，避免污染產生。

But even fully contained facilities still contend with another major hurdle: fishmeal.

但即使是完全密閉的設施還是有另一個障礙要克服，那就是「魚的吃食消耗」。

About 10% of the seafood caught globally is used to feed animals, including carnivorous farmed fish.

全球捕撈的海產有近 10% 被用在餵養動物，其中包含肉食性養殖魚類。

Researchers are working on fish feed made of insects and plant-based proteins, but for now many inland fish farms are connected to overfishing.

研究人員正在開發用昆蟲和植物蛋白做基底的魚飼料，但就目前而言，內陸魚類養殖仍和過度捕撈密切相關。

All these obstacles can make sustainable aquaculture feel a long way off, but innovative farmers are finding new ways to responsibly farm the seas.

這些障礙使得永續養殖漁業聽來遙不可及，但一些創新養殖業者正在尋求負責任的海洋養殖方式。

The most promising solution of all may be to look lower on the food chain.

最有希望的解決方式或許是往食物鏈底層著手。

Instead of cramming large, carnivorous fish into pens, we can work with natural ocean systems to produce huge amounts of shellfish and seaweeds.

比起將大型的肉食性魚類關進籠具養殖，我們可以和海洋系統合作，養殖出大量的甲殼類和海藻。

These low-maintenance flora and fauna don't need to be fed at all.

這些植物群不怎麼需要照顧，而且完全不需要餵食。

In fact, they naturally improve water quality, filtering it as they feed off sunlight and nutrients in the seawater.

事實上，牠們還會改善水質，在吸收太陽光和海水營養素的同時過濾水。

By absorbing carbon through photosynthesis, these farms help battle climate change, and reduce local ocean acidification while creating habitats for other species to thrive.

藉由光合作用吸收碳類，這類養殖場幫助打擊氣候變遷，並且降低當地海洋酸度，同時提供其他物種棲息地。

Shifting to restorative ocean farming could provide good jobs for coastal communities, and support healthy plant and shellfish-based diets that have an incredibly low carbon footprint.

轉型為這類海洋養殖法，不僅可以復甦海洋，還能提供給濱海地區人們良好工作，且甲殼類和植物為主的飲食既健康，碳足跡也極低！

In just 5 months, 4,000 square meters of ocean can produce 25 tons of seaweed and 250,000 of shellfish.

只需短短 5 個月，4000 平方公尺的海洋就能產出 25 噸的海藻和 25 萬噸的甲殼類。

With the right distribution network, a series of small farms, collectively the size of Washington State could feed the planet.

只要正確地分配於各地，這些一系列小小的養殖場，集合起來等同華盛頓州的尺寸就能夠餵養全球人口。

Farms like these are already popping up around the globe, and a new generation of farmers is stepping up to pursue a more sustainable future.

這類的養殖場已經逐漸在世界各地出現，新一代的養殖業者也正踏入業界，追求一個更有永續價值的未來。

Done properly, regenerative ocean farming could play a vital role in helping our oceans, our climate, and ourselves.

只要正確實施，再生性海洋養殖將能夠成為幫助海洋、幫助氣候，並且幫助我們自己的一大利器。

If overfishing continues at its current rate will the ocean run out of fish?

如果以目前的速度繼續過度捕撈的話，海洋中的魚類會耗盡嗎？