The economic developments of the 1800s saw the development of agrarian and handicraft economies in Europe and America transform into industrial, urbanized ones.

十九世紀的經濟發展經歷了農業發展，歐洲及美國的手工藝轉型成為工業化、都市化的經濟體。

The term to describe this phenomenon would be known as the "Industrial Revolution," and was first used by French writers, but made popular by English economic historian Arnold Toynbee.

被廣為用來描述這個現象的詞彙為「工業革命」，它第一次被法國的作家使用，但卻是因為英國的經濟歷史學家 Arnold Toynbee 而聞名。

The Industrial Revolution was underpinned by the Agricultural Revolution.

工業革命是來自農業革命的強力支撐。

From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, agricultural production increased significantly.

自十八世紀中期至十九世紀中期，農業產量大增。

The huge increase in food output supported the expansion, and sustained a large population and boosted trade.

糧食產量的大增支持擴展，並供養大量的人口及提升貿易。

The increased use of machines over human or animal power in farming also meant that less farm workers were needed, and they could leave the land for industrial towns.

大量使用機器取代人類和獸力農耕也意味著更少的農夫需求，而他們就可以離開農地到工業化的城鎮。

Better metals and richer fuel also contributed to industrialization by creating the steam engine, an integral machine to industrialization, which powered factories, locomotives, and ships.

更好的金屬和豐厚的燃料也促成了工業化，它們製造出蒸汽機，一種用來使工廠、火車頭和輪船發動，工業革命中不可或缺的機器。

The new steam engines used coal and iron, both in the construction and as fuel, increasing demand for these resources.

在製造這新的蒸氣引擎的過程中需要煤炭和鐵，而這兩者同時也是它的燃料，進而使這些資源的需求增加。

Roads, canals, and railways changed Britain dramatically, connecting Britain and allowing goods to be sent over long distances.

道路、運河和鐵路大大地改變了英國，連結了英國各地並讓貨物可以被長途運送。

Visually, the revolution was clear in the new industrial towns, with smoking factories dominating the skyline.

隨著佔據整個天際線冒著煙的工廠的出現，工業化的新城鎮裡可以清楚地看見革命的發生。

The cities were horrible to live in.

都市的生活品質奇糟無比。

Overcrowded, dirty, with dangerous conditions in the factories and strict rules and punishments.

過度擁擠、骯髒及工廠裡危險的環境和嚴格的規則與懲罰。

The Industrial Revolution saw mechanization in factories of the textile industry, which was previously manufactured in the home, creating the term "Cottage Industry."

工業革命歷經了紡織工業工廠的機械化，在此之前，紡織業是在家裡製造的，又被稱為「家庭代工」。

Now, production could be increased on a large scale because of new inventions, such as the spinning mule and the power loom.

現在，產量可以激增因為有如紡紗機和動力織布機的新發明。

The iron industry developed with Henry Bessemer's inexpensive process for mass-producing steel.

鐵工業隨著 Henry Bessemer 壓低價格大量製造鋼鐵的過程發展。

Iron and steel were key materials for constructing the tools in machinery, steam engines, and ships needed for the industrial progress.

鐵和鋼鐵是建造機械裝置中的工具，如蒸汽引擎和工業革新中所需要的輪船的關鍵材料。

Industrial labor opportunities drew people to the cities from the countryside to such an extent that in 1750 only 15% of the population of Britain lived in towns.

工業化帶來的勞工需求將鄉村的居民大量地拉往都市，程度大到在 1750 年只有百分之十五的英國人口居住在城鎮。

By 1850, over 50% of the entire population of Great Britain lived in either a town or a city, and by 1900, it was 85%!

但到了 1850 年，整個英國超過百分之五十的人口不是居住在城鎮就是居住在都市，而到了 1900 年，達到百分之八十五！

London had 4.5 million people, Glasgow, 760,000, Liverpool, 685,000, and Manchester and Birmingham, 500,000.

倫敦有四百五十萬的人口數，格拉斯哥，七十六萬，利物浦，六十八萬五千，而曼徹斯特和伯明罕則有五十萬。

Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and was the only mature industrial economy for a long time.

英國是工業革命的發祥地，也是唯一一個持久的成熟工業經濟體。

Historians have speculated that this was because as an island, there was relative peace and stability for Britain compared to mainland Europe.

歷史學家臆測這背後的原因可能是因為作為一個島，英國相較於歐洲大陸而言，更加地和平和穩定。

Rather than spending on a large defensive standing army, capital could be spent on other ventures, and there was confidence for investors.

資金可以用在其他的投資事業，而不是用在防禦的常備軍上，投資者也對此有信心。

Native resources were also abundant, and readily available for initial technological developments and inventions.

本土資源也十分豐富，而這些資源已可供剛開始的科技發展和發明所使用。

Engineers and inventors were also respected and encouraged in British society, and were backed by wealthy patrons.

工程師和投資者在英國社會中也受到尊重和鼓勵，他們也受到富有的贊助家支持。

A powerful navy and an empire bringing in vast wealth from its colonies also contributed to the catalyst for industrialization before others.

從其殖民地帶進大量財富的強而有力的海軍和帝國也促成了其工業化早於他國。

Nevertheless, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the United States soon emulated Britain's industrial change.

儘管如此，德國、法國、瑞士、比利時和美國也迅速仿效英國的工業改變。

And by 1900, Britain would no longer be at the top with the United States as the world's leading industrial nation in the 20th century.

而到了 1900 年，隨著美國在二十世紀成為世界的領導工業化國家，英國不再居於頂峰。

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