But that same technology it also letting citizens watch the state.

但人民也能透過同樣的科技監控政府。

We know that Facebook is spying on us,

我們知道臉書在窺探我們，

we know that Google is spying on us.

Google 也是，

But those mediums can also become mediums of counter forensics.

但它們也可以是反向偵查的媒介。

We are watching the watchers.

我們監控那些監控者，

We are reversing the forensic gaze.

反轉偵查視角。

The rise of social media and the proliferation of smart phones has made it easier than ever for people to consume news.

社群媒體的崛起和智慧型手機的廣泛使用，讓新聞唾手可得。

But not all this information is true.

但並非所有的消息都是正確的。

Some governments use these platforms to disseminate propaganda, and monitor citizens behavior.

有些政府利用這種平台做政治宣傳，並掌握人民舉動。

Now this technology has also helped to turn the tables on the powerful.

如今，這種科技卻能扭轉局面。

Every comment, every photo, every video, is a clue to ultimately getting at the truth.

每則留言、每張照片、每個影片，都是通往真相的途徑。

The big challenge is to figure out how we find all those clues and ultimately use them almost like pieces in a puzzle.

最困難的是如何找到這些線索，像拼圖一樣把它們拼湊起來。

Alexa Koenig is a law professor and investigator.

Alexa Koenig 是位法學教授及調查者，

She gathers evidence from multiple digital sources, to investigate some of the biggest human rights abuses in the 21st century.

她蒐集許多數位資訊，用來調查 21 世紀重大的人權侵犯事件。

So many war crime cases fall apart at fairly early stages of prosecution.

很多戰爭罪的起訴在很早的階段就失敗，

One of the big challenges is that prosecutors are over-relying on witness testimony.

其中一個重要的原因是檢察官過度仰賴證人的證詞，

And of course with time and trauma, a testimony becomes fallible.

而歷經了時間和創傷，證詞會變得不太可靠。

Miss Koenig's team has helped investigate atrocities in Myanmar, Syria and Yemen.

Koenig 的團隊協助調查了發生在緬甸、 敘利亞和葉門的暴行。

Unlike traditional investigators, her team uses open source evidence.

不同於以往的調查者，他們利用開放來源的證據。

So we brought together people doing big data analytics,

我們團隊集結了大數據分析、

satellite imagery, remote sensing, people who were

衛星影像、遙測，

thinking through how cellphones could be harnessed and support the stories of survivors.

以及利用手機來佐證生還者的說法。

The team has investigated atrocities in Myanmar in 2017.

她的團隊調查了 2017 年發生在緬甸的暴行。

The evidence proved that the army had used Facebook's

證據顯示，軍隊利用臉書的普及

wide reach in the country to post false information

來散播假消息，

inciting hatred against the Rohingya Muslim minority.

煽動大眾對羅興亞穆斯林難民的仇恨。

This type of evidence is gaining traction and is being used by the international criminal courts.

這類型的證據已受到重視，並被國際刑事法庭採用。

Open source information that you can find online

許多單位如聯合國

is increasingly being used by groups like the United Nations

和國際刑事法庭，正在擴大使用

and by the International Criminal Court.

來自網路的開放來源資訊，

It released its first ever arrest warrant based on

他們也因此發出了第一張

information pulled from social media in Libya.

引用利比亞社群媒體資訊的逮捕令。

Meanwhile, Bellingcat, a group

另一方面，Bellingcat 這個

of open source experts, has been investigating the poisoning

集結開放資源專家的組織，對前俄羅斯間諜

of a former Russian spy, Sergei Skripal

Sergei Skripal 和其女兒在 2018 年的毒殺案，

and his daughter in 2018.

展開了調查，

They have made some striking discoveries.

並有驚人的發現。

Bellingcat disclosed the names of three Russian agents who they allege were involved in the attack,

Bellingcat 揭露了三名俄羅斯特務的姓名，認為他們參與了這起案件，

strengthening the suspicion that it was sanctioned by the Russian State.

讓人更加懷疑，此案是由俄羅斯政府授意執行。

In response, the Russian authorities claimed that

俄羅斯當局對此做出回應，

the men were tourists, but Bellingcat proved that

指出三名男子為觀光客，但 Bellingcat 卻證實

the three men were high ranking members of the Russian army.

他們是俄羅斯軍中的高階成員，

One of the agents had even been honored by President Vladimir Putin personally.

其中一人還受過普丁總統個人的表揚。

What Bellingcat did was they began to comb social media

Bellingcat 細細地爬梳社群媒體，

and find the profiles of the people

挖掘三人的資訊，

who were thought to have been involved,

認為他們參與犯案，

that Russia was saying were just tourists,

而俄羅斯卻說他們只是觀光客，

and ultimately establish the true identities

但他們真正的身份最終還是被證實，

in a way that really shocked the world.

全世界都相當震驚。

Bellingcat cross referenced photo and video

Bellingcat 將英俄兩國所提供的

evidence released by the British and Russian authorities,

照片和影片與社群媒體進行交叉比對，

with social media to find the men's true identities.

找出了三人的真實身份。

This is not the first time the state has been accused of trying to cover its tracks.

這並不是俄羅斯第一次被指控試圖掩蓋其行逕。

Governments are trying to release false information about things that have taken place.

有些政府會對事件釋出假消息，

We need to not only establish what has taken place,

我們不只要揭露到底發生了什麼，

but to deconstruct government statements that are misleading.

也要戳破政府的誤導言論。

Eyal Weizman is an open source expert based in the UK.

Eyal Weizman 是一位在英國的開放資訊專家，

The most recent incident which he has investigated

最近他在調查的事件，

raises questions about the death of Palestinians during an Israeli airstrike.

是一則以色列空襲巴勒斯坦的死亡疑雲。

In 2018, these two boys were sitting on a roof top.

2018 年，這兩位坐在屋頂上的男孩

They were killed moments after taking this selfie.

在拍了這張自拍之後喪命。

The Israeli armed forces said they fired

以色列武裝部隊表示，

non-lethal warning shots to clear the area of civilians.

他們發射了非致命性的警示彈來驅逐民眾。

They call this tactic 'knocking on the roof.

此戰術稱為「屋頂上的敲門聲」。

Hours later, the Israeli army released a video which appears to show four warning shots, followed by the main strike.

幾個小時後，以色列軍隊釋出一支影片，裡面有四發警示彈，隨後正式轟炸。

But forensic architecture stitched together mobile phone and CCTV footage disputing their claim.

但鑑識建構卻將手機和監視器影像片段兜在一起，反駁了這項說詞。

They allege the Israeli army did not release a video of the first shots which killed the boys.

他們指稱兩位男孩在第一次警示中喪生，而以色列軍隊隱瞞了該影像，

Instead, it substituted it with a video of the third strike from another angle.

並以不同角度拍攝第三發警示彈的影片取代。

The Israeli army denied distorting evidence.

以色列軍隊則否認扭曲證據。

Investigating state operations isn't cheap.

要對政府行動進行調查並不便宜，

It takes time and resources.

要花費大量時間以及資源。

One big question is always where's the money coming from to do this kind of work.

錢從哪裡來是很常被問到的問題，

There are some individual donors who really believe in the power of technology for social good.

有些是個人贊助，他們相信科技能造福社會。

And increasingly we still do see some states that are

我們也愈來愈常看到政府

really interested in the power and possibility

對這種蒐集並整合資訊的

of pulling together information.

潛力及影響力表示興趣。

The evidence and practices of groups

Bellingcat 和鑑識建構這類組織的

such as Bellingcat and forensic architecture are open to everyone.

證據和實行方法是對大眾公開的，

This evidence is traceable and verifiable.

證據都可追溯來源並且驗證。

But lawmakers must approach it with caution.

但立法者需審慎地看待。

The use of this evidence in court is in its infancy and raises several problems.

這種證據在法庭上的使用還處於初始階段，也遇到很多困難。

I think so few judges today are trained in ways to really

我認為現今很少有法官所受的訓練

interrogate what makes for a good digital investigation,

包含對數位偵查進行判斷，

that there's really a two-fold risk.

因此會有雙重的風險。

The first risk is that they're going to look at this very

第一個是他們會對這種

slick sexy package and they're gonna find it so convincing,

精湛的演繹感到很有說服力，

that they ultimately don't interrogate

因此不會對這些

the underlying bits of information.

作為基底的資訊提出質疑。

The second risk, of course, is that they're just going

第二個是，很自然地，

to look at this and say I have no way to understand

他們會看了證據然後說

the original sources of this information,

我無從理解這些資訊的原始來源，

and so they dismiss it out of hand.

因此拒絕將這些納入考慮。

It is increasingly difficult

要區分事實和假象

to separate fact from fiction.

是愈來愈困難，

But crowdsource investigations offer a new way.

但群眾外包調查提供了一個新的方式，

Giving a voice to victims and holding the powerful to account.

讓受害者能夠發聲，也讓當權者負起責任。