in San Anselmo, California

在加州的聖安瑟莫...

In February of 1977, George Lucas invited some of his closest friends to watch a rough cut of his new film:

在1977年2月，喬治盧卡斯邀請了他的一些好友們

Star Wars.

來觀賞他最新一部電影的初步剪接版，也就是：

In attendance among a handful of people were Steven Spielberg and Brian De Palma.

星際大戰

The response was-

在觀影的群眾中有幾個大名字：

-not good. According to Spielberg, this is how De Palma reacted:

史蒂芬史匹柏和布萊恩狄帕瑪

"Well, Brian went off the deep end."

觀眾的回應...

"WHAT???!!! MAKES NO SENSE! NONSENSE!"

不太好

The film was in trouble.

史匹柏導演表示狄帕瑪的反應如下：

Sure, you can point at the superficial problems with the rough cut.

“就，布萊恩整個暴走”

Such as, placeholder VFX,

狄帕瑪：“三小？看不懂啦！毫無意義！”

stock footage,

電影陷入危機

unfinished sound,

當然你可以指出這不過只是初步剪接版罷了

and temp music.

像是暫時代替用的特效

But, we're not gonna focus on those.

既有的素材鏡頭片段

No, the real issues were fundamental: the story, the scenes, the characters, the pacing

尚未完成的音效

But the film was not beyond saving, because they say a film is written three times:

還有暫時代替用的音樂

first, in the screenplay,

但這不是我們要探討的重心

next, in production

不，真正的問題出在更根本的地方：

"You can't win, Darth.

故事，鏡頭，角色，步調

If my blade should find its mark, you will cease to exist."

但是電影還有救，因為好電影需要寫三次：

and finally, in the edit.

首先，劇本寫一次...

"You can't win Darth.

接著，製作再寫一次...

If you strike me down, I shall become more powerful than you can possibly imagine."

-達斯維德，你贏不了的... (歐比王)

The success of Star Wars was not inevitable.

-如果我的劍擊中它的目標，你將會不復存在

In fact, the way things were going, it was almost guaranteed to fail.

最後，則是剪輯寫最後一次

It was only due to their laborious editorial process that Star Wars snatched victory from the jaws of defeat.

-達斯維德，你贏不了的...

So Lucas turned to his ingenious editing team: Richard Chew, Paul Hirsch,

-如果你擊殺我，我將會變得更加強大，超乎你的想像

arguably one of George's greatest collaborators: his wife at the time, Marcia Lucas.

星際大戰的成功並不是註定的

Their job was to rebuild a bloated first act, cut tons of unnecessary material,

甚至就事情的發展看來，它幾乎可說是必定失敗

create clarity, tension, and drama in places that had none,

一切都歸功於繁雜的剪輯過程

and restructure scenes and entire sequences to propel the story forward.

讓星際大戰成功地逃離失敗的魔爪

Basically, they just had to start from scratch.

所以盧卡斯便尋求他的天才剪輯團隊幫助：

In this video, we'll compare and contrast these changes from rough to final cut

周理查、保羅赫希，以及可說是他最偉大的合作夥伴

Using references from the script, recovered deleted scenes, and behind the scenes interviews

也是當時的配偶，瑪西亞盧卡斯

in order to demonstrate just how powerful editing is

他們的工作是將浮腫的第一幕重建，

as a storytelling tool.

將一大堆不必要的部分剪除，

So, without further redo, let's go back and examine how Star Wars

將原本不清楚、沒有張力、沒有劇情的地方修正，

was saved in the edit.

並將鏡頭及整個段落重新構築以好好的推動故事進行

The film always began with the famous opening crawl.

基本上，他們得從頭來過

However, the text itself in earlier drafts was long.

在這個影片中，我們會比對初略版與最終版的變化

Really long.

藉由劇本的註解，刪除的片段，以及幕後訪談

And it bombarded the audience with information. Especially for a first-time viewer.

來展示剪輯作為一個說故事的工具是多麼的有力

It talked about the Republic Galactica, the Jedi Knights, the Dark Lords of the Sith,

那麼就讓我們進入正題，回到過去來檢視星際大戰...

the Emperor, none of which will be immediately relevant to the story we're about to watch. It's just overloaded.

是如何被剪輯給拯救的

Remember Brian De Palma?

電影一直都是以著名的捲動字幕開場的

He was particularly brutal about the opening crawl. So, George enlisted him and Jay Cox to rewrite it.

不過，初期的草稿文字量有點大

And that's how we got the roll up we see today, which is straight to the point

相當大

There's a civil war between the Rebellion and the Empire, a Death Star,

而這讓觀眾被各種資訊轟炸，尤其是對第一次看的人

stolen plans--and we're off.

裡面講到銀河共和國、絕地武士...

Then we see an epic space battle. Star Destroyers chasing Princess Leia's ship and is quickly captured.

黑暗的西斯領主們、西斯大帝

Storm troopers blast their way in.

沒有半個會跟現在我們要看的故事有直接的關係

There's a huge firefight.

太多資訊了

So far so good. Everything was pretty much the same, up until this happens:

記得布萊恩狄帕瑪嗎？

"Help, I think I'm melting! This is all your fault!"

他對開場字幕特別的有意見

A little awkward place for a joke, and then there's a scene transition to...

所以盧卡斯聘請了他跟杰寇克斯重寫

wherever this is?

而這就是我們如何得到現在的版本，簡潔扼要

And who the heck is that?

在反抗軍和帝國之間正在進行內戰中，

And what's he doing?

有個死星，設計圖被偷走了...然後影片開始

Hopefully, it's clear already that there's some problems with this.

接著我們看到一場史詩般的太空戰鬥

They just interrupted the pacing of this epic space battle to cut to some rando kid and his robot.

帝國滅星艦正追逐著莉亞公主的飛船，並且將其捕捉

This is really how they're gonna introduce their main character?

風暴兵強行轟炸入內

But it gets worse.

有場大型的槍戰

"C'mon, Treadwell!

目前為止都蠻不錯的。到此一切都差不多，然後：

Come on, get in gear!"

-救命，我想我要融化了！這都是你的錯！

Cutting the deleted scene is one thing. However, the opening of the film intercut with luke constantly

這邊在有點詭異的地方放了個笑話，接著鏡頭轉換到...

So, let's break down Luke's introduction.

這個不知是哪的地方？

In the first cut of the film, they intercut with Luke three times before he eventually crosses paths with the droids at the Jawa auction.

那又是哪位？

Which, as we all know, is the first time we meet Luke in the final film.

然後他在做什麼？

"Luke? Luke!"

希望各位可以看出來這邊很明顯有問題

This scene was never intended to be Luke's introduction, but it works.

太空中激烈戰鬥的步調被如此打斷

"Luke, tell uncle if he gets a translator be sure it speaks Bocce."

就為了讓我們看某個不知哪來的小子跟他的機器人

"Doesn't look like we have much of a choice, but I'll remind him."

他們真的要這樣介紹本片的主角嗎？

Okay, so why were those scenes cut?

這還不是最糟的

To put it simply, they're boring.

-來吧，崔德威爾！(天行者路克)

Nothing is happening and they prevent the story from progressing.

-快來啊，加點速度！

And to illustrate that, here's a quick breakdown of the events laid out in the rough cut.

剪掉被刪除的片段是一回事，

We already saw the first scene, so now we're back on the ship.

但是電影開頭持續不斷地將路克的鏡頭相互交切進來

We meet Darth Vader,

我們來分析路克的介紹開場

we see him kill a guy,

在初步剪接版片中，路克在賈瓦人拍賣上 遇到機器人(R2跟C3PO)前被交切進來三次

Leia gets captured,

而在完成的片中，這是我們第一次看見路克

and the droids escaped.

-好啦，走吧 -路克？路克！

Then, they cut back to Luke.

這一幕原本並不是為了介紹路克用的，但是它很有效

We see him running,

-路克，跟叔叔說如果買翻譯機器人它一定要會說博切語

running some more,

-看起來沒啥選擇，不過我會提醒他

he meets his friend Biggs,

好，那麼為何要剪掉這些片段？

and they look up at the sky.

簡單來說，它們很無聊

Then once again, they go from epic space fantasy,

螢幕上沒有發生任何事，而且也阻礙了故事的進行

to a kid spewing pointless exposition

為了說明，以下是初步剪輯版的事件發生順序：

Well, I'm serious the sandpeople been getting really crazy. They've even rated the outskirts of angkor thom

我們已經看到路克的第一幕，接著回到船艦上...

That's enough of that. We'll provide links below if you want to watch the whole thing okay?

我們與達斯維達碰面，

So even if those scenes had been good

看到他殺了個人，

Which they're not in the making of Star Wars editor Paul Hirsch says quote in the first five minutes

莉亞公主被抓，

We were hitting everybody with more information than they could handle there were too many storylines to keep straight the robots the Princess Vader

然後機器人逃跑

Luke so we simplified it by taking Luke out, and you don't introduce Luke until he actually becomes a part of the story.

接著，鏡頭切回路克身上

okay, Let's go

我們看到他奔跑，

Don't you think it's Hersh continues by stating quote it also made the planet they land on work as an alien place

持續奔跑著，

Before by showing Luke on the planet there was no mystery. You knew the planet was inhabited by people

遇到他的朋友比格斯，

But now you don't know what you're gonna find the first characters you see the jawas

然後他們看向天空

Which gives it a whole air of exotic mystery end quote now. We've seen how intercutting with Luke was completely unnecessary

-...大概是個運輸船重新加油中吧 -但是稍早前有些火光啊...嘿！

Let's look at how intercutting was used to its fullest potential

然後再一次的，又從科幻宇宙冒險...

Because how and when you intercut is very important?

切回到一個小子說著無意義的敘述

The general pattern is that they intercut between what's going on with the droids and cut to the empire who's hunting ahead?

-我的叔叔需要我 -噢！

But for the first cut of the film you'll find that none of these scenes really seem to line up

-我是認真的，那些砂住民們越來越瘋狂了

So let's talk about five scenes in particular. The conference scene where Vader chokes a guy. - "I find your lack of faith disturbing."

-他們甚至掠奪了安哥康的近郊 -路克，別這樣

The look sir droids scene. - "Look sir droids."

真是夠了，如果你們想看全部底下有連結供參考

The Leia interrogation scene.

好，即使這些鏡頭很不錯，而他們糟透了，

"We will discuss the location of your hidden rebel base."

在“製作星際大戰”紀錄片裡，剪輯師保羅赫希說：

The set the course for Alderaan scene.

“在前五分鐘內，我們對觀眾扔出了太多資訊

"Set your course for Alderaan."

太多故事線要追蹤了。機器人、公主、維達大臣、路克...

And the Vader vamping scene - "I want the rebels located and identified."

為了簡化我們將路克拔掉，在他 成為故事的一部分時才介紹他進來”

as it was written and first edited, here's where those scenes fell.

-好，走吧

Just after R-2 and 3-PO are reunited

-你可別忘了

"R2-D2 it is you! It is you!"

赫希繼續表示：

They cut to the conference - "I find your lack of faith disturbing"

“這麼一來(機器人)降落的 地方看起來就會像一個異星球

Then Owen asks Beru

之前由於有先看過路克，因此沒有神祕感

"Have you seen Luke this morning?"

觀眾們知道星球上有人居住

Then they cut to-

但是現在你不知道會發生甚麼事

Troy Luke and obi-wan talk in the house the force is what gives a Jedi his paw cut to the interrogation

最一開始看到的角色是賈瓦人們

location or hidden

讓整個氣氛充滿著異星神秘感”

Luke discovers his murdered family

現在我們了解了相互交切路克的鏡頭有多麼不必要，

Set the course to Alderaan the Jabba the Hutt scene full of traffic next time you want to talk to me come see me yourself

讓我們來探索相互交切鏡頭用到極致的情形

Which we'll talk about more later followed by the Vader vamping scene in

因為如何相互交切，何時交切，是非常重要的

This current form the Imperial scenes sort of feel thrown in at random, which creates several problems

基本的模式是將機器人目前在做的事 與正在追循他們的帝國軍相互交切

But let me show you the final order, and then we'll go through it scene by scene okay

而在初步剪接版中你會發現這幾幕並沒有好好互相呼應

So here's where the editors made the biggest structural changes

我們來看以下五個重點鏡頭：

The underlying lesson here is how an editor is responsible for controlling the flow of

會議上維達大臣對某個軍官使用原力鎖喉這幕，

Information how one scene should lead into the next based on what the audience knows up to that point?

-你的缺乏信念讓我相當不悅

In the final assembly after R2 and 3PO are reunited they cut to this

“長官請看，是機器人”這幕，

Which is telling the audience automatically that these characters are still in immediate danger?

拷供莉亞公主這幕，

As opposed to cutting to the conference scene where you're giving a whole slew of

-我們來討論一下你躲藏起來的反抗軍基地位置

Exposition about things that don't seem to be related at all to what's going on the last

“設定航路，前往奧德蘭星球”這幕，

Remnants of the Old Republic have been swept away another problem about keeping the conference scene here

-設定航路，前往奧德蘭

Is that this would become the audience's first introduction to the force the ability to destroy a planet is insignificant?

以及維達大臣的移動這幕 -我要那堆反抗軍被找出來並確認位置

Next to the power of a force instead of hearing about it from obi-wan the force is what gives a Jedi his path

如當初最一開始寫作編輯的順序，這幾幕如此展開

It's an energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us and penetrates us it binds the Galaxy together

在R2D2跟C3PO重逢後...

So by reshuffling these Imperial scenes we get immediate payoffs to the scenes that preceded those

-R2D2！真的是你！真的是你啊！

So now the conference comes after we meet obi-wan where we learn Vader was seduced by the dark side of the force

鏡頭切換到會議...

Then we see then I find your lack of faith disturbing

-你的缺乏信念讓我相當不悅

Vader

接著又看到歐文叔叔詢問貝魯大嬸...

as you wish

-妳早上有看到路克嗎？

We also learned that r2 has the stolen plans to the Death Star

再切到...

I have placed information vital to the survival of the rebellion into the memory systems of this r2 unit

-長官請看，是機器人

Followed by the plans you refer to will soon be back in our hands

路克與歐比王在屋內對話後...

By moving this one scene here the other scenes naturally fell into place when Luke discovers his murdered family

-絕地武士的力量來自於原力

Instead of seeing set the course to Alderaan they now reinforce that The Princess and the rebellion are in danger

切回審問一幕...

And it's not until after Luke and obi-wan meet han Solo Chewie here tells me you're looking for passage to the Alderaan system

-我們來討論一下你躲藏起來的反抗軍基地位置

That we find out the Empire's going to the same place. She'll also alter that well

路克發現他的家人被殺...

Okay, so what about the Jabba and Vader scenes?

接著是“設定航路，前往奧德蘭星球”...

well

赫特人賈霸一幕...

You don't need them both were cut from the released version because all they do is repeat the same information the audience already knows

-聽著，賈霸，下次你想找我就給我親自過來

we already know this I want the

這幕我們之後會再詳談，最後是維達大臣的走路一幕

Located in identifying at any information that we would have got from the java scene was passed on the Greedo

在這個版本，帝國軍的鏡頭毫無章法地 被亂丟進來，而這產生了許多問題

They did this by dubbing Greedo with an alien language and adding subtitles

但是我先讓你看過最終版本的順序， 我們再來依序討論

Java in Chico

好，我們來看看剪輯師在哪裡做了最大的架構更動

But as we all know George Lucas went back and added this scene back in

這邊最根本的教訓是， 剪輯師必須負責控制資訊的流動，

twice

基於目前觀眾所知道的情報， 如何去做幕與幕之間的轉換

But the film worked fine without it so to quickly recap

在最終版本，R2D2跟C3PO重逢後鏡頭轉到這

We've seen how these editors have cut material will always be the base for more than hand

這便自動給了觀眾一個訊息：這些角色仍身處危機之中

We've seen how they've intercut and restructured. What was already there

-逃生艇內有跡象，腳印循這個方向走

Now let's take a look at some of the more nuanced edits

-長官請看，是機器人

Fine-tuned Star Wars made tons of subtle changes leading up to its release so I might not get to all of them

而不是切到會議一幕

But I'll highlight a few ok they remove these rear projection shots of the land speeder because they look terrible

讓觀眾再接受一堆新的敘述資訊

Instead they dubbed in dialogue over this wide shot look at there's a droid on the scanner

但看起來跟現在發生的事又沒啥太大的關連

When the stormtroopers are searching the town originally it wasn't revealed that the droids were behind the door until the very end

-舊共和的殘黨已被掃除

But there was no suspense that way so in the Edit

將會議一幕放在這裡還有另一個問題，

They reversed this shot of the door opening and added in this line lock the door r2

就是這會是觀眾第一次見到原力的力量...

Alright check this side of the street

-消滅行星的能力跟原力的力量相比之下，微不足道

It's a small thing again, but every moment helps

而不是從歐比王口中得知

Then there's the scene in Obi Wan's house originally the scene started with Luke and obi-wan watching the princesses message

-絕地武士的力量來自於原力

Then they play with lightsabers, and then they consider to go help her

-只要是活生生的物體，都會產生這種能量力場

Luke she's a child

-這力量圍繞著我們，滲透於各處

But upon viewing as they described in the making of Star Wars

-並且維持著宇宙

This seemed a bit heartless because of the lag between her plea and their decision to fly in rescue her

所以藉由重新編排帝國的鏡頭順序

So the scene was rieta today, though

我們即可立刻從中獲得前一幕的回饋

They had already been talking about Luke's dad in the force the father's lightsaber

現在會議一幕在觀眾見到歐比王， 也就是在得知以下資訊之後：

Then they see the hologram and then they consider to help her to smooth over the Senate they cut to an insert of r2 beeping

-維達大臣被原力的黑暗面所誘惑

And it wasn't until the editors had heard Ben Burtt sound design for art too that they started cutting to the droid for more reaction

而我們就看到了...

Shots this same shot of r2 was used in two scenes when our two plays hollow chess now be careful r2

-你的缺乏信念讓我相當不悅

And for that little awkward moment we saw at the beginning

-夠了！維德大臣，放開他

Which was later moved to after the TIE fighter battle as a way to relieve the tension by showing c-3po looks stupid

-如你所願

This shot of the heroes buckling their seatbelts was originally put right before the falcon jumps to Lightspeed

我們也得知R2身上有偷來的死星設計圖

But again it's kind of anticlimactic there

-我將攸關反抗軍生存的資訊 放在這台R2機器人的記憶體內

So they decided to move it earlier when they're first getting pursued to amp up the intensity of this chase

我們接著看到：

Once they were on the Deathstar there was another problem

-你所提到的設計圖很快地就會回到我們的手裡

Some viewers had trouble understanding that obi-wan was going to shut down the tractor beam so they could escape so the editors added in this

將這一幕移到這邊，其他場景自然而然地就都說得通了

exposition in using inserts in voiceover the tractor beam is coupled to the main reactor in seven locations a

當路克發現他的雙親被殺，

Power loss at one of the terminals with allow the ship to leave

我們不是看到“設定航路，前往奧德蘭星球”

They also shot this insert for clarity

而是強調公主與反抗軍處於危險中