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The history of civilization, in some ways, is a history of maps.
就某些方面來說, 文明的歷史就是地圖的歷史。
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How have we come to understand the world around us?
我們如何漸漸了解我們周遭的世界?
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One of the most famous maps works because it really isn't a map at all.
最有名的地圖之所以很有用, 是因為它其實根本就不是地圖。
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The London Underground came together in 1908, when eight different independent railways merged to create a single system.
倫敦地鐵在 1908 年蓋好,八條不同的獨立鐵路被結合在一起成為單一運輸系統。
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They needed a map to represent that system so people would know where to ride.
他們需要一張地圖來呈現這個系統,民眾才能知道要坐到哪裡。
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The map they made is complicated.
他們做的地圖很複雜。
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You can see rivers, bodies of water, trees and parks...
你可以看到河流、水體、樹木、公園...
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The stations were all crammed together at the center of the map.
地鐵站都擠在地圖上的中心區域。
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And out in the periphery, there were some that couldn't even fit on the map.
在外圍地區,有些車站位置甚至跟地圖不吻合。
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So the map was geographically accurate, but maybe not so useful.
所以,這個地圖在地理上是精確的,但不見得有用。
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Enter Harry Beck.
哈利.貝克出場了。
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Harry Beck was a 29-year-old engineering draftsman who had been working on and off for the London Underground.
哈利.貝克是二十九歲的工程繪圖員,他偶爾會為倫敦地鐵做些工作。
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And he had a key insight, and that was that people riding underground in trains don't really care what's happening above ground.
他提出關鍵性的洞見,那就是「在地下搭火車的人根本不在乎地面上有什麼東西」。
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They just want to get from station to station.
他們只想從一站到達另一站。
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Where do I get on? Where do I get off?
我要在哪站上車?在哪站下車?
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It's the system that's important, not the geography.
重要的是系統,不是地理。
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He's taken this complicated mess of spaghetti, and he's simplified it.
他把像義大利麵一樣一團亂的複雜線路加以簡化。
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The lines only go in three directions: they're horizontal, they're vertical, or they're 45 degrees.
線只有三個方向:水平、垂直,或 45 度。
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Likewise, he spaced the stations equally.
同樣的,他把站間的距離做平分。
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He's made every station color correspond to the color of the line.
他把每個站的顏色對應到線的顏色。
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And he's fixed it all so that it's not really a map anymore.
他把整張圖修改過後, 其實已經算不上是地圖了。
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What it is is a diagram, just like circuitry.
它是一張示意圖,就像電路圖。
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Except the circuitry here isn't wires conducting electrons, it's tubes containing trains conducting people from place to place.
差別只是這裡的電路圖不是傳輸電子的線路,而是火車走的地鐵道, 把人從一個地方傳輸到另一個地方。
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In 1933, the Underground decided, at last, to give Harry Beck's map a try.
1933 年,倫敦地鐵終於決定, 至少試試看哈利.貝克的地圖。
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The Underground did a test run of a thousand of these maps, pocket-size.
地鐵官方做了一千張口袋大小的這種地圖做為測試用。
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They were gone in one hour.
一小時就被拿光了。
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They realized they were onto something; they printed 750,000 more.
他們發現這個點子好像有搞頭,於是又多印了七十五萬份。
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And this is the map that you see today.
這就是你們現今看到的地圖。
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Beck's design really became the template for the way we think of metro maps today.
貝克的設計變成了樣板,我們現今的捷運地圖都是參考它。
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Tokyo, Paris, Berlin, São Paulo, Sydney, Washington, D.C.
東京、巴黎、柏林、 聖保羅、雪黎、華盛頓特區...
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All of them convert complex geography into crisp geometry.
它們都把複雜的地理轉變成清爽的幾何。
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All of them use different colors to distinguish between lines.
它們都用不同的顏色來區分不同的線。
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All of them use simple symbols to distinguish between types of stations.
它們都用簡單的符號來區別不同類型的站。
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They all are part of a universal language, seemingly.
它們似乎都是這個共通語言的一部分。
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I bet Harry Beck wouldn't have known what a user interface was, but that's really what he designed.
我打賭哈利貝克.並不知道使用者介面的概念,但他設計的就是使用者介面。
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And he really took that challenge and broke it down to three principles that I think can be applied in nearly any design problem.
他接受了那個挑戰, 並將它分解成三條原則,我認為這些原則幾乎可用於所有的設計問題。
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First one is focus.
第一:聚焦。
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Focus on who you're doing this for.
聚焦在你是為了誰設計的重點上。
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The second principle is simplicity.
第二條原則是簡單。
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What's the shortest way to deliver that need?
達成目的最簡單的方法是什麼?
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Finally, the last thing is: Thinking in a cross-disciplinary way.
最後一項原則:用跨學科的方式來思考。
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Who would've thought that an electrical engineer would be the person to hold the key to unlock what was then one of the most complicated systems in the world.
誰也想不到解鎖當時最複雜系統的人會是一名電子工程師。
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All started by one guy with a pencil and an idea.
一切都從有一支鉛筆和一個想法的人開始。