Let's say I buy a coffee here in London for £3.

舉個例子，我在倫敦花了 3 英榜買了一杯咖啡

Those £3 are factored into the United Kingdom's GDP.

這 3 英榜就會算到英國的 GDP 裡

And so is this barista's salary.

這位咖啡師的薪資也是

And this espresso machine.

濃縮咖啡機也不例外

In fact, most of what's around you is part of GDP.

事實上，在你身邊大部分的東西都是 GDP 的一部分

GDP is an important gauge of the overall health of an economy. It stands for:

GDP 是用來估算經濟體整體健康的重要量表。它代表：

Gross Domestic Product

國內生產總值

Simply put, GDP measures the total value of all goods and services in a country.

簡單來說，GDP 衡量一國所有貨品和服務的總價值

That means it measures a lot of stuff worth a lot of money.

那意味著它計算許多高價值的東西

Here in the U.K., GDP is around two-and-a-half trillion dollars per year.

在英國，每年 GDP 約有 2.5 兆

In the United States, the world's biggest economy, it's around $19 trillion every year.

在美國，世界上最大的經濟體，GDP 每年約有 19 兆

How do you get to these numbers?

這些數字從何而來？

Well, you can calculate GDP in a few different ways, but the most commonly used equation goes like this:

你可以用一些不同的方式計算 GDP，但以下這個公式是最常用的：

consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports equals GDP.

消費 + 投資 + 政府開銷 + 淨出口 = GDP

Let's break that down.

我們一個個來看

Consumption is another way of saying consumer spending.

消費就是指消費者花費

It's the money you or I spend on physical goods, like coffee, and on services, like a haircut.

那是你我花在有形貨品和服務上的錢，比如咖啡或是理髮

In many developed economies like the U.K. or the U.S.,

在許多已開發國家中，像是英國或美國

consumer spending makes up more than half of a country's GDP.

消費者花費占了一國的 GDP 總額一半以上

The second part of the GDP equation is investment.

GDP 公式的第二部分是投資

This measures how much businesses spend on things like buildings, land and equipment.

它計算企業在建築、土地和設備上花了多少

It also includes a major consumer investment - buying a home.

它也包含了一項主要的消費者投資 - 購房

Investment can take a hit when the economy is suffering.

當景氣低時，投資會大受打擊

You can see that in this chart domestic business investment

在這張表中，你可以看到在金融景氣期間

plummeted in the U.S. during the financial crisis.

美國的國內企業投資驟降

That's because companies were trying to save money instead of

那是因為公司在想辦法省錢

putting it toward things like factories, machinery and equipment.

而非投錢到工廠、機器和設備上

Okay, now we get to government spending.

好，現在我們來到政府開銷

This is the money local, state and national governments spend on things like roads, schools and defense.

這些是當地、州和國家政府花在道路、學校和防衛上的錢

Government spending varies a lot depending on each country's approach to public goods and services.

依據不同的公共建設和服務方針，各國的政府開銷會非常不同

Take for example France, where government spending amounts to roughly 56% of GDP.

舉例來說，法國的政府開銷就占了約 56 % 的 GDP

That's compared to 41% in the U.K. and 38% in the U.S.

相比之下，英國 41 %，美國的則是 38 %

That brings us to the final part of the GDP calculation: net exports, or exports minus imports.

我們聊到 GDP 公式的最後一部分：淨出口，或說是出口減去進口

A lot of countries have negative net exports, meaning they bring in more products than they send out.

許多國家都有貿易逆差，意味著他們帶進來的貨物比寄出的要多

For example, the U.K. imports around $1 billion worth of coffee every year

舉例來說，英國每年進口價值約 10 億的咖啡

but only exports around $315 million, meaning its net exports of coffee are negative.

但是只有出口約 3 億 1500 萬，代表她的咖啡淨出口為負

Countries around the world collect data on consumption, investment, government spending and net exports.

世界各地的國家搜集消費、投資、政府開銷和淨出口的數據

This makes GDP a universal measurement and a way for countries to stack up against one another.

這使得 GDP 成為一個全球性的度量衡，也是國家彼此較勁的方式

But it's not just the sum of the equation people look at.

但是人們並不只是看公式的總額

You'll often hear about the GDP growth rate, or the percentage change in GDP over time.

你常常會聽到 GDP 成長率，或是期間內的 GDP 變化百分比

Generally, if an economy is healthy, GDP growth expands.

普遍來說，一個健康的經濟體會有成長的 GDP

If an economy is in bad shape, GDP growth contracts.

如果一個經濟體狀況不好，GDP 會收縮

Two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth are referred to as a recession.

連續兩季 GDP 負成長就會被稱作不景氣

But GDP doesn't always give a full picture of the economy.

但是 GDP 並不總是能反映出一個經濟體的全貌

Critics say the equation puts too much weight on production and manufacturing,

評論家指出，這個公式著重太多在生產和製造上

and not enough on services and the digital economy.

在服務和虛擬經濟上則不夠

Just think of Spotify. For $10 a month you can listen to unlimited music from a huge range of artists.

想想 Spotify。每個月花個 10 美金，你就能收聽許多藝術家的無限量音樂

In the past, you would have had to buy all of those albums separately, with each one contributing to GDP.

在過去，你會需要個別購買這些專輯，每一個都會貢獻給 GDP

It's hard to factor a digital service like Spotify into the GDP equation

要將像是 Spotify 的虛擬服務算進 GDP 公式有難度

which is used to measuring physical goods.

因為該公式是用來計算有形商品

GDP also doesn't measure economic equality and well-being.

GDP 同樣無法計算出經濟平等和健全性

So even if a country is really rich according to GDP, wealth may be spread unevenly.

所以即使一國的 GDP 很高，財富也未必平均分配

Plus, GDP excludes unpaid work like volunteering for charity or child care.

再者，GDP 排除了不支薪的工作，像是慈善基金會或是小孩照護的志工

And it doesn't factor in costs like pollution or illegal activity.

而且它也不計算像是污染和非法行動的耗資

Some experts have come up with alternative measures to GDP

一些專家得出了幾種 GDP 的替換估算方式

that measure overall happiness and quality of life.

可以計算整體幸福指數和生活平等

But so far, none of these have stuck.

但是目前為止還沒有任何一個受廣泛使用

Maybe it's just too hard to put an economic value on that first sip of morning joe.

或許要計算出每早第一口咖啡的經濟價值就已經是太難了

Hey everyone, Elizabeth here. Thanks so much for watching our video.

大家好，我是 Elizabeth。謝謝收看我們的影片

Be sure to check out more of your CNBC Explains over here.

務必來這裡看看更多的 CNBC Explains

And leave us any other ideas in the comments section.

在留言欄留給我們其他的想法吧

Talk to you later!

再會！