Welcome to Life Noggin.

歡迎來到 Life Noggin。

A lot of people have requested that I do a video on cancer, and i know it's a pretty heavy subject, but I think we can learn a lot.

很多人想要我做有關癌症的影片，我知道這是很沉重的主題，不過，我認為我們可以學到很多。

Just reading up about it, I found that in the United States this year, an estimated 1.7 million people will be diagnosed with cancer and an estimated 600,000 people will die of cancer?

稍微研究了一下，我發現美國今年估計有 170 萬人會被診斷出得癌症，另外有 60 萬人會死於癌症？

There will also be $5 billion spent funding the National Cancer Institute, which is the United States' main agency for cancer research and training.

也花費 50 億美元資助國家癌症研究所，該研究所是美國癌症研究和培訓的主要機構。

With all that money being used in research, are we close to finding a cure?

有這麼多資金用在研究上，我們快要找到治療方法了嗎？

It turns out that there are some newer treatments that seem promising, and we'll talk about those in a minute,

事實證明，目前有些看似大有可為的新療法，我們會馬上討論這些，

but first, what is cancer exactly?

但首先，確切來說癌症到底是什麼？

It's important to note that cancer is not just one disease -- it's a term we use that

一定要注意的是，癌症不僅僅是種疾病，這是一個名詞

refers to a collection of over 100 diseases, including breast cancer, which is one of the

指的是超過 100 種疾病的集合，包括乳癌

most common cancers in women in the United States, and retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer

這是在美國女性中最常見的癌症之一，以及一種罕見的眼癌- 視網膜母細胞瘤，

that usually affects children 5 years or younger.

通常五歲或更小的兒童會受影響。

Cancers start off when cells go bad, accumulating specific genetic mutations, dividing out of control, and evading death.

當細胞開始損壞，特定的基因突變累積到一定數量，失去控制並殺不死後，癌症就開始形成。

In most cancers, this can result in lumps, or tumors, that invade nearby tissue.

在大多數的癌症中，這會形成腫塊或腫瘤，進而侵入附近的組織。

Most symptoms vary depending on cancer type.

大多數症狀取決於癌症的類型。

For instance, skin cancer is often associated with abnormal growths on the surface of the skin, including bumps, discoloration, lesions, or changes to existing moles.

舉例來說，皮膚癌通常與皮膚表面上的異常生長相關，包括腫塊、變色、損傷或現有痣的變化。

While indications for lung cancer include a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain, among others.

雖然肺癌的適應症包括持續性咳嗽，呼吸急促和胸痛等。

And each type of cancer may require a different treatment or cure.

而且，每一種癌症可能需要不同的療程或治療方式。

To help fight it, you can use things like high doses of radiation, chemotherapy drugs, and targeted therapy.

可以使用高劑量輻射，化療藥物和標靶治療，來幫助對抗癌症，。

But even with these methods, cancer cells can still find ways to hide or build a resistance to treatment.

但即使用這些方法，癌細胞仍可以找到隱藏或建立抗藥性的方法。

Here's where the newer treatments and research comes in.

這就是最新的治療和研究的來源。

Earlier this year, a study performed on mice found two new ways that could overcome resistance to a certain targeted therapy drug.

今年初，一份以老鼠為實驗對象的研究中，發現兩種可以克服標靶治療藥物抗性的方法。

The resistance seems to be caused by an increase in insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar.

這種抗性似乎是由胰島素增加所引起的，它是一種調節血糖的荷爾蒙。

The researchers found that when giving the drug in conjunction with either a high-fat, ketogenic diet

研究人員發現，當這種藥物與高脂肪的生酮飲食

or with a common drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, they saw greater tumor shrinkage than with just the targeted therapy drug alone.

或用於第二型糖尿病的藥物一起使用時，腫瘤萎縮的情況比只使用標靶治療的藥物更嚴重。

There's also a newer treatment method called immunotherapy, which helps the immune system fight cancer cells.

還有一種叫免疫治療的新療程，幫助免疫系統對抗癌細胞。

A recent study tested the effects of the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab, also known as Keytruda, on patients with a common type of lung cancer.

最近一份研究測試免疫治療的藥物 pembrolizumab ( 也稱 Keytruda ) ，對一般肺癌病人的影響。

This drug works by blocking a specific protein interaction that lets cancer cells instruct immune cells to ignore them.

這種藥物會阻斷特定蛋白質的作用，使癌細胞讓免疫細胞忽略它們。

Used in combination with chemotherapy, researchers found that patients were 51 percent less likely to die compared to chemo patients receiving a placebo.

藥物會與化療一起使用，研究人員發現，與接受安慰劑的化療患者相比，患者的死亡率降低了51 ％。

Advancements like these in cancer treatment has helped patients live longer lives.

癌症治療的這些進步幫助患者延長壽命。

From 1991 to 2015, the rate of cancer related deaths dropped by a total of 26 percent, translating to over 2.3 million lives saved.

從 1991 年 到 2005 年，癌症的相關致死率降低了 26% ，意思是拯救了超過 230 萬人的性命。

So, while progress may be slow, we are definitely moving in the right direction.

因此，雖然進度緩慢，但我們肯定朝著正確的方向前進。

If you have any stories, or experiences related to this subject, and you feel comfortable with sharing,

如果你有跟這相關的故事或經驗，而且樂於分享

let us know more in the comment section below!

在下方留言讓我們知道吧！

Be supportive. Be kind,

互相鼓勵，體貼對方

and check out some links in the description for more resources.

在說明中找些連結來得到更多資源。

Curious to know how schizophrenia affects the mind?

想知道精神分裂症如何影響大腦嗎？

Check out this video!

看看這部影片！

Schizophrenia is described as a severe and chronic mental disorder that can affect different parts of a person's life, such as how they think, feel, and make decisions.

精神分裂症是一種嚴重的慢性精神疾病，可以影響一個人生活的不同部分，例如他們的思考、感受和決策方式。

As always, my name is Blocko, this has been Life Noggin, don't forget to keep on thinking!

一樣，我是 Blocko，這裡是 Life Noggin，別忘了繼續思考！