Name: 設計模式 (Design pattern)
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A design pattern in architecture and computer science is a formal way of documenting a solution

基礎被動語態

to a design problem in a particular field of expertise. The idea was introduced by the

architect Christopher Alexander in the field of architecture and has been adapted for various

other disciplines, including computer science. An organized collection of design patterns

that relate to a particular field is called a pattern language.

The elements of this language are entities called patterns. Each pattern describes a

problem that occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core

of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million

times over, without ever doing it the same way twice. — Christopher Alexander

The usefulness of speaking of patterns is to have a common terminology for discussing

the situations designers already see over and over.

Overview A pattern must explain why a particular situation

causes problems, and why the proposed solution is considered a good one. Christopher Alexander

describes common design problems as arising from "conflicting forces"—such as the conflict

between wanting a room to be sunny and wanting it not to overheat on summer afternoons. A

pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room; instead, it would

propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular

application. Alexander, for example, suggests that enough windows should be included to

direct light all around the room. He considers this a good solution because he believes it

increases the enjoyment of the room by its occupants. Other authors might come to different

conclusions, if they place higher value on heating costs, or material costs. These values,

used by the pattern's author to determine which solution is "best", must also be documented

within the pattern. A pattern must also explain when it is applicable.

Since two houses may be very different from one another, a design pattern for houses must

be broad enough to apply to both of them, but not so vague that it doesn't help the

designer make decisions. The range of situations in which a pattern can be used is called its

context. Some examples might be "all houses", "all two-story houses", or "all places where

people spend time". The context must be documented within the pattern.

For instance, in Christopher Alexander's work, bus stops and waiting rooms in a surgery center

are both part of the context for the pattern "A PLACE TO WAIT".

Domain-specific articles Pattern, a way of capturing and communicating

design ideas in architecture. Software design pattern, a standard solution

to common problems in software design. Architectural pattern, a standard solution

to architectural problems in software engineering. Interaction design pattern, used in interaction

Pedagogical patterns, documenting good practices in teaching.

Style guide, repeatable graphic design elements and styles.

Anti-pattern a counterpart term, referring to a common situation that creates problems

Further reading Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language:

Towns, Buildings, Construction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-501919-9. 

Erl, Thomas. SOA Design Patterns. New York: Prentice Hall/PearsonPTR. p. 864. ISBN 0-13-613516-1. 

Frank Buschmann, Kevlin Henney, Douglas C. Schmidt "On Patterns and Pattern Languages"

Gamma, Helm, Johnson & Vlissides. Design Patterns. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63361-2. 

Jenifer Tidwell. Designing Interfaces Wolfgang Pree. Design Patterns for Object-Oriented

External links Java Design Patterns Full Tutorial

Full collection of design patterns in C++ by Antonio Gulli

Design Patterns in Javascript by Tomás Corral