I was given two frozen vials of embryonic stem cells.

接過兩個冷凍瓶 裡面裝著胚胎幹細胞

Each vial cost $5,000.

每瓶成本5000美元

And my boss said, "Now you grow them."

老闆對我說 “現在開始培養它們”

That was ten years ago.

那已是10年前了

And now look at my lab.

現在看看我的實驗室

We grow the cells routinely.

我們常規性地進行細胞培養

For me, it's such a good thing

對我來說

to see how the science has progressed in this field.

很開心看到科學 在這一領域取得進展

Hi, I'm Amy Adams with California's Stem Cell Agency.

帕金森病研究

We asked you to submit questions

幹細胞專家

about Parkinson's disease and stem cell research

Xianmin Zeng博士訪談錄

through our blog, Facebook, and Twitter.

大家好，我是艾米•亞當斯 來自加州幹細胞研究小組

Today we're at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging,

我們請您提問

where Dr. Xianmin Zeng

針對帕金森病 及幹細胞研究

is going to answer those questions

通過我們的博客，Facebook 以及Twitter進行提問

and also talk about her own Parkinson's disease research.

現在我們位於 巴克衰老研究所

Let's go in.

Xianmin Zeng博士

Can you start by telling us

將在這裡回答 大家的問題

a little bit about Parkinson's disease,

並談談她的 帕金森病研究

what it is and what the symptoms are?

一起進去吧

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder

您能否先給我們說說

which leads to progressive deterioration

帕金森病是什麼

of motor function,

帕金森病的症狀是什麼

and the cause is the loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells

帕金森病是一種 神經退行性疾病

in part of the midbrain called Substantia Nigra.

它會導致

The primary symptoms for Parkinson's disease

運動技能出現 進行性的衰退

is tremor, slowness in movement,

並導致

impaired balance, and stiffness.

中腦黑質 多巴胺能神經元丟失

It was ten years ago when you first started working with...

帕金森病的 主要臨床表現是

embryonic stem cells and Parkinson's disease.

震顫 行動遲緩

Now you're getting close to clinical trials.

平衡失調 以及僵硬

It is a long, slow path to get in to people.

10年前您開始研究…

What keeps you motivated?

胚胎幹細胞 以及帕金森病

I would say... to keep me motivated is...

現在您離臨床試驗 越來越近了

My goal is to make a difference.

這是個漫長且緩慢的過程

My hope is that what I'm working now today

是什麼讓您一直保持動力

will someday benefit the patient.

我想說… 讓我一直保持動力的是…

And at this moment,

我的目標是“創造不同”

we have decided on an embryonic stem cell line

我希望我今天的研究

which we know can be used for clinical purpose,

將來可讓病人受益

and we have generated two lots of dopaminergic neurons

當前

suitable for direct transplantation into the brain

我們已選定 一個胚胎幹細胞系

to hope those cells

將可用於臨床試驗

will replace the lost cells and function in the brain.

我們也造出兩批 多巴胺能神經元

So we are now in a position to go to the FDA

可直接移植入大腦

to file for a phase 1 clinical trial

希望這些細胞

in the next two years, that's my estimation,

可彌補大腦中 丟失的細胞與功能

so, in hoping that we would be able to run a clinical trial

現在我們準備 向FDA（食品及藥物管理局）

in the next three to five years.

申請1期臨床試驗

Why do we need a cure for the disease?

我預計 在未來2年內申請

Because it's a terrible disease,

希望在未來3到5年內

and there are about one million Americans suffer the disease,

就可開展一次臨床試驗

and with the aging population now,

為何我們需要此疾病的治療

the number is expected to increase,

因為這是一種可怕的疾病

and about 40% of the people

上百萬美國人遭受此疾病

affected by Parkinson's disease are under the age of 60.

隨著人口老齡化

So there is a clear impact of society

患者不斷增加

in terms of losing productivity.

大概40%的帕金森病患者

One of the people who wrote in and asked us a question

年齡在60歲以下

said that the person's grandfather had Parkinson's disease,

所以這給社會帶來 一個明顯的影響就是

"so what is the likelihood that I will also get it?"

喪失生產力

Parkinson's disease, first of all,

有人問我們 這樣一個問題

is a disease described as a sporadic disease,

那人的祖父 患有帕金森病

which means, actually, you don't know the cause.

“我患上此病的 可能性多大”

85% of the Parkinson's disease cases are sporadic,

首先

so the chance that one person's grandfather has the disease,

帕金森病是一種散發性疾病

it may increase the person's chance of having the disease,

也就是說 你無法知道病因

but keep in mind that the disease is more sporadic.

帕金森病中 85%是散發病例

So, you began working with embryonic stem cells

因此，那人的祖父患上此病

right at the very beginning,

或許會增加 那人患上此病的幾率

and then since that time,

但記住 此病更多的是散發病例

people have learned how to reprogram adult cells

您在最初階段

like skin cells, into an embryonic-like state,

研究胚胎幹細胞

so they are more or less equivalent to embryonic stem cells,

從那以後

and these are the iPS cells that we hear about a lot.

人們學會了 如何對成體細胞重新編碼

And you're now working with embryonic cells

比如皮膚細胞 重編為胚胎樣細胞

and iPS cells.

從而使其大致等同於 胚胎幹細胞

Why do you work with both cell types?

也就是我們經常聽說的 誘導性多能幹細胞

Because iPS cells provided additional cell source

現在您在研究 胚胎幹細胞以及

for producing the right type of dopaminergic neurons,

誘導性多能幹細胞

also because you now have a cell source

您為何同時研究 兩種細胞類型？

coming from both normal and patient subjects,

因為誘導性多能幹細胞 可提供額外的細胞來源

and you can use the cells to test different drugs

用於製造正確類型的 多巴胺能神經元

to be better predictor of the potential clinical benefit.

還有就是現在你 有一個細胞來源

So a person wrote in asking about the different types of stem cells.

分別出自正常人與患者

The person asked, "What types of stem cells

你就可用這些細胞 進行不同藥物測試

are best suited for treating Parkinson's disease?"

從而更好地預測 潛在的臨床受益

I think this is a question nobody can now provide an answer,

有人問到 不同類型幹細胞的問題

and that's why people need to work

那人問

with different types of the stem cells

“哪種類型幹細胞 最適合治療帕金森病？”

in order to find out exactly this question:

我想當前無人 可回答此問題

What type of the stem cells is the best?

正因如此

So that's why I'm working on both ES cells and iPS cells.

大家都同時研究著 各種類型的幹細胞

There are a lot of people working in the field,

為的就是能找到最佳答案

and with the funding, with the right timing,

哪種類型幹細胞最好？

and the right training,

這也是為何我同時研究 胚胎幹細胞與誘導性多能幹細胞

we're ready to make new discoveries.

許多人都在研究