Name: 印度萬神殿。世界神話速成班#8 (Indian Pantheons: Crash Course World Mythology #8)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:52:36.000Z
Duration: 12 min 31 s

Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta and this is
Crashcourse mythology.

哈囉！我是麥克‧如格內塔
歡迎收看《神話速成班》。

Today, we're going to tackle one of the
most difficult and fascinating pantheons in

今天我們要討論的是所有神話中
最困難、但也最神奇的神系。

這裡有跳舞的侏儒、牛魔王
還有好幾位不只兩隻手臂的人。

It's got dancing dwarves, buffalo demons,
and some many armed folks.

Yessir there's a lot going on in this pantheon!

Maybe even more than in the Egyptian pantheon.

這一集，我們要來討論印度神話裡的眾神。

In this episode, we'll talk about the pantheon
of deities in Indian myths.

Unlike myths from Egypt and the Ancient Near
East, there are living people for whom these

這些神話對於許多人有著深層、切身、
以及宗教上的意義。

stories have deep, personal, religious meaning.

記不記得我們討論聖經故事時的感覺？

Remember how it got a little uncomfortable
when we discussed the Bible's creation story?

但是我們會盡量降低尷尬的情況。

But we're gonna try to minimize the awkwardness.

不信就問... 等一下！
沒有尷尬之神嗎？

Just ask--wait, there's no god of awkwardness?!

Discussing the Indian pantheon is tricky for
two reasons: first because it remains a living

belief system for about a billion people.

首先，印度教如今仍然是近10億信眾的信仰體系。

And second because Indian religious and mythic
traditions are not only abundant but also

其次，印度教的神話不僅豐沛，而且很古老。

與埃及相似，在不同時段，
會有不同神系崇拜。

As in Egypt, there are different sets of gods
and goddesses that were worshipped at different

與埃及不同的是，印度的語言差異性很大。

所以會有很多不同的神話，
而且每則神話還會有不同的版本。

But unlike Egypt, India was and is home to
many different languages, which means we have

我們會著重在梵語版本的神話。

a lot of different stories, each with many
different versions.

We are going to focus mostly on stories that
have been written in Sanskrit, the sacred

最早的梵語文字大約在公元150左右出現。

這些石頭上刻的文字，
比我能在石頭上劃出來的痕跡還要複雜。

Sanskrit first appears in written form around
150 CE in a series of rock inscriptions that

上面刻的應該不會是
「雪山神女到此一遊。」或

look much more complex than what I've inscribed
on rocks.

「毗濕奴+吉祥天女　
　比永遠還要久。」

This probably doesn't say “Parvati wuz
here!

記得，梵語是一種很複雜的語言，

對於我們來說，他們的詩歌聽起來很不順耳。

Let's remember that Sanskrit is a complex
language and its poetry may sound unusual

出發吧，布拉基（北歐神話的詩詞之神）。

Lead the way, Bragi, Norse God of poetry.

是以「天父」特尤斯與
「地母」頗哩提毗為中心。

In the earliest Indian traditions, Dyaus the
sky father, and Prithvi the earth mother were

我可以把大氣層留下來洗一洗嗎？

不過不久之後，「太陽神」蘇利耶、
「火神」阿耆尼和「戰神/神王」因陀羅

Do you mind if I drop off some cosmic laundry?

取代了整天吵架的天父地母，
成為最高地位的神。

Later, however, Surya the sun god, Agni the
fire god and Indra the warrior king of the

gods took top God Billing from mom and dad,
who were arguing all the time!

因陀羅是天地之子，負責將他們分開。

但是他自己也和其他神有過節。

Indra was the child of the sky and the earth,
and was responsible for keeping them separate,

比如說：被因陀羅擠下神王之位的伐樓拿

but had his own beef with another god, Varuna,
who may once have been the ruler of the gods,

神祇之間也是有競爭的，不是嗎？

不知道他們人有沒有寫過指桑罵槐的歌...

不過，因陀羅最著名的是他與
巨蛇（一說巨龍）弗栗多之間的戰鬥。

Wonder if one of them recorded a diss track...

因陀羅殺了弗栗多，
創造了太陽、黎明和天空。

Anyway, the most well-known myth about Indra
is about his battle with Vritra, a giant serpent

（我知道，我也以為已經有天空了，
但是神話就是這麼奇怪。）

or dragon, whom Indra kills, thus creating
the sun, the dawn, and they sky.

弗栗多的死也產生了渾沌（混亂）。

(Yeah, I know – you thought we had sky covered
but, mythology is tricky.)

The death of Vritra also gave form to chaos.

這又是我們老朋友「創世神話」，
但不是情色版，而是暴力版。

許多的神話中，因陀羅都是在與各種敵對的神魔大戰。

So yup, it's our old friend the creation
story, but with violence instead of sex.

In a number of stories, Indra is described
as battling and destroying hostile minor deities

「耶～因陀羅是正義的化身！」

但他同時也違背誓言、殺害家人、

And so maybe, you're thinking yay, Indra.

喬達摩仙人的妻子阿訶厘耶通姦。

為此他付出了切JJ的慘痛代價。

But… he also breaks oaths,kills family members
and commits adultery with Ahalya, the wife

不過還好，另一個神話裡
他用公羊的JJ修復了自己的JJ...

But hey wait, it's OK. in another myth he
has them replaced with those of a ram.

他的武器與宙斯相似，都是雷電（金剛杵）。

到了印度的古典時期，
因陀羅又同時擔任「雨神」的職權。

在印度神話中，這種職權的變換
象徵著時代的變化。

Indra's weapon of choice is a thunderbolt,
similar to Zeus, and by India's classical

印度教神話與埃及的神系一樣，
很難去定義一套「正統」的神系。

因為這些神祇常常會以許多形式、名稱出現。

And this changing function over time is generally
emblematic of Indian myth.

Like the Egyptian pantheon, it's difficult
to pin down one canonical set of myths or

最古老的印度典籍《吠陀》中
記載了「創世神」生主。

characters because they appear in so many
forms, often with multiple names.

然而稍晚一點的另一套梵語典籍《奧義書》
則提到了非人形的抽象概念

Here's another version of how things get
going: In the Vedas, which are the most ancient

Hindu scriptures, Prajapati was the creator
god, but over time, and especially in the

「梵」不是神祇，而是包含萬有、
宇宙的超越本體和終極實在。

Upanishads, another collection of important
Sanskrit texts, the less anthropomorphic concept

這不是石板刻字能表示清楚的，

Brahman isn't a GOD so much as the all-encompassing
essence of reality, the supreme cosmic spirit.

但也和一神教的「神」相去不遠。

「梵」有時候會被翻譯成「世界之靈」

It's not something you can easily represent
on a sandstone relief, but then again it's

而單一的個體「小我」之靈，則需要與「梵」合一。

not that dissimilar from “god” in monotheistic
religious traditions.

別這麼快就鬆了一口氣。
因為在之後的印度神話中，

Brahman has sometimes been translated as the
“world soul” and all individual souls

「梵」人格化，分成三位神祇：

Don't get too comfortable, though, because
Brahman, in later classical Hindu mythology

and religion, is embodied and personified
as three deities: Brahma, the creator, Vishnu,

他們都是單獨、各有各的神話故事，

They are all distinct, with their own stories,
and yet also represent aspects of the more

但也代表「梵」的玄妙、
包含萬有的各個面向。

Hindus call it the trimurti and Vishnu and
Shiva loom largest in Indian myths.

「三相神」當中的毗濕奴與濕婆
佔了印度神話裡是最活躍的

Well, once the universe is created, the work
of the creator is done.

或許是因為，宇宙創造完畢後，
就沒創造神什麼事了。

True, The concept of cyclical existence is
central to the Hindu and Buddhist worldview,

照理說，既然印度教和佛教的中心思想是生死輪迴，

so you'd think a creator would be considered
among the most important gods.

作為創造神的梵天應該會是最重要的神祇。

Still, Brahma's significance declined in
comparison with that of Vishnu and Shiva,

然而，與毗濕奴、濕婆相比，
梵天顯然沒那麼受歡迎。

perhaps because, according to John Brockington:
Essentially he is a fusion of a creator deity

或許和約翰‧布羅金頓所說的：
「基本上，梵天是創造神與

with the impersonal Brahman propounded in
the Upanishads, which see the goal of religious

《奧義書》裡的抽象概念「梵」的結合體。

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印度萬神殿。世界神話速成班#8 (Indian Pantheons: Crash Course World Mythology #8)

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