how the earth and what's around it was created, we're going to look specifically at what's

今天，與其著重在地球、和其他星球是怎麼被創造的

on it, more specifically people, and even more specifically, men and women.

我們要著重在地球上的事物。

People.

準確的說，是人。 更準確的說，是男人跟女人的「人」。

Also the occasional animal.

也會包含一些動物。

No, not you Thoth.

不，不包括你，圖特。

You're a god with an animal head, it's different.

你不一樣，你是人身動物首的神。

Anyway, we're going to see how myths explain our origins and our relationships with each

總之，我們要看看怎麼從神話角度 看人類的起源和人與人之間的關係。

other, or at least how they try to explain them.

至少，看看神話是怎麼去解釋這些關係的。

It's couples therapy, myth style.

這是神話版的兩性問題。

INTRO Myths don't usually incorporate contemporary

《速成班》主題曲

ideas of gender fluidity, although sometimes they do--Tireisias, ancient seer, I'm looking

《神話速成班》

at you.

神話通常不包括今天所謂的「性別流體」概念

As we've seen from the Chinese and Zoroastrian creation stories, myths often tend to focus

不過，有時候也會有。 就是在說你，古預言家特伊西亞斯

on dualities, or binaries, and one of the key ones we find is a distinction between

如同我們在中國和祆教創世神話中可見， 神話通常包含兩極或二元。

men and women.

當中最重要的一種，就是男女的分別。

And this binary opposition frequently sets women as subordinate to men, at least on earth.

而這種二元對偶，通常都是男尊女卑的關係， ...至少在人間是這樣

In the heavens, it's a little bit more complicated, as it tends to be.

在天上則比較複雜一點。

Let's start with a story that is probably well known to many of our viewers: the creation

我們先從多數觀眾們最熟悉的故事： 《聖經》裡，神創造男人和女人的故事

of man and woman from the Bible.

仔細閱讀《創世紀》的話，你會發現 裡面其實有兩三個創世的故事。

Close readers of the Book of Genesis will know that there are two or even three creation

而根據聖經學者解釋， 這反映了不同的書寫傳統。

stories in it, which, according to Biblical scholars reflects different writing traditions.

我們會著重在《創世紀》第二章 裡面的第二段創世故事

We're going to focus on the second one, found in Genesis 2.

在故事裡面，神已經創造好天地 並創造了人來管理大地

As we join our story, God has already created the the earth and the heavens and man to till

就像我們上次談到的： 神很討厭除草

the earth, because as we established last time: Gods don't like weeding.

與第一次創世不同，人是在創造初始時就被造出來，

Unlike the first version of creation in Genesis, man is created near the very beginning, which

這表示他在神的造化當中扮演很重要的角色。

suggests that he's actually pretty important in the grand scheme of things.

然而，一個人似乎做不完伊甸園的工作。

But apparently one man wasn't enough for all that Edenic gardening.

《創世紀》第二章第廿一節 「神使他沉睡，他就睡了。

Genesis 2 verse 21 begins: So the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall

於是取下他的一條肋骨，又把肉合起來。

upon the man, and while he slept took one his ribs and closed up its place with flesh:

神就用那人身上所取的肋骨，造成一個女人， 領她到那人跟前。

and with the rib the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her

男人說：

to the man.

『這是我骨中的骨，肉中的肉。 可以稱他為女人，

Then the man said,

因為她是從男人身上取出來的。

This is the bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh, she should be called Woman, because

因此，人要離開父母，與妻子連合，二人成為一體。』

she was taken out of Man.

這裡我們見到早期用文字遊戲解釋 男人優勝於女人的「證明」

Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife and they become

在創世紀後半部份， 就像神允許男人為女人取名一樣

one flesh.

因為人是萬物之靈，他也擁有 替所有的動物取名字的權利

Here we see an early justification for men being superior to women and it's kind of

在原本的希伯來文中也是同樣的文字遊戲 男人是 Ish，女人是 Isha。

based on bad word play.

看到了嗎？

In the rest of the Genesis story, one of the things that marks man's dominion over other

她是從男人身上取出來的， 所以連他的名字也是從男人延伸出來的

creatures is that he is given the power to name them, just as he is permitted to name

好笑吧？

woman here.

看希臘的笑神傑拉斯笑的多開心阿？

The word play here also works in the original Hebrew, where the word for man is “ish”

好吧，有點冷...

and the word for woman is “isha” Get it!

這一段同時解釋了婚姻 雖然只是一男一女的婚姻

She was taken out of man and so even her name is taken out of man.

也解釋了人婚後離開父母、 另組家庭的社會現象

Yup.

我不知道這是在解釋已存的家庭結構， 還是要推動這樣的家庭結構

It's Hilarious.

不過非常有可能是「馬後砲」式的解釋

Just ask Gelos, Greek god of laughter.

畢竟神話的主要功能之一就是為人類日常生活中 所遇到的種種提供一個合理的解釋

Yeah, tough crowd.

聖經接下來詳細解釋了男女之間的「自然」關係

This passage also explains marriage -- although only between a man and a woman -- and describes

卻不是很「好玩」或符合女權觀點

a social order in which men leave their parents' household when they marry to have their own

他們吃了智慧樹的果實後， 神便生氣地懲罰了他們

homes.

祂對女人說：「我必多多加增你懷胎的苦楚

Whether this describes a family structure that already existed or was written in order

你生產兒女必多受苦楚， 你必戀慕你丈夫

to encourage such a family structure, we can't say for certain, but it's likely that this

你丈夫必管轄你。」

was an after-the-fact description.

又對亞當說：「你既聽從妻子的話

Providing a rationalization for what people encounter in their daily lives is an important

吃了我所吩咐你不可吃的那樹上的果子

function of myths.

地必為你的緣故受咒詛； 你必終身勞苦，才能從地裡得吃的。

The Bible goes on to refine the “natural” relationship between men and women and not

地必給你長出荊棘和蒺藜來，

in an especially fun or feminist way.

你也要吃田間的菜蔬

After they eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge, God is miffed and he punishes them.

你必汗流滿面才得餬口， 直到你歸了土

To the woman he said, I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing;

因為你是從土而出的。 你本是塵土，仍要歸於塵土。」

In pain you should bring forth children, Yet your desire shall be for your husband,

這一段發生了很多事。

And he shall rule over you.

其中一種詮釋認為這是 樹立「重男輕女」的理由

And to Adam he said, Because you have listened to the voice of

因為這是一個女人違背神的旨意所受的懲罰

your wife, And you have eaten of the tree of which I

第一個懲罰直接影響了女人的生活 使她有分娩兒女痛楚

commanded you, “You shall not eat of it,”

戀慕丈夫、並受丈夫的「管轄」

cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of

建立整個父權體系。

your life; thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to

男人也受到懲罰， 需要勞動才能從地裡得吃的。

you; and you shall eat the plants of the field.

更多除草的工作

In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread Till you return to the ground,

這些勞動之後的獎勵？

For out of it you were taken; You are dust, and to dust you shall return.

死亡

There's just a lot going on here.

回到大地當中。

One way to interpret this is that it provides justification for man's dominance over women

連牙醫健保都沒有！

as a punishment for what one woman did in disobeying god.

更糟的是，男權再得一分： 這些懲罰都是因為一個男人聽了老婆的話

The first punishments directly affect the experiences of women, causing the pain of

這就是「氣管炎」的下場。

childbirth and desire for a husband that shall “rule over” her, establishing a patriarchal

希臘神話裡，潘朵拉的故事， 也是這種重男輕女的思路

order that really caught on.

即便在她打開魔盒放出各種災厄之前，

Men are punished too, by having to work hard in order to eat, toiling at bringing food

宙斯創造她的本意就是為了懲罰 普羅米修斯偷盜火種給人類

out of the ground.

另外還要再加上讓他永遠被一隻老鷹啄食肝臟

More gardening.

根據赫西俄德的《神譜》，她是 「送給(男)人類的禮物，令他們歡喜的罪惡。」

And what is the reward for all this hard work?

赫耳墨斯給了潘朵拉「謊言、綺語和狡詐」

Death.

也許還有最完美的口紅色...

And returning to the ground.

在我們認定女人很狡詐、不能被信任之前，

Not even dental benefits.

記得這是赫耳墨斯── 一位男神，同時也是古代的仇女者

Worse yet, as far as solidifying male-dominance goes, all of this is because man listened

所賦予潘朵拉的個性

to the voice of his wife.

所以這是男人對於女人的負面看法

So that sets a pretty nasty precedent.

最後，宙斯將潘朵拉送給 普羅米修斯的弟弟厄庇墨透斯

Greek mythology creates a similar rationale for misogyny with the story of Pandora.

雖然普羅米修斯早就告訴弟弟 不要接受任何宙斯的禮物，他還是收下了。

Even before she opened the jar bringing sorrows to all the world, Zeus made her as a punishme

或許是因為宙斯很愛送襪子。

nt for Prometheus who stole fire and gave it to the humans.

根據赫西俄德的《神譜》： 「在此之前地上的人，生活安樂，無憂無慮。

This is in addition to having his liver eaten by an eagle for all of eternity.

沒有引來死神的病痛。

According to Hesiod she would be, “Another gift to men, an evil thing for their delight.”[1]

但是女人打開了盒子（一說桶子）， 給人類帶來了傷痛和罪惡。

Hermes endowed Pandora with “lies and persuasive words and cunning ways.”[2] And probably

盒子的硬殼裡只留下了一樣東西：希望。

also, like, the absolute perfect shade of lipstick, but before we agree to this image

唯有希望沒有被放出來， 被蓋子擋載了盒子裡。

of women as conniving and untrustworthy, let's pause to remember that it's Hermes, a male

然而各式各樣的災厄遍佈了大地。」

god and one of the great misogynists of the ancient world, who bestows these qualities

很可惜，這種男權社會秩序和輕視女性地位的概念，

on Pandora, so this is a dude's hateful vision of women.

源自女人不守「婦道」， 並不是聖經和希臘神話的專利。

Anyway, Zeus gave Pandora as a gift to Prometheus's brother Epimetheus, who accepted her, even

在日本也有類似的神話故事， 只不過沒有邪惡古蛇或萬惡魔盒。

though Prometheus had told him to never accept a gift from Zeus.

進入〈思緒泡泡〉

Maybe Zeus gifted lots of socks.

其中一種日本創世神話中

According to Hesiod, here's what happened: Before this time men lived upon the earth

從尚未成形、狀似水母的初生大地開始

Apart from sorrow and from painful work, Free from disease, which brings the Death-gods

三位無形之神出現在高天原（天堂）

in.

這三位神，由中天之神 天之御中主神所領導

But now the woman opened up the cask, And scattered pains and evils among men.

在這之後有更多代的七位「天神」

Inside the cask's hard walls remained one thing,

最後，第一對夫妻（同時也是兄妹） 伊耶那岐及伊耶那美出現了

Hope, only, which did not fly through the door.

伊耶那岐及伊耶那美受天神的命令， 把漂浮於海上的大地固定下來

The lid stopped her, but all the others flew, Thousands of troubles wandering the earth.[3]

二神便站在「天浮橋」， 用「天之瓊矛」伸入海中攪拌。

Unfortunately, this concept that a social order of male dominance and female subordination

矛尖滴下的水凝聚成島， 稱為「磤馭慮嶋」，第一塊陸地。

resulting from women acting out of turn, is not unique to the Biblical or the Greek tradition.

二神降臨島上後，立起天柱「國中之柱」

We find a similar story in Japan, just without an evil serpent or an all powerful death chest.

二神決定正式結為夫婦， 伊耶那岐問妹妹她的身體是如何形成的。

Let's go to the Thoughtbubble.

伊耶那美回答說她的雙腿之間有缺陷。 ※亂倫警告※

1.One Japanese creation myth starts with a young, not fully formed earth that looks something

伊耶那岐說他的雙腿之間有多餘的， 或許他們應該交合互補。

like a jellyfish.

他們發明了結婚儀式，繞行國中之柱一周

2.Three invisible gods came into existence in Takamagahara, the High Plains of Heaven.

之後互相稱讚，然後交合。

These three gods, called kami, were led by the Lord of the Center of Heaven, Amanominakanushi-no-kami,

一個小孩出生了，卻是個畸形兒：蛭子恵比壽

After them were seven more generations of “heavenly” gods, 3.followed finally by

他的父母將恵比壽放進一艘小船遺棄在海中

the primal couple Izanagi and his wife Izanami, who was also his sister.

二神認為第一個孩子是個畸形兒 是因為伊耶那美先開口說話

4.Izanagi and Izanami were commanded by the gods to solidify the drifting land, so they

二神回到磤馭慮嶋的國中之柱 再次舉行儀式

went to the Floating Bridge of Heaven and stirred the soupy liquid below with a spear.

這一次伊耶那岐先說話

Drops congealed on the tip of the spear, and formed the island of Onogoro, the first dry

不久之後，伊耶那美便生下許多的孩子、 海島、以及各種神靈和女神

land.

謝謝〈思緒泡泡〉

5.The Primal Couple went down to Onogoro and built a heavenly pillar.

這則神話建立了日本男權主義 和柔弱女性思想（大和撫子）

Then they decided to procreate Izanagi asked his sister how her body was

這則神話不只解釋了日本的男女不平等地位，

formed and she told him that there was an unfinished part between her legs.

同時也解釋了日本慶祝初生之子時會將 泥塑的人像放進蘆薈船上飄走的傳統

He replied that between his legs was an excess and perhaps the two should join there.

通常傳統禮節和神話都會有關聯。

They devised a marriage ritual whereby each would walk around the pillar, and when they

許多創世神話中，人類都是不老不死的， 直到某些事件或外人的破壞。

met they would exchange compliments and have intercourse.

舉例來說：聖經裡的人類原本是不死的， 直到亞當和夏娃吃了智慧樹的果實。

6.A child was born, but it was a deformed leech-child called Hiruko.

是人為錯誤帶來了死亡與毀滅。

Its parents put Hiruko in a boat and set it out to sea.

歹勢～

The gods determined that the reason that the first child was born deformed was that Izanami

這裡又可以見到一個共同主題。

had spoken first.

聖經、日本、希臘的神話都將人類的 災厄、痛苦、疾病，歸咎於女人。

7.Izanami and Izanagi returned to the heavenly pillar in Onogoro and repeated the ritual,

這是個對於兩性關係有很重大影響的負面觀念。

only this time Izanagi spoke first.

或許我們看到的是男人在一個 認為男人有權管理女人的系統下，

In due time, Izanami gave birth to an abundant number of children, islands, gods and goddesses.[4]

尋找這類的故事來支持這樣的作法。

Thank you, Thoughtbubble.

畢竟，沒有理由把責任都推到女人身上，

This rationale established male precedence and female subservience in Japan.

男人也會犯錯啊！

Not only does this myth explain Japanese gender inequality, it also may explain an ancient

之後我們會討論到法厄同， 以及他是如何幾乎燒毀了整個大地

Japanese ritual in which the birth of a first child was celebrated by putting a clay figurine

謝謝收看，我們下次見。

into a reed boat and floating it away.[5] There is often a strong connection between

myths and rituals.

Many creation stories begin with the idea that human beings are immortal until something

or someone intrudes.

Biblical humans were immortal until Adam and Eve ate from the tree of knowledge, for example.

It was human error that brought death into the world.

Oops.

So we see another theme emerging here.

The Biblical, Japanese, and Greek explanations place the blame for human toil, pain, disease

on women.

It's a pernicious idea, and it's one that has had profound consequences for gender relations.

Perhaps what we are seeing is a justification for a system in which men feel it is their

right to rule over women, and find stories to tell to support it.

After all, there is no logical reason why women should be blamed.

Men make mistakes, too.

We're gonna get to Phaeton, and that time he almost burned down the entire Earth, eventually.

Thanks for watching, see you next time.

Crash Course Mythology is filmed in the Chad and Stacy Emigholz Studio in Indianapolis,

Indiana, and was made with the help of all these nice people.

________________ [1] Quoted in Thury, E.M. & Devinny, M.K.

Introduction to Mythology: Contemporary Approaches to Classical and World Myths.

4th ed.

Oxford U.

Press.

2016.

P. 43.

[2] Ibid [3] Ibid p. 44

[4] This version of the myth is adapted from Littleton, C. Scott, World Mythology: The

Illustrated Guide.

Willis, Roy (General editor) Oxford U.

Press.

2006 pp. 112-113 [5] ibid.