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  • Hi I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crashcourse Mythology and today, rather than focus on

    哈囉!我是麥克‧如格內塔 歡迎收看《神話速成班》

  • how the earth and what's around it was created, we're going to look specifically at what's

    今天,與其著重在地球、和其他星球是怎麼被創造的

  • on it, more specifically people, and even more specifically, men and women.

    我們要著重在地球上的事物。

  • People.

    準確的說,是人。 更準確的說,是男人跟女人的「人」。

  • Also the occasional animal.

    也會包含一些動物。

  • No, not you Thoth.

    不,不包括你,圖特。

  • You're a god with an animal head, it's different.

    你不一樣,你是人身動物首的神。

  • Anyway, we're going to see how myths explain our origins and our relationships with each

    總之,我們要看看怎麼從神話角度 看人類的起源和人與人之間的關係。

  • other, or at least how they try to explain them.

    至少,看看神話是怎麼去解釋這些關係的。

  • It's couples therapy, myth style.

    這是神話版的兩性問題。

  • INTRO Myths don't usually incorporate contemporary

    《速成班》主題曲

  • ideas of gender fluidity, although sometimes they do--Tireisias, ancient seer, I'm looking

    《神話速成班》

  • at you.

    神話通常不包括今天所謂的「性別流體」概念

  • As we've seen from the Chinese and Zoroastrian creation stories, myths often tend to focus

    不過,有時候也會有。 就是在說你,古預言家特伊西亞斯

  • on dualities, or binaries, and one of the key ones we find is a distinction between

    如同我們在中國和祆教創世神話中可見, 神話通常包含兩極或二元。

  • men and women.

    當中最重要的一種,就是男女的分別。

  • And this binary opposition frequently sets women as subordinate to men, at least on earth.

    而這種二元對偶,通常都是男尊女卑的關係, ...至少在人間是這樣

  • In the heavens, it's a little bit more complicated, as it tends to be.

    在天上則比較複雜一點。

  • Let's start with a story that is probably well known to many of our viewers: the creation

    我們先從多數觀眾們最熟悉的故事: 《聖經》裡,神創造男人和女人的故事

  • of man and woman from the Bible.

    仔細閱讀《創世紀》的話,你會發現 裡面其實有兩三個創世的故事。

  • Close readers of the Book of Genesis will know that there are two or even three creation

    而根據聖經學者解釋, 這反映了不同的書寫傳統。

  • stories in it, which, according to Biblical scholars reflects different writing traditions.

    我們會著重在《創世紀》第二章 裡面的第二段創世故事

  • We're going to focus on the second one, found in Genesis 2.

    在故事裡面,神已經創造好天地 並創造了人來管理大地

  • As we join our story, God has already created the the earth and the heavens and man to till

    就像我們上次談到的: 神很討厭除草

  • the earth, because as we established last time: Gods don't like weeding.

    與第一次創世不同,人是在創造初始時就被造出來,

  • Unlike the first version of creation in Genesis, man is created near the very beginning, which

    這表示他在神的造化當中扮演很重要的角色。

  • suggests that he's actually pretty important in the grand scheme of things.

    然而,一個人似乎做不完伊甸園的工作。

  • But apparently one man wasn't enough for all that Edenic gardening.

    《創世紀》第二章第廿一節 「神使他沉睡,他就睡了。

  • Genesis 2 verse 21 begins: So the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall

    於是取下他的一條肋骨,又把肉合起來。

  • upon the man, and while he slept took one his ribs and closed up its place with flesh:

    神就用那人身上所取的肋骨,造成一個女人, 領她到那人跟前。

  • and with the rib the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her

    男人說:

  • to the man.

    『這是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉。 可以稱他為女人,

  • Then the man said,

    因為她是從男人身上取出來的。

  • This is the bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh, she should be called Woman, because

    因此,人要離開父母,與妻子連合,二人成為一體。』

  • she was taken out of Man.

    這裡我們見到早期用文字遊戲解釋 男人優勝於女人的「證明」

  • Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife and they become

    在創世紀後半部份, 就像神允許男人為女人取名一樣

  • one flesh.

    因為人是萬物之靈,他也擁有 替所有的動物取名字的權利

  • Here we see an early justification for men being superior to women and it's kind of

    在原本的希伯來文中也是同樣的文字遊戲 男人是 Ish,女人是 Isha。

  • based on bad word play.

    看到了嗎?

  • In the rest of the Genesis story, one of the things that marks man's dominion over other

    她是從男人身上取出來的, 所以連他的名字也是從男人延伸出來的

  • creatures is that he is given the power to name them, just as he is permitted to name

    好笑吧?

  • woman here.

    看希臘的笑神傑拉斯笑的多開心阿?

  • The word play here also works in the original Hebrew, where the word for man isish

    好吧,有點冷...

  • and the word for woman isishaGet it!

    這一段同時解釋了婚姻 雖然只是一男一女的婚姻

  • She was taken out of man and so even her name is taken out of man.

    也解釋了人婚後離開父母、 另組家庭的社會現象

  • Yup.

    我不知道這是在解釋已存的家庭結構, 還是要推動這樣的家庭結構

  • It's Hilarious.

    不過非常有可能是「馬後砲」式的解釋

  • Just ask Gelos, Greek god of laughter.

    畢竟神話的主要功能之一就是為人類日常生活中 所遇到的種種提供一個合理的解釋

  • Yeah, tough crowd.

    聖經接下來詳細解釋了男女之間的「自然」關係

  • This passage also explains marriage -- although only between a man and a woman -- and describes

    卻不是很「好玩」或符合女權觀點

  • a social order in which men leave their parents' household when they marry to have their own

    他們吃了智慧樹的果實後, 神便生氣地懲罰了他們

  • homes.

    祂對女人說:「我必多多加增你懷胎的苦楚

  • Whether this describes a family structure that already existed or was written in order

    你生產兒女必多受苦楚, 你必戀慕你丈夫

  • to encourage such a family structure, we can't say for certain, but it's likely that this

    你丈夫必管轄你。」

  • was an after-the-fact description.

    又對亞當說:「你既聽從妻子的話

  • Providing a rationalization for what people encounter in their daily lives is an important

    吃了我所吩咐你不可吃的那樹上的果子

  • function of myths.

    地必為你的緣故受咒詛; 你必終身勞苦,才能從地裡得吃的。

  • The Bible goes on to refine thenaturalrelationship between men and women and not

    地必給你長出荊棘和蒺藜來,

  • in an especially fun or feminist way.

    你也要吃田間的菜蔬

  • After they eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge, God is miffed and he punishes them.

    你必汗流滿面才得餬口, 直到你歸了土

  • To the woman he said, I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing;

    因為你是從土而出的。 你本是塵土,仍要歸於塵土。」

  • In pain you should bring forth children, Yet your desire shall be for your husband,

    這一段發生了很多事。

  • And he shall rule over you.

    其中一種詮釋認為這是 樹立「重男輕女」的理由

  • And to Adam he said, Because you have listened to the voice of

    因為這是一個女人違背神的旨意所受的懲罰

  • your wife, And you have eaten of the tree of which I

    第一個懲罰直接影響了女人的生活 使她有分娩兒女痛楚

  • commanded you, “You shall not eat of it,”

    戀慕丈夫、並受丈夫的「管轄」

  • cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of

    建立整個父權體系。

  • your life; thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to

    男人也受到懲罰, 需要勞動才能從地裡得吃的。

  • you; and you shall eat the plants of the field.

    更多除草的工作

  • In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread Till you return to the ground,

    這些勞動之後的獎勵?

  • For out of it you were taken; You are dust, and to dust you shall return.

    死亡

  • There's just a lot going on here.

    回到大地當中。

  • One way to interpret this is that it provides justification for man's dominance over women

    連牙醫健保都沒有!

  • as a punishment for what one woman did in disobeying god.

    更糟的是,男權再得一分: 這些懲罰都是因為一個男人聽了老婆的話

  • The first punishments directly affect the experiences of women, causing the pain of

    這就是「氣管炎」的下場。

  • childbirth and desire for a husband that shallrule overher, establishing a patriarchal

    希臘神話裡,潘朵拉的故事, 也是這種重男輕女的思路

  • order that really caught on.

    即便在她打開魔盒放出各種災厄之前,

  • Men are punished too, by having to work hard in order to eat, toiling at bringing food

    宙斯創造她的本意就是為了懲罰 普羅米修斯偷盜火種給人類

  • out of the ground.

    另外還要再加上讓他永遠被一隻老鷹啄食肝臟

  • More gardening.

    根據赫西俄德的《神譜》,她是 「送給(男)人類的禮物,令他們歡喜的罪惡。」

  • And what is the reward for all this hard work?

    赫耳墨斯給了潘朵拉「謊言、綺語和狡詐」

  • Death.

    也許還有最完美的口紅色...

  • And returning to the ground.

    在我們認定女人很狡詐、不能被信任之前,

  • Not even dental benefits.

    記得這是赫耳墨斯── 一位男神,同時也是古代的仇女者

  • Worse yet, as far as solidifying male-dominance goes, all of this is because man listened

    所賦予潘朵拉的個性

  • to the voice of his wife.

    所以這是男人對於女人的負面看法

  • So that sets a pretty nasty precedent.

    最後,宙斯將潘朵拉送給 普羅米修斯的弟弟厄庇墨透斯

  • Greek mythology creates a similar rationale for misogyny with the story of Pandora.

    雖然普羅米修斯早就告訴弟弟 不要接受任何宙斯的禮物,他還是收下了。

  • Even before she opened the jar bringing sorrows to all the world, Zeus made her as a punishme

    或許是因為宙斯很愛送襪子。

  • nt for Prometheus who stole fire and gave it to the humans.

    根據赫西俄德的《神譜》: 「在此之前地上的人,生活安樂,無憂無慮。

  • This is in addition to having his liver eaten by an eagle for all of eternity.

    沒有引來死神的病痛。

  • According to Hesiod she would be, “Another gift to men, an evil thing for their delight.”[1]

    但是女人打開了盒子(一說桶子), 給人類帶來了傷痛和罪惡。

  • Hermes endowed Pandora withlies and persuasive words and cunning ways.”[2] And probably

    盒子的硬殼裡只留下了一樣東西:希望。

  • also, like, the absolute perfect shade of lipstick, but before we agree to this image

    唯有希望沒有被放出來, 被蓋子擋載了盒子裡。

  • of women as conniving and untrustworthy, let's pause to remember that it's Hermes, a male

    然而各式各樣的災厄遍佈了大地。」

  • god and one of the great misogynists of the ancient world, who bestows these qualities

    很可惜,這種男權社會秩序和輕視女性地位的概念,

  • on Pandora, so this is a dude's hateful vision of women.

    源自女人不守「婦道」, 並不是聖經和希臘神話的專利。

  • Anyway, Zeus gave Pandora as a gift to Prometheus's brother Epimetheus, who accepted her, even

    在日本也有類似的神話故事, 只不過沒有邪惡古蛇或萬惡魔盒。

  • though Prometheus had told him to never accept a gift from Zeus.

    進入〈思緒泡泡〉

  • Maybe Zeus gifted lots of socks.

    其中一種日本創世神話中

  • According to Hesiod, here's what happened: Before this time men lived upon the earth

    從尚未成形、狀似水母的初生大地開始

  • Apart from sorrow and from painful work, Free from disease, which brings the Death-gods

    三位無形之神出現在高天原(天堂)

  • in.

    這三位神,由中天之神 天之御中主神所領導

  • But now the woman opened up the cask, And scattered pains and evils among men.

    在這之後有更多代的七位「天神」

  • Inside the cask's hard walls remained one thing,

    最後,第一對夫妻(同時也是兄妹) 伊耶那岐及伊耶那美出現了

  • Hope, only, which did not fly through the door.

    伊耶那岐及伊耶那美受天神的命令, 把漂浮於海上的大地固定下來

  • The lid stopped her, but all the others flew, Thousands of troubles wandering the earth.[3]

    二神便站在「天浮橋」, 用「天之瓊矛」伸入海中攪拌。

  • Unfortunately, this concept that a social order of male dominance and female subordination

    矛尖滴下的水凝聚成島, 稱為「磤馭慮嶋」,第一塊陸地。

  • resulting from women acting out of turn, is not unique to the Biblical or the Greek tradition.

    二神降臨島上後,立起天柱「國中之柱」

  • We find a similar story in Japan, just without an evil serpent or an all powerful death chest.

    二神決定正式結為夫婦, 伊耶那岐問妹妹她的身體是如何形成的。

  • Let's go to the Thoughtbubble.

    伊耶那美回答說她的雙腿之間有缺陷。 ※亂倫警告※

  • 1.One Japanese creation myth starts with a young, not fully formed earth that looks something

    伊耶那岐說他的雙腿之間有多餘的, 或許他們應該交合互補。

  • like a jellyfish.

    他們發明了結婚儀式,繞行國中之柱一周

  • 2.Three invisible gods came into existence in Takamagahara, the High Plains of Heaven.

    之後互相稱讚,然後交合。

  • These three gods, called kami, were led by the Lord of the Center of Heaven, Amanominakanushi-no-kami,

    一個小孩出生了,卻是個畸形兒:蛭子恵比壽

  • After them were seven more generations ofheavenlygods, 3.followed finally by

    他的父母將恵比壽放進一艘小船遺棄在海中

  • the primal couple Izanagi and his wife Izanami, who was also his sister.

    二神認為第一個孩子是個畸形兒 是因為伊耶那美先開口說話

  • 4.Izanagi and Izanami were commanded by the gods to solidify the drifting land, so they

    二神回到磤馭慮嶋的國中之柱 再次舉行儀式

  • went to the Floating Bridge of Heaven and stirred the soupy liquid below with a spear.

    這一次伊耶那岐先說話

  • Drops congealed on the tip of the spear, and formed the island of Onogoro, the first dry

    不久之後,伊耶那美便生下許多的孩子、 海島、以及各種神靈和女神

  • land.

    謝謝〈思緒泡泡〉

  • 5.The Primal Couple went down to Onogoro and built a heavenly pillar.

    這則神話建立了日本男權主義 和柔弱女性思想(大和撫子)

  • Then they decided to procreate Izanagi asked his sister how her body was

    這則神話不只解釋了日本的男女不平等地位,

  • formed and she told him that there was an unfinished part between her legs.

    同時也解釋了日本慶祝初生之子時會將 泥塑的人像放進蘆薈船上飄走的傳統

  • He replied that between his legs was an excess and perhaps the two should join there.

    通常傳統禮節和神話都會有關聯。

  • They devised a marriage ritual whereby each would walk around the pillar, and when they

    許多創世神話中,人類都是不老不死的, 直到某些事件或外人的破壞。

  • met they would exchange compliments and have intercourse.

    舉例來說:聖經裡的人類原本是不死的, 直到亞當和夏娃吃了智慧樹的果實。

  • 6.A child was born, but it was a deformed leech-child called Hiruko.

    是人為錯誤帶來了死亡與毀滅。

  • Its parents put Hiruko in a boat and set it out to sea.

    歹勢~

  • The gods determined that the reason that the first child was born deformed was that Izanami

    這裡又可以見到一個共同主題。

  • had spoken first.

    聖經、日本、希臘的神話都將人類的 災厄、痛苦、疾病,歸咎於女人。

  • 7.Izanami and Izanagi returned to the heavenly pillar in Onogoro and repeated the ritual,

    這是個對於兩性關係有很重大影響的負面觀念。

  • only this time Izanagi spoke first.

    或許我們看到的是男人在一個 認為男人有權管理女人的系統下,

  • In due time, Izanami gave birth to an abundant number of children, islands, gods and goddesses.[4]

    尋找這類的故事來支持這樣的作法。

  • Thank you, Thoughtbubble.

    畢竟,沒有理由把責任都推到女人身上,

  • This rationale established male precedence and female subservience in Japan.

    男人也會犯錯啊!

  • Not only does this myth explain Japanese gender inequality, it also may explain an ancient

    之後我們會討論到法厄同, 以及他是如何幾乎燒毀了整個大地

  • Japanese ritual in which the birth of a first child was celebrated by putting a clay figurine

    謝謝收看,我們下次見。

  • into a reed boat and floating it away.[5] There is often a strong connection between

  • myths and rituals.

  • Many creation stories begin with the idea that human beings are immortal until something

  • or someone intrudes.

  • Biblical humans were immortal until Adam and Eve ate from the tree of knowledge, for example.

  • It was human error that brought death into the world.

  • Oops.

  • So we see another theme emerging here.

  • The Biblical, Japanese, and Greek explanations place the blame for human toil, pain, disease

  • on women.

  • It's a pernicious idea, and it's one that has had profound consequences for gender relations.

  • Perhaps what we are seeing is a justification for a system in which men feel it is their

  • right to rule over women, and find stories to tell to support it.

  • After all, there is no logical reason why women should be blamed.

  • Men make mistakes, too.

  • We're gonna get to Phaeton, and that time he almost burned down the entire Earth, eventually.

  • Thanks for watching, see you next time.