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These are my assistants, Coleman and Phil.
這兩位是我的助理:Coleman 和 Phil
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They're both around the same height, weight, and consequently, they have the same Body Mass Index — or BMI.
他們兩位有著相似的身高、體重,所以,他們有著相同的身體質量指數-簡稱 BMI
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But if you split them open Damien Hirst style
但如果你利用達米恩·赫斯特風格來區別他們
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or just compare the results of their body scans you can see a slight difference.
或是比較他們全身檢查的結果,你可以發現些微的不同處
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Phil has more body fat than Coleman, and Coleman has more muscle than Phil.
Phil 的體脂肪比 Coleman 多,而 Coleman 的肌肉比 Phil 多
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Although BMI is a popular measure to assess if a person's weight might be putting them at risk for obesity-related diseases, its results can be pretty misleading and less nuanced than we'd like.
雖然身體質量指數是一個常見的測量方式,來衡量是否人類的體重是否過胖,會不會引起肥胖相關的疾病,但身體質量指數的結果會很容易讓人誤會,而且不夠準確性
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So the BMI is an index that looks at somebody's body weight divided by their height.
所以身體質量指數是指一個人的身高除以體重所得的指數
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So the formula is the body weight in kilograms divided by the height in square meters.
所以公式就是體重 (公斤) 除以身高 (公尺) 的平方
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18.5 and below is underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 is your healthy range, 25 to 29.9 is overweight, and a BMI over 30 is classified as obese.
小於 18.5 為過輕,18.5 至 24.9 是標準體重,25 至 29.9 為過重,而 BMI 超過 30 為過胖
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With the idea being that the taller somebody is, the more they should weigh.
我們都以為一個人越高,他們就應該會比較重
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Kinda weird how a single decimal point can separate being overweight from being obese.
過重和肥胖之間就只差一個小數點是有點不合理的
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The major problem with using BMI as a marker of health when it comes to body weight, because it penalizes you if you have a lot of muscle and you're healthier.
用身體質量指數作為健康依據的最大問題是,當我們提到體重時,如果你強壯又健康,對你是不利的
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Let"s use professional athlete Marshawn Lyncwh as an example.
我們舉職業運動員馬孝恩·林奇為例
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He's 5'11, 215 lbs, and his BMI is 30.
他 180 公分 、96 公斤,而他的身體質量指數為 30
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He'd be categorized as obese.
所以他被歸類為肥胖型
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That is because BMI doesn't distinguish muscle from fat.
這是因為身體質量指數並未區分脂肪中所含的肌肉指數
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We are really concentrating on how much muscle does somebody have, because muscle it's the metabolic engine.
我們就只專注那個人有多少肌肉,因為肌肉是新陳代謝的幫浦
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It's the thing that burns calories and the more muscle you have
它能夠燃燒卡路里,所以你體內的肌肉組織越多,
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the easier it is for you to stay at a lower and
越是能燃燒更多熱量,並能保持一個較低和
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more healthy body fat percentage not necessarily a BMI.
健康的體脂肪指數,不一定要以身體質量指數為依據
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In this way, BMI's reliability as an indicator of health breaks down for athletes like Lynch.
這樣的方式,對於運動員馬孝恩·林奇而言,以健康為依據的身體質量指數失去了信服力
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There are several more variables that can influence the interpretation of BMI.
還有許多變數會影響身體質量指數的結果
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Things like age, gender, and ethnicity.
像是年齡、性別、和種族
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While BMI is a useful measure for a large population study, for example,
對絕大數的研究而言,身體質量指數是個實用的測量方式,例如
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to compare relative obesity rates from state to state;
比較城市和城市之間的肥胖比率
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it becomes more problematic when you use it to determine an individual's health.
尤其當你用來測量一個人健康時會變得更有問題
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The body mass index was introduced in the early 19th century.
身體質量指標是在早期 19 世紀提出的
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This guy who created the formula — I'm so sorry, I'm gonna butcher his name,
一個傢伙創造這個公式-對不起,我不會唸他的名字
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Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet — wasn't even a physician.
朗伯·阿道夫·雅克·凱特勒-根本不能算是一位醫生
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Quetelet was a Belgian mathematician.
凱特勒是一位比利時數學家
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And his reason for creating the formula was to study the “normal man”, not obesity.
而他創造了這公式來研究「普通的人」,而沒考慮到肥胖
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Its use shifted to study obesity because of Ancel Keys.
因為安賽・基斯,他則轉而研究肥胖
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In 1972, Keys used the formula in his "Indices of Relative Weight and Obesity” study, renamed
在 1972 年,基斯運用他在「體重和肥胖的相關指數」一書提到的運算方式,重新命名
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the formula to body mass index, and from there the “new” measure caught on among researchers.
身體質量指數,而之後這樣「新的」測量方式則被其他研究者運用
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Over the years, its use in the health professional field grew and it's pretty much stuck around since.
多年下來,這計算方式在健康專業領域上蓬勃發展
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It's easy to use, cheap, fast, and its right about 80% of the time.
計算方式很簡單、便宜、又快,並且有 80 百分比的正確性
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So even though BMI has stuck around for more than 200 years,
即使身體質量指數流傳長達了 200 多年,
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it's not the be-all and end-all indicator.
並不能算是一個完完全全的依據
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There are more effective ways to assess to body composition, and overall health.
還有其他有效的方式可以來評估身體的組成,以及身體健康狀況
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Hydrostatic weighing, or underwater weighing, is an option.
水中量重法,或是水底秤量法是個選擇
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Along with MRI scans, and waist-to-hip ratio.
和核磁共振成像、以及腰臀比例
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Medical tests like checking blood pressure, your glucose levels, resting metabolic rate,
檢康檢查像是血壓檢查、葡萄糖指數、基礎代謝率,
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can further give a picture of overall health.
可以讓我們更了解整個身體的健康狀況
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I went to George Washington University, and lab director Todd Miller showed me another way,
我去了一趟喬治·華盛頓大學,而實驗室的主管托德·米勒介紹我另一個方法,
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using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or DEXA image.
運用雙能量 X 光吸光式測定儀或簡稱為 DXA影像
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It measures total body composition, including fat mass, lean body mass, and bone density.
它可以測量出身體的總組合,包刮了脂肪重量、去脂肪體重、以及骨頭密度
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So the green is the areas where the body is very lean.
所以綠色部分是身體過瘦的地方
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The yellow areas of moderate fat.
黃色部分是身體有著適當脂肪的地方
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And the red areas of high fat.
而紅色地方指的是身體有過多脂肪的地方
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So this person was here July 3rd she had 72 pounds of fat and 109 pounds of muscle.
這個人是 7 月 3 號來檢查的,她有 33 公斤的脂肪和 49 公斤的肌肉
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And in December 27th of this year she had at thirty seven pounds of fat in 115 pounds of muscle.
而在今年 12 月27 號,她有 17 公斤的脂肪,而有著 52 公斤的肌肉
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Using this chart you can see if this person stepped on a scale, they'd only see they lost 29 pounds.
用這個表格,你可以發現這個人量體重,會發現他們只瘦了 29 公斤
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What the scale wouldn't say is that they gained six pounds of muscles,
而這個體重機並不會指出他們實際上長了 3 公斤的肌肉
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and BMI wouldn't say that either.
身體質量指數的算法也是如此
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So even if two people have similar BMIs,
所以就算兩個人有著相似的身體質量指數,
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that one number will never truly give either of them
但這指數並無法明確指出他們任何一個人
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the full picture of their overall wellbeing.
整體的身體健康狀況
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BMI is an indirect measurement of one aspect of an individual's health.
身體質量指數是個參考性的測量一個人的健康方式
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So while it can be helpful, it shouldn't be the only way to understand the human body.
雖然身體質量指數是有助於人,但還是有其他的計算方式可以運用來了解人體狀況