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  • Hello everyone welcome to the Internet and my name is

    哈囉大家,歡迎來到我的頻道,我的名字是 (誰在乎啊?)

  • Today we're going to look at the differences between Chinese and Chinese

    今天我們要來聊聊中文和中文的差別 (啊?)

  • Well, what I mean is we'll be looking at two of the many Chinese languages, Mandarin and Cantonese

    我指的是兩種中國的語言:中文和廣東話

  • As I mentioned in my video on Chinese, Chinese is not a single language.

    如同我在介紹中文的影片提到,中國的語言不只有一種,

  • But rather a number of dialect groups that are united by a common writing system.

    而是很多種方言,一起使用同樣的文字系統,

  • The spoken languages are different and generally mutually unintelligible.

    口語方面則不盡相同,彼此間也不互通,

  • Which is definitely the case with Mandarin and Cantonese?

    像是中文和廣東話?

  • Which are both Semitic languages or Chinese languages spoken in China.

    它們都是閃語系,也是在中國裡被使用的語言

  • Mandarin is spoken by 960 million native speakers.

    有大約 960萬人以中文為母語,

  • Mainly in the north of China, but is now used all over mainland China and Taiwan as the official language of government media and education,

    主要分布在中國北方,不過現在中文是全中國與台灣的官方語言,

  • and it's one of the four official languages of Singapore as well.

    也是新加坡四種官方語言的其中一種,

  • Cantonese on the other hand is spoken by 50 to 60 million native speakers in Hong Kong, Macau

    另一方面,在香港、澳門、廣州和鄰近地區有大約五十到六十萬人以廣東話為母語

  • Guangzhou and some adjacent areas as well as in Chinese diaspora communities around the world.

    也包括散居海外的中國人群體

  • It's part of the wider Yue branch of Chinese

    廣東話是粵語的一個分支,

  • Before we get into the main differences between the two languages

    在探究這兩種語言的差異之前,

  • it's important to point out that these days speakers of either language typically write in standard Chinese or

    我必須要先指出現今不管是說中文還是廣東話,他們都是使用標準中文字,或稱華語,

  • Hua which is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, but when Cantonese speakers read standard Chinese?

    這是奠基於北京普通話,但是當說廣東話的人閱讀中文字時,

  • They say each word using Cantonese pronunciation

    他們是用廣東話發音,

  • Which creates the misconception that Cantonese is exactly the same as Mandarin except for the pronunciation, but that's not the case. Spoken

    這造成廣東話跟中文只有發音不同、其他方面都一樣的迷思,

  • Cantonese is also somewhat different in terms of grammar and vocabulary and there's also written

    廣東話的口語在文法和單字方面也跟中文有些不同

  • vernacular, Cantonese

    廣東話也有自己的文字─粵語白話文

  • Which reflects the spoken language and is used in some informal contexts. The differences we talk about in this video will be based on?

    能對應廣東話的發音,使用在某些非正式的文章,

  • spoken, Cantonese

    影片中提到廣東話與中文的不同是以廣東話口語

  • and its written equivalent, written vernacular Cantonese. By far the largest difference between Mandarin and Cantonese lies in pronunciation

    和相對應的粵語白話文為基礎。目前中文和廣東話最大的不同是發音,

  • Both of these languages are tonal languages

    這兩種語言都屬於聲調語言,

  • But they each have a different number of tones. Mandarin has four tones plus one neutral tone

    但它們各自有不同的音調。中文有四種聲調,再加上一個輕聲

  • there's a high flat tone a rising tone a

    分別是一聲、二聲、

  • Falling rising tone a falling tone, and the neutral tone, for example,

    三聲、四聲、以及輕聲

  • bāo, báo, bǎo, bào.

    例如「褒」、「雹」、「寶」、「抱」

  • The neutral tone is a short de-emphasized syllable which is said with no regard to tone

    輕聲是一種短聲調、不強調重要性的音節,據說和聲調無關

  • Cantonese has six basic tones

    廣東話有六種基本聲調:

  • There's a high flat tone

    陰平聲、

  • a mid rising tone, a mid flat tone, a low falling tone, a low rising tone, and a low flat tone

    陰上聲、陰去聲、陽平聲、陽上聲、和陽去聲

  • si

    (廣東話)

  • si

    (廣東話)

  • si

    (廣東話)

  • Si, si si

    (廣東話)

  • Some people count three additional tones for a total of nine. These are historical tones that were used for syllables ending in p, t, or k.

    有些人會將三個額外的聲調算進去,總共九個聲調,這三個額外聲調是歷史上用來標示以p、t、或k結尾的音節

  • In standard Cantonese

    在標準廣東話裡,

  • They've merged with other tones, so that the only remainder of these tones is the stop consonant at the end of the syllable

    這三個聲調已經和其他聲調結合,所以唯一剩下來的是在音節結尾的塞音,

  • So if we compare the two sets of tones

    所以如果我們比較兩種語言的音調,

  • You'll see that Mandarin has a tone that falls then Rises which is something that Cantonese doesn't have

    可以看到中文有一個先下降再上揚的音調,這是廣東話沒有的

  • You'll also notice that Mandarin has a narrower range of tones

    也可以注意到中文的音調範圍較小

  • Cantonese has a wider range of tones, with tones essentially in two ranges the mid to high range and the low range. this makes

    廣東話的音調範圍大,有些音調會介於高音調和低音調的中間

  • Cantonese harder for English speakers to learn than Mandarin because instead of

    這使得比起中文,廣東話對英語母語人士而言更難學,

  • distinguishing only the movement of a tone they also have to

    因為除了要分辨音調的變化,他們也必須

  • Distinguish whether a tone is in the mid to high range or the low range. In both Mandarin and Cantonese,

    分清楚某個音調是不是在高音調與低音調的中間。在中文、廣東話、

  • and all Chinese languages for that matter, each Chinese character or

    和所有中國的語言,每個中文字─

  • nzì

    或稱「漢字」─

  • Represents one morpheme. Either a word or a meaningful part of a word, which can't be further divided

    代表一個語素。語素是指一個字或字裡面有意義的部分,並且不能再被拆開

  • But each character is pronounced differently in Mandarin and Cantonese. One example of this is the word for I in Mandarin. It's pronounced (Mandarin)

    不過每個字在中文和廣東話的發音是不同的。其中一個例子是中文的「我」,發音為「ㄨㄛˇ」,音調是三聲、或稱「上聲」;

  • With the third tone or falling rising tone. While in Cantonese

    而在廣東話,

  • It's pronounced "ngóh", with the fifth tone or low rising tone so the tone is different

    這個字的音調是第五聲─也就是陽上聲─,所以音調是不一樣的

  • But also notice that the initial consonant sound is different as well

    也可以看到開頭的子音也不同

  • Another example is this word which means China in Mandarin.

    另一個例子是中文裡的「中國」,

  • It's pronounced "Zhōngguó", with a high flat tone and a rising tone, and in Cantonese

    發音是「ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ」,兩個字分別是一聲和二聲;

  • It's pronounced "jūnggwok", with a high flat tone and a mid flat tone

    而在廣東話,音調是陰平聲和陰去聲,

  • The pronunciation of these two words might sound pretty close

    這兩個字在中文和廣東話的發音也許聽起來很接近,

  • But the tones are partially different and remember that the meaning of words is partly determined by tones

    但兩種語言的音調有些部分不同,並且請記住中文字的意義某種程度上是由音調決定的

  • Notice that the second character is

    此外,第二個字 (國)

  • pronounced with a cup sound at the end in Cantonese, while in Mandarin it ends in a vowel sound. In Mandarin every syllable ends in

    在廣東話的發音結尾有k的音,而在中文結尾是母音。中文裡的每個音節

  • A vowel or in a nasal sound in Cantonese however syllables can end in the stop consonants /p/, /t/, and /k/ as well

    都是以母音或鼻音結尾;不過在廣東話音節的結尾也可以是 /p/、/t/ 或是 /k/ 的音,

  • Pronunciation differences between Mandarin and Cantonese are often consistent. This character that we just looked at is

    中文和廣東話的發音差異通常是一致的。這個剛剛提到的字 (中)

  • Pronounced "Zhōng" in Mandarin, and so is this character and this one among many others. In Cantonese,

    發音是「ㄓㄨㄥ」,這個字在廣東話

  • they're all pronounced "jūng". The difference here lies mainly in the initial consonant sound. The systems of

    的「伀」、「忠」還有某些字發音都是「jūng」,兩個語言的發音差異主要是在開頭子音,

  • Romanization are different for Mandarin and Cantonese so the Roman characters might be a little misleading here

    中文和廣東話的羅馬字拼音系統不同,因此這裡的羅馬拼音可能會誤導觀眾,

  • But the initial consonant in Mandarin is something like the English J sound,

    中文裡「中」羅馬拼音的開頭母音有點像英文的"j"

  • but with your tongue curled back. The initial consonant in Cantonese is [tsʊŋ]

    不過有捲舌;在廣東話,字首子音

  • like TS in English. Think of the end of the word cats

    是類似英文的 "ts" 音,就像 cats (貓) 的結尾

  • Let's look at three more characters first in Mandarin "Jiàn"

    來看看其他三個字:「建」、

  • "Jiàn", "Jiān"

    「見」和「堅」

  • and in Cantonese, "gin",

    廣東話的發音分別是 (廣東話)

  • "gin", "gīn".

    (廣東話) ,

  • In this case. We can see that the consonants and vowels consistently correspond

    在這個例子可以看出除了兩者的音調不一樣之外,

  • But that a different tone in Mandarin corresponds to a different tone in Cantonese

    子音和母音能一致對應

  • But the sounds don't always correspond like this. There are also characters that have the same pronunciation in one language but different

    不過中文和廣東話的發音差異不一定都是一致的,

  • pronunciations in the other

    有些字在一個語言裡的發音一樣,但在另一個語言完全不同,

  • in Mandarin, there's "xiè",

    例如中文的「謝」、

  • "xié",

    「鞋」、

  • "xiě"

    「寫」;

  • But in Cantonese they're pronounced /zeh/

    在廣東話發音分別是 (廣東話)

  • /haàih/

    (廣東話)

  • /sé/

    (廣東話)

  • Here we can see that the Mandarin sounds don't consistently correspond with Cantonese sounds. In Mandarin

    這裡我們可以看出中文和廣東話的發音未必有可以對應的模式,

  • They're pronounced the same except for the tones, but the three words are pronounced in three completely different waysi n Cantonese

    在中文,這三個字的發音一樣,只是音調不同;不過在廣東話發音完全不同

  • Differences in grammar

    文法差異

  • Both languages are fundamentally SVO

    基本上兩種語言語法結構都是主詞─動詞─受詞

  • For example here's a sentence meaning "I read those books" First in Mandarin. (Mandarin). Next in Cantonese

    例如這個句子意思是「我看了那些書」

  • (Cantonese)

    (廣東話)

  • Word-for-word both sentences translate as I read those book, so you can see that both are SVO

    若一個字一個字看,翻成英文都是「我─看了─那些─書」,句法結構都是SVO─

  • subject-verb-object

    主詞─動詞─受詞

  • Even though the words are different, In both languages the verb consists of two parts, the verb itself followed by the perfective marker

    雖然字不一樣,在這兩種語言裡,動作詞都由動詞本身和完成式標記組成,

  • which shows completion, and in both languages, the object includes two parts, a determiner followed by the noun.

    表示一個動作的完成。受詞包含兩個部分─限定詞和名詞

  • A determiner is a word like an article or a demonstrative adjective, which tells us information about which now and we're talking about

    限定詞是指像冠詞或指示形容詞,告訴我們現在在說的事物的相關資訊,

  • One difference can be noted in sentences that have a direct object. In basic sentences in mandarin, the indirect object

    然而在直接受詞的句子裡仍然有個不同的地方。中文基本的句子中,直接受詞

  • Comes before the direct object, while in Cantonese it comes after

    在間接受詞前;廣東話則是直接受詞是在間接受詞之後

  • For example here's a sentence in each language meaning "Give me a pen". In Mandarin

    例如這個句子意思是「給我一枝筆」

  • We would say (Mandarin), and in Cantonese, (Cantonese)

    中文我們會說「給我一枝筆」,廣東話發音是 (廣東話)

  • Notice that these are imperative sentences, commands or instructions

    請注意這個句子是祈使句,表示命令與指示

  • Word-for-word the Mandarin sentence translates as give me a pen

    逐字來看,中文的句子是「給─我─一枝─筆」;

  • The Cantonese sentence translates as give a pen me

    廣東話是「給─一枝─筆─我」,

  • with the indirect object in the sentence final position after the direct object

    間接受詞是在句子最後、直接受詞後面,

  • Notice that the word meaning. I and the phrase meaning "a pen" are reversed

    請注意每個字的意思,「我」和「一枝筆」的順序對調了

  • Let's take a look at the phrase meaning a pen for a second. It consists of three parts first the word meaning one

    我們來討論一下「一枝筆」,這個詞組包含三個部分:「一」、

  • Followed by a word that functions as a counter for long cylindrical objects, and then the word for pen

    圓柱狀長條物體所用的量詞 (枝)、「筆」

  • In other cases the indirect object is in the same position as in Mandarin before the direct object

    而在廣東話的其他句子,間接受詞和中文一樣,是在直接受詞之前,

  • Like in this sentence meaning "he sends me a book" in Mandarin

    像是這個句子意思是「他送我一本書」

  • (Mandarin), and in Cantonese (Cantonese)

    廣東話發音為 (廣東話),

  • Notice right here that in both sentences the indirect object comes after the verb and before the direct object.

    兩個句子的間接受詞都是在動詞之後、直接受詞之前,

  • In both languages the indirect object could go after the direct object, but another word functioning like a preposition meaning "to" would be necessary

    兩種語言的間接受詞都可以在直接受詞之後,但要加上一個類似英文"to"的介係詞 (給)

  • Another difference is the way that comparisons are formed in Mandarin and Cantonese. Here's a sentence meaning, I'm bigger than you. In Mandarin

    中文和廣東話另一個差異是比較級句子的結構。這個句子意思是「我比你大」,

  • you say (Mandarin), while in Cantonese you say (Cantonese).

    中文發音是 (中文),廣東話是 (廣東話),

  • Word for word the Mandarin sentence is I compare you big or you could think of it as I

    逐字來看,中文是「我─比─你─大」,或是

  • compared to you and big the Cantonese sentence translates as I

    「我─跟你比─大」,廣東話是「我─大─過你」,

  • Big more than you, so you can see that in the Mandarin sentence the adjective comes at the end

    可以看出中文句子中,形容詞出現在最後;

  • While in the Cantonese sentence it comes before the comparative word and the pronoun meaning you

    廣東話的形容詞則是在比較級和代名詞「你」前面,

  • Notice that the comparative word is different in the two languages

    因此中文和廣東話的比較級句法不同

  • differences in vocabulary. In Chinese languages words are represented by ideographic graphic characters called hanzou

    字彙差異。中文的文字是以表意的圖像文字系統表示,稱為「漢字」,

  • sometimes Mandarin and Cantonese use different words

    有時候中文和廣東話會使用不同的漢字,

  • Represented by different Chinese characters to represent the same concept, and in other cases the same Chinese character it might have a somewhat different

    表達相同概念,而在某些情況,同樣的漢字在這兩種語言裡

  • meaning or usage in either language

    所代表的意涵也會不同

  • The difference in vocabulary could be as high as 50%

    字彙的差異可能高達百分之五十,

  • That's when comparing Mandarin to spoken Cantonese and written vernacular Cantonese. Here are some examples of different vocabulary

    這是比較中文、廣東話口語、廣東話文字得出的結果。以下是關於不同字彙的例子

  • These words function as copula verbs like "is" in English. (Mandarin) is used in Mandarin. When read in Cantonese

    這兩個字是聯繫動詞,類似的英文的Be動詞"is",中文為「是」;

  • It's pronounced (Cantonese)

    廣東話則是「係」,

  • But the typical Cantonese word is (Cantonese)

    不過常見的廣東話發音是 (廣東話),

  • This character is also used in Mandarin and is pronounced si, but it's used with the basic meaning of relation or connection

    這個字也有在中文使用,發音是「ㄒㄧˋ」,不過是用來表達跟關聯和關係有關的意涵

  • These are negation words meaning no or not in Mandarin. In Mandarin it's (Mandarin)

    這兩個字是否定字,中文的意思是「沒有」或是「不」,發音為「ㄅㄨˋ」,

  • This word is also used in Cantonese and pronounced (Cantonese)

    「不」在廣東話發音是 (廣東話),

  • but but it's used more often in standard writing than the colloquial Cantonese word (Cantonese). This word is not used in Mandarin.

    但跟口語用字「唔」比起來,「不」較常使用在正式書寫。「唔」不會在中文使用

  • If we look at the word for teacher in both languages

    我們來看看「老師」這個單字,

  • We'll see that Mandarin uses the word (Mandarin), while Cantonese uses the word (Cantonese)

    中文是「老師」,廣東話則是用「先生」表示,

  • This word is also used in Cantonese with the pronunciation (Cantonese)

    「老師」這個字在廣東話發音是 (廣東話),

  • This word is also used in Mandarin with the pronunciation

    中文也有「先生」這個詞,發音是

  • Say Shen, and means mister or husband actually in Cantonese it has both of those meanings as well as the meaning of teacher

    「ㄒㄧㄢ ㄕㄥ」,是對男士的稱謂或是指丈夫,不過在廣東話,這個字除了老師也有跟中文同樣的意思

  • But from what I hear this word (Cantonese) is not used by younger people who use (Cantonese) instead for the meaning of teacher

    不過就我所知,年輕人不太用廣東話的「先生」,而是用「老師」這個詞代表老師

  • These are the words for bus. In Mandarin is (Mandarin)

    這些字代表公車。中文是「公共汽車」,

  • These four characters could be translated literally as something like public, shared, gas, car

    這四個字照字面翻大概是「公共的─共有的─汽油─車」,

  • But normally these two characters form the word meaning public and these two form the word meaning car.

    但通常這兩個字 (公共) 代表公用的;另外兩個字 (汽車) 代表車,

  • in Cantonese it's

    在廣東話

  • (Cantonese), a word derived from the English word bus

    則是「巴士」,是借用英文的「bus」,

  • two Chinese characters

    並且以兩個發音類似「bus」的漢字

  • with sounds similar to those of the word bus were chosen to represent this English borrowing. This type of

    代表這個外來語,

  • Borrowing from English is more common in Cantonese particularly in the Hong Kong variety because it was a dependent territory of the UK.

    這種外來語借用在廣東話更為普遍,尤其是香港地區,因為那裡曾經是英國屬地

  • In Mandarin, to ask someone's name, you would say (Mandarin). In Cantonese you would say (Cantonese)

    如果要詢問他人姓名,中文我們會說「你叫什麼名字」,廣東話是 (廣東話),

  • Here you can see that the word order is the same, so the sentences are

    可以看到字詞順序相同,

  • Translatable word for word. If we translate word for word, we get you call what name but some of the words are different

    逐字翻譯為:「你─叫─什麼─名字」,但有些字還是不一樣,

  • The word for what is different and the word for name or first name is different. In Mandarin

    中文和廣東話代表「什麼」、「姓」或「名字」的字不同,

  • It's a two character compound word and in Cantonese

    中文是兩個字 (姓、名) 組成的複合詞,

  • It's a single character of course even the words that are the same are pronounced differently in either language

    在廣東話則是用單一漢字代表 (名),當然雖然都有「名」這個字,但發音還是不同的

  • This word meaning you is pronounced in Mandarin as (Mandarin) with a falling rising tone. In Cantonese

    中文的「你」發音為「ㄋ一ˇ」,音調是第三聲

  • It's lay with a low rising tone. You may have noticed that the Cantonese audio recording sounded more like

    廣東話是 (廣東話),聲調是陽上聲。你可能注意到錄音聽起來像是

  • Lay with an initial L

    以 L 為開頭的"Lay",

  • Sound rather than (Cantonese) with an initial /n/ sound. the /n/ sound is considered proper Cantonese

    而不是 N 當開頭,以 N 為開頭的發音是比較正統的廣東話;

  • while the L sound is considered casual or relaxed pronunciation

    L 為開頭的是用在比較口語和非正式的場合

  • This word meaning call is pronounced in Mandarin as (Mandarin) with the falling tone. In Cantonese it's

    「叫」這個字在中文發音是「ㄐㄧㄠˋ」,音調是第四聲,

  • (Cantonese) with a mid flat tone

    在廣東話,這個字的音調是陰去聲

  • This word or word component meaning name is pronounced in Mandarin as (Mandarin) with a rising tone, and in Cantonese

    「名」這個字或複合字在中文發音是二聲「ㄇ一ㄥˊ」,

  • It's (Cantonese) with a mid rising tone

    廣東話是陰上聲

  • Note that throughout this video I've been using traditional Chinese characters for both Mandarin and Cantonese

    在整部影片我都是用繁體字解釋中文和廣東話,

  • but in mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia

    不過中國大陸、新加坡和馬來西亞

  • simplified Chinese characters are used for Mandarin while traditional characters are used in Taiwan. As for Cantonese, in Hong Kong and Macau,

    都是使用簡體字;繁體字則在台灣使用,至於廣東話,香港和澳門地區使用繁體字;

  • Traditional characters are used. In Guangzhou and surrounding areas people normally use

    廣州和鄰近地區大多使用簡體字

  • Simplified characters for Cantonese. Some people think that Mandarin is always written in simplified characters, and that Cantonese is always written in

    有些人以為中文文字都是簡體字;廣東話都是寫繁體字,

  • Traditional characters, but it's not that simple

    事實沒有那麼簡單

  • You may be asking yourself, which language is better to learn well

    你可能會想問學哪個語言比較好,

  • there are definite benefits to learning either one if

    學習兩者之一確實都會有益處,如果你學中文,

  • You learn Mandarin, you'll be understood all over mainland China as well as Taiwan, and also in Singapore and Malaysia

    你可以與整個中國、台灣、與新加坡、馬來西亞的人溝通,

  • But they'll probably just speak English to you

    不過他們可能只會跟你說英語;

  • and if you learn

    而如果你學廣東話,

  • Cantonese, you'll be able to communicate with people in the southern part of mainland China as well as Hong Kong and Macau and you'll be

    你可以與中國南方、香港和澳門的人互動、

  • able to enjoy all of those famous movies from Hong Kong

    可以看懂那些著名的香港電影,

  • Either way if you have a deep cultural interest in either of these languages that will certainly make it easier to learn

    無論如何,如果你對他們的文化感到興趣,一定能讓你學得更容易

  • the question of the day: For native speakers of either Mandarin or Cantonese to what extent can you understand the other language when it's spoken?

    今日問題:中文和粵語的母語人士對話時,互相可以理解多少?

  • How about when it's written, and for learners of either language have you taken a look at the other language?

    如果是文字方面呢?正在學習中文或廣東話的人們,你們有看過另外一種語言嗎?

  • What similarities and differences did you notice? Be sure to follow Langfocus on Facebook Twitter and Instagram

    有注意到哪些相似點或不同?最後務必在臉書、推特、或I G 追蹤 Langfocus,

  • And I'm not sure if you can follow those in China, but please try and once again

    我不確定你能不能在中國使用這些軟體,但還是請試試看

  • I would like to say thank you to all of my wonderful patreon supporters, especially these ones right here on the screen

    我想再次感謝所有的 Patreon 支持者,你們都很棒,尤其是螢幕上的這些人,

  • They are my top tier patreon supporters, so many thanks to them. Thank you for watching and have a nice day

    他們是在 Patreon 最支持我的人,非常感謝他們。感謝觀看我的影片,祝你有美好的一天

Hello everyone welcome to the Internet and my name is

哈囉大家,歡迎來到我的頻道,我的名字是 (誰在乎啊?)

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