Name: 國語和粵語有多相似？ (How Similar Are Mandarin and Cantonese?)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:51:07.000Z
Duration: 14 min 50 s

Hello everyone welcome to the Internet and my name is

哈囉大家，歡迎來到我的頻道，我的名字是 (誰在乎啊？)

Today we're going to look at the differences between Chinese and Chinese

今天我們要來聊聊中文和中文的差別 (啊？)

未來進行式

Well, what I mean is we'll be looking at two of the many Chinese languages, Mandarin and Cantonese

我指的是兩種中國的語言：中文和廣東話

As I mentioned in my video on Chinese, Chinese is not a single language.

如同我在介紹中文的影片提到，中國的語言不只有一種，

But rather a number of dialect groups that are united by a common writing system.

而是很多種方言，一起使用同樣的文字系統，

The spoken languages are different and generally mutually unintelligible.

口語方面則不盡相同，彼此間也不互通，

Which is definitely the case with Mandarin and Cantonese?

Which are both Semitic languages or Chinese languages spoken in China.

它們都是閃語系，也是在中國裡被使用的語言

Mandarin is spoken by 960 million native speakers.

Mainly in the north of China, but is now used all over mainland China and Taiwan as the official language of government media and education,

主要分布在中國北方，不過現在中文是全中國與台灣的官方語言，

and it's one of the four official languages of Singapore as well.

也是新加坡四種官方語言的其中一種，

Cantonese on the other hand is spoken by 50 to 60 million native speakers in Hong Kong, Macau

另一方面，在香港、澳門、廣州和鄰近地區有大約五十到六十萬人以廣東話為母語

Guangzhou and some adjacent areas as well as in Chinese diaspora communities around the world.

It's part of the wider Yue branch of Chinese

Before we get into the main differences between the two languages

在探究這兩種語言的差異之前，

it's important to point out that these days speakers of either language typically write in standard Chinese or

我必須要先指出現今不管是說中文還是廣東話，他們都是使用標準中文字，或稱華語，

Hua which is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, but when Cantonese speakers read standard Chinese?

這是奠基於北京普通話，但是當說廣東話的人閱讀中文字時，

They say each word using Cantonese pronunciation

Which creates the misconception that Cantonese is exactly the same as Mandarin except for the pronunciation, but that's not the case. Spoken

這造成廣東話跟中文只有發音不同、其他方面都一樣的迷思，

Cantonese is also somewhat different in terms of grammar and vocabulary and there's also written

廣東話的口語在文法和單字方面也跟中文有些不同

廣東話也有自己的文字─粵語白話文

Which reflects the spoken language and is used in some informal contexts. The differences we talk about in this video will be based on?

能對應廣東話的發音，使用在某些非正式的文章，

影片中提到廣東話與中文的不同是以廣東話口語

and its written equivalent, written vernacular Cantonese. By far the largest difference between Mandarin and Cantonese lies in pronunciation

和相對應的粵語白話文為基礎。目前中文和廣東話最大的不同是發音，

Both of these languages are tonal languages

But they each have a different number of tones. Mandarin has four tones plus one neutral tone

但它們各自有不同的音調。中文有四種聲調，再加上一個輕聲

Falling rising tone a falling tone, and the neutral tone, for example,

例如「褒」、「雹」、「寶」、「抱」

The neutral tone is a short de-emphasized syllable which is said with no regard to tone

輕聲是一種短聲調、不強調重要性的音節，據說和聲調無關

a mid rising tone, a mid flat tone, a low falling tone, a low rising tone, and a low flat tone

陰上聲、陰去聲、陽平聲、陽上聲、和陽去聲

Some people count three additional tones for a total of nine. These are historical tones that were used for syllables ending in p, t, or k.

有些人會將三個額外的聲調算進去，總共九個聲調，這三個額外聲調是歷史上用來標示以p、t、或k結尾的音節

They've merged with other tones, so that the only remainder of these tones is the stop consonant at the end of the syllable

這三個聲調已經和其他聲調結合，所以唯一剩下來的是在音節結尾的塞音，

所以如果我們比較兩種語言的音調，

You'll see that Mandarin has a tone that falls then Rises which is something that Cantonese doesn't have

可以看到中文有一個先下降再上揚的音調，這是廣東話沒有的

You'll also notice that Mandarin has a narrower range of tones

也可以注意到中文的音調範圍較小

Cantonese has a wider range of tones, with tones essentially in two ranges the mid to high range and the low range. this makes

廣東話的音調範圍大，有些音調會介於高音調和低音調的中間

Cantonese harder for English speakers to learn than Mandarin because instead of

這使得比起中文，廣東話對英語母語人士而言更難學，

distinguishing only the movement of a tone they also have to

因為除了要分辨音調的變化，他們也必須

Distinguish whether a tone is in the mid to high range or the low range. In both Mandarin and Cantonese,

分清楚某個音調是不是在高音調與低音調的中間。在中文、廣東話、

and all Chinese languages for that matter, each Chinese character or

和所有中國的語言，每個中文字─

Represents one morpheme. Either a word or a meaningful part of a word, which can't be further divided

代表一個語素。語素是指一個字或字裡面有意義的部分，並且不能再被拆開

But each character is pronounced differently in Mandarin and Cantonese. One example of this is the word for I in Mandarin. It's pronounced (Mandarin)

不過每個字在中文和廣東話的發音是不同的。其中一個例子是中文的「我」，發音為「ㄨㄛˇ」，音調是三聲、或稱「上聲」；

With the third tone or falling rising tone. While in Cantonese

It's pronounced "ngóh", with the fifth tone or low rising tone so the tone is different

這個字的音調是第五聲─也就是陽上聲─，所以音調是不一樣的

But also notice that the initial consonant sound is different as well

Another example is this word which means China in Mandarin.

另一個例子是中文裡的「中國」，

It's pronounced "Zhōngguó", with a high flat tone and a rising tone, and in Cantonese

發音是「ㄓㄨㄥ  ㄍㄨㄛˊ」，兩個字分別是一聲和二聲；

It's pronounced "jūnggwok", with a high flat tone and a mid flat tone

而在廣東話，音調是陰平聲和陰去聲，

The pronunciation of these two words might sound pretty close

這兩個字在中文和廣東話的發音也許聽起來很接近，

But the tones are partially different and remember that the meaning of words is partly determined by tones

但兩種語言的音調有些部分不同，並且請記住中文字的意義某種程度上是由音調決定的

pronounced with a cup sound at the end in Cantonese, while in Mandarin it ends in a vowel sound. In Mandarin every syllable ends in

在廣東話的發音結尾有k的音，而在中文結尾是母音。中文裡的每個音節

A vowel or in a nasal sound in Cantonese however syllables can end in the stop consonants /p/, /t/, and /k/ as well

都是以母音或鼻音結尾；不過在廣東話音節的結尾也可以是 /p/、/t/ 或是 /k/ 的音，

Pronunciation differences between Mandarin and Cantonese are often consistent. This character that we just looked at is

中文和廣東話的發音差異通常是一致的。這個剛剛提到的字 (中)

Pronounced "Zhōng" in Mandarin, and so is this character and this one among many others. In Cantonese,

發音是「ㄓㄨㄥ」，這個字在廣東話

they're all pronounced "jūng". The difference here lies mainly in the initial consonant sound. The systems of

的「伀」、「忠」還有某些字發音都是「jūng」，兩個語言的發音差異主要是在開頭子音，

Romanization are different for Mandarin and Cantonese so the Roman characters might be a little misleading here

中文和廣東話的羅馬字拼音系統不同，因此這裡的羅馬拼音可能會誤導觀眾，

But the initial consonant in Mandarin is something like the English J sound,

中文裡「中」羅馬拼音的開頭母音有點像英文的"j"

but with your tongue curled back. The initial consonant in Cantonese is [tsʊŋ]

不過有捲舌；在廣東話，字首子音

like TS in English. Think of the end of the word cats

是類似英文的 "ts" 音，就像 cats (貓) 的結尾

Let's look at three more characters first in Mandarin "Jiàn"

In this case. We can see that the consonants and vowels consistently correspond

在這個例子可以看出除了兩者的音調不一樣之外，

But that a different tone in Mandarin corresponds to a different tone in Cantonese

But the sounds don't always correspond like this. There are also characters that have the same pronunciation in one language but different

不過中文和廣東話的發音差異不一定都是一致的，

有些字在一個語言裡的發音一樣，但在另一個語言完全不同，

But in Cantonese they're pronounced /zeh/

Here we can see that the Mandarin sounds don't consistently correspond with Cantonese sounds. In Mandarin

這裡我們可以看出中文和廣東話的發音未必有可以對應的模式，

They're pronounced the same except for the tones, but the three words are pronounced in three completely different waysi n Cantonese

在中文，這三個字的發音一樣，只是音調不同；不過在廣東話發音完全不同

基本上兩種語言語法結構都是主詞─動詞─受詞

For example here's a sentence meaning "I read those books" First in Mandarin. (Mandarin). Next in Cantonese

例如這個句子意思是「我看了那些書」

Word-for-word both sentences translate as I read those book, so you can see that both are SVO

若一個字一個字看，翻成英文都是「我─看了─那些─書」，句法結構都是SVO─

Even though the words are different, In both languages the verb consists of two parts, the verb itself followed by the perfective marker

雖然字不一樣，在這兩種語言裡，動作詞都由動詞本身和完成式標記組成，

which shows completion, and in both languages, the object includes two parts, a determiner followed by the noun.

表示一個動作的完成。受詞包含兩個部分─限定詞和名詞

A determiner is a word like an article or a demonstrative adjective, which tells us information about which now and we're talking about

限定詞是指像冠詞或指示形容詞，告訴我們現在在說的事物的相關資訊，

One difference can be noted in sentences that have a direct object. In basic sentences in mandarin, the indirect object

然而在直接受詞的句子裡仍然有個不同的地方。中文基本的句子中，直接受詞

Comes before the direct object, while in Cantonese it comes after

在間接受詞前；廣東話則是直接受詞是在間接受詞之後

For example here's a sentence in each language meaning "Give me a pen". In Mandarin

例如這個句子意思是「給我一枝筆」

We would say (Mandarin), and in Cantonese, (Cantonese)

中文我們會說「給我一枝筆」，廣東話發音是 (廣東話)

Notice that these are imperative sentences, commands or instructions

請注意這個句子是祈使句，表示命令與指示

Word-for-word the Mandarin sentence translates as give me a pen

逐字來看，中文的句子是「給─我─一枝─筆」；

字幕列表影片播放

國語和粵語有多相似？ (How Similar Are Mandarin and Cantonese?)

pronunciation

phrase

native

vocabulary