Name: 分裂的島嶼。海地和剛果民主共和國如何成為兩個世界 (Divided island: How Haiti and the DR became two worlds)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:45:54.000Z
Duration: 15 min 52 s

I'm driving on the road that separates Haiti from the Dominican Republic.

It's the border that divides two very different countries.

If you're born in Haiti, you're 2.5 times more likely to die

you can expect to have a much shorter life.

countries that share this one island can be so different, with a politically

volatile and impoverished Haiti on one side and the stable and relatively rich

How did this line produce two totally different worlds?

My journey starts here, at this beach village in southern Haiti, where Haitian

merchants, most of them women, are preparing for a nighttime boat ride.

The women boarding this boat have one goal: to make it to the border where they will

be let into a Dominican market, to buy and sell goods before returning to their villages.

It's international trade at its most informal. We're taking these boats

because the next door mountain range makes the land journey almost impossible.

These worn-out wooden boats have been making this exact journey twice per week

for decades and yet the process remains chaotic and unorganized as if it's

All of this energy, time, and effort all to transport

a handful of goods that, in most countries, would be shipped in bulk

We make this seven-hour journey to the border town arriving around, 4 am.

The sun rises and we walk to the border market. This market was established right on the border

as a partnership between the two nations, to give vendors from both sides

a place to buy and sell on equal footing.

As we approach the border I quickly realize that's not what's happening here.

So I'm looking across the border right now,

into the market and you can see that Dominicans are already setting up.

This is one of the big complaints of the Haitians: they're stuck on this side

waiting to cross the border and the border guards are just delaying it and

meanwhile the Dominicans are able to set up and get the best spots.

These Haitians come from miles away on this grueling boat journey, that I know now firsthand

is very grueling, and they get to the border and the guards stop them for no reason.

They're supposed to open it up for everyone at the same time.

The guards keep the Haitian women from crossing, not letting anyone know how

long it will be. The tension grows and then finally, hours after the Dominicans

were allowed to enter, the guards open up the bridge.

They buy and sell for the day, before returning to the boats to make the journey home.

The grueling boat journey, the senseless discrimination, it embodies the asymmetry that exists on this island.

Watching it happen, it's impossible not to ask how it got like this.

There are a few key things that explain how this island produced two very different countries, but if you want to get at the very root of it you have to go back to when this island was owned by two European powers: France and Spain.

This island is actually the first place that Christopher Columbus set up a colony in the new world on his first voyage back in like 1490.

France wanted a piece of this island because it was rich in resources like sugar and coffee, so they fought a war with the Spanish and ended up splitting the island in two: one side would be the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and the other side would be the French colony, with the same name, Saint-Domingue, just in French.

And that is the most important part of understanding this whole thing, is how these imperial powers treated their colonial posessions.

They brought in tons of slaves and they were interested in making Saint-Domingue solely an economic producer.

They destroyed the soil from aggressively harvesting the same crop year after year, and they created a group of very resentful, overworked, and abused slaves that eventually rebelled.

After establishing domination on this island by massacring the indigenous population, they didn't exploit it like the French did.

Instead they went to places like Mexico and Peru, to look for gold.

So they didn't bring nearly as many slaves onto this island, and as a result they weren't nearly as profitable a colony.

Instead, the Spanish integrated with the remaining indigenous population, by recognizing the native leader's authority and intermarrying with the locals.

The result was a smaller and more racially mixed population, with a sustainable economy and a political system, something totally absent from France's colony.

This becomes really important in the early 1800s, when independence comes around.

Haiti declares independence, fights off the French, and basically declares itself the first black, former slave republic in the world.

They do so with very little framework for a society and for a government and they also do so with land that has been exploited, year after year, with the same crop which basically destroys the fertility of the land.

And to add to all of that, because they were this first black Republic, the world essentially isolated them.

The United States didn't want to recognize the independence of a black nation.

They thought it might become a slave empire and seek revenge.

The French showed up on Haitian shores soon after independence, and said you owe us a debt for all of the assets that you stole from us when you became independent, all these economic assets, you owe us that debt and you have to pay it over the next thirty years.

This crippling debt Haiti did pay back over years, but it really hampered their development.

This history doesn't exonerate the dictators and corrupt politicians that have plagued Haiti's development since its independence, but it helps explain them.

Suffocating embargoes and the independence debt, as well as the lack of any tradition or investment in governmental institutions, guaranteed Haiti's failure from the moment it was born, and a racist world made sure of it.

That racism isn't just embedded into Haiti's history, it is in fact very alive today.

As I drive up the border, by coincidence my driver is also a Dominican border patrol official.

We have hours in the car, where he slowly and cautiously tells me about how immigration policy has changed in the Dominican Republic in recent years.

He's talking about a policy of targeting anyone of Haitian descent, even citizens, rounding them up and deporting them.

sentiment in the Dominican Republic, usually resulting in racist violence,

but since 2010, that sentiment has been seeping into legislation. The Dominican

Constitution that was drafted in 1929, says that anyone born in the country is

automatically a citizen, even if your parents were undocumented immigrants.

This is the same in places like the United States, but the DR rewrote its

constitution in 2010, to only give citizenship to those born on DR soil, to legal residents.

Then, in 2013 the high court in the DR ruled that this new

definition would be applied retroactively. All the way back to

1929, meaning any citizen who had been born in the DR to undocumented parents

It is clearly an illegal act, it is an immoral act, it is a racist act by the

Dominican government. And it's happening because these people are black.

Dominican law said that if these stateless people wanted to stay in the

DR, they would have to go to a government office and put their name on this

foreigner registry. The government gave these people one year to either get

their name on the registry or face deportation.

Over 55,000 have been officially deported since the June 2015 deadline.

The UN estimates that 128,000 people have voluntarily fled to Haiti,

a country many of them have never lived in. Some came here to this camp on the

border, where they've been living in limbo for years.

The moment I cross into the DR, I start to see what this crackdown looks like.

On a 75km bus ride, we pass eight security checkpoints in which security

personnel board the bus, to eye who was on it, and in some cases check papers.

But each time we stop, they seem to only check the papers of the same few passengers.

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分裂的島嶼。海地和剛果民主共和國如何成為兩個世界 (Divided island: How Haiti and the DR became two worlds)

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