- [Voiceover] Most of us know Pixar as the established

(旁白) 我們大部分只知道皮克斯

dominating animation studio that it is today,

是現今的當紅動畫公司

responsible for some of the greatest

做出了許多當今

animated movies of our time.

最成功的動畫電影

But the truth is that this massively successful studio

但事實是，這大獲成功的工作室

came from a very humble beginnings.

一開始規模其實很小

In fact, on it's first few years

事實上，在開始的前幾年

the studio was constantly on the verge of bankruptcy,

工作室經常在破產邊緣

losing millions of dollars

損失了上百萬元

even after the success of Toy Story.

即使是在玩具總動員的成功之後

In this video I'll tell you the story behind Pixar

這部影片裡，我會告訴你皮克斯幕後的故事

and how founding it was made possible thanks

以及三個非常不同的人運用

to three very different people

各自不同的才能去

with very different talents.

創建皮克斯

(popping)

(突然出現)

(rhythmic techno music)

(有節奏的技術音效)

The story of how Pixar came to be

皮克斯的由來

revolves around three major players,

圍繞在主要三個人

an artist,

一個藝術家

a scientist,

一個科學家

and a businessman.

和一個生意人

All three working together yet separately

他們三個人雖然是同事但是卻各自獨立運作

to one day find each other and create something amazing.

直到某一天他們找到彼此並創造了美好的東西

The artist of this story is a guy

故事裡的藝術家是個男人

named John Lasseter.

叫作 John Lasseter

You've probably heard that name.

你可能聽過他的名字

John would become an Academy Award winning director

John 是奧斯卡獲獎導演

responsible for some of Pixar's greatest films

負責了許多皮克斯最佳動畫片

including Toy Story.

包括玩具總動員

But back in 1975 he was a freshman

回溯到 1975 年，他仍是加州藝術學院裡

at a brand new program at CalArts

新學程的新生

learning Disney style animation.

他學習迪士尼風格的動畫

The program was taught by industry legends

這個學程是由產業裡的傳奇人物授課的

including some of Disney's Nine Old Men.

包括來自迪士尼的九大元老

His classmates included Tim Burton and Brad Bird

他的同學包括了提姆波頓和布拉德·伯德

who would later become prolific filmmakers themselves.

他們日後都成為電影人並創造出許多電影

This was a very exciting and creative environment

對於學動畫的學生而言，這是個令人興奮

for an animation student.

且具有創造力的學習環境

During his time at CalArts John created

當他就學於加州藝術學院時

two student Academy Award winning films

他獲得了兩部美國電影藝術學生獎

and after graduation he got his dream job,

而在畢業之後他拿到了他的夢想工作

he was hired by the Walt Disney Animation Studios.

他被迪士尼動畫公司聘請

(dramatic music)

(戲劇化的音樂)

During his time at Disney working as an animator

作為動畫師任職於迪士尼時

he stumbled upon computer animation.

他偶然碰到了電腦動畫

He had an idea for making an animated film

他便有了個點子想去做一部動畫片

using computer graphics for the environment

並用電腦繪圖去製作他的背景

and pencil animation for the characters.

而用鉛筆去繪製它的腳色

He pitched that idea to Disney executives

他向迪士尼的執行委員們提出這個想法

and they told him,

但他們告訴他

"The only reason we would consider

｢當我們考慮使用電腦技術做動畫時」

"using computer for animation

「唯一的理由是」

"is if it will make it faster or cheaper."

「他能更快速且便宜地做出動畫」

Shortly after that pitch John was fired from the studio.

在 John 提出他的想法後不久，他被工作室開除了

At about the same time George Lucas

在同一時間，George Lucas

hired a guy named Ed Catmull

聘請了一個人叫 Ed Catmull

to develop a film editing system

去開發一個電影剪輯的系統

and digital sound editing system,

還有數位音效的剪輯系統

all to advance the computer graphics

這一切都是為了推進電腦繪圖技術

and create ground breaking visual effects for his films.

並為他的電影創造一個突破性的視覺效果

Ed Catmull grew up loving animation,

Ed Catmull 從小就熱愛動畫片

watching cartoons and all Disney films

他整個童年看了無數的卡通

his entire childhood.

以及迪士尼動畫片

He gave up his dream of becoming an animator,

他放棄追求成為動畫師的夢想

thinking he wasn't good enough

認為自己不夠好

and pursued a career in science.

而追求了科學領域的職業

He studied computer science in the University of Utah

他在猶他大學主修了電腦科學

where he earned his doctorate and has made

他獲得了他的博士學位

ground breaking work in the field of computer imagery.

並在電腦繪圖的領域做出了開創性的創舉

He was then asked to run the computer graphics lab

他被紐約理工大學邀請去

in the New York Institute of technology.

經營電腦成像實驗室

Ed was a brilliant scientist responsible for some

Ed 是位傑出的科學家，他做出了

of the most commonly used principles of computer animation

許多廣為人知的電腦動畫的基本理念

such as Z-buffer,

像是 Z 缓存

texture mapping,

紋理映射

and subdivision surfaces.

和细分曲面

He basically invented 3D graphics as we know it.

基本上就是他創造了我們當今所知的 3D 繪圖技術

While working at Lucas Films

當他在盧卡斯影業工作時

Ed asked John to join his division

在一場企業聚會時，

after meeting him at an industry event.

Ed 問 John 是否願意加入他的公司

Nothing having the same dream of one day

他們倆人都有同樣的夢想

making the first computer animated feature film.

有一天要做出第一部電腦繪製的動畫長片

The two hit it off right away,

他們倆一拍即合

but at that time,

但是在那個年代

1983,

1983 年

that dream was still far away.

他們的夢想仍離他們很遠

(lighthearted music)

(輕快的音樂)

That division in Lucas Films,

他們在盧卡斯影業的部門

then called the Computer Graphics Division,

叫做電腦圖像部門

produced some of the most revolutionary

在當時，它為電影製造了許多

uses of computer imagery in films for that time.

創新的電腦圖樣

They produced the first completely computer generated

在《星艦迷航記 II：星戰大怒吼》裡，他們創造了第一個景

scene in Star Trek Wrath of Khan

全部由電腦製成

and the first computer generated character

並在年少時的夏洛克·福爾摩斯

for Young Sherlock Holmes.

做了第一個電腦繪成的腳色

Within that small division John made the world's

在這小部門裡，John 創造了

first animated short film using computer animation,

世界第一個電腦繪製的動畫短片：

The Adventures of Andre and Wally B.

安德鲁和威利的冒险

Creating such complex imagery required building

創造有複雜圖像的短片

a powerful custom made computer.

他需要打造一個厲害的客製化電腦

That computer was called the Pixar Image Computer.

這部電腦叫做 Pixar Image Computer

Because of the high demand for computer imagery

因為對於電腦圖像的高需求

and advanced computer graphics in other industries

以及其他產業所需的先進電腦繪圖技術

the computer graphics division was reimagined as Pixar.

電腦圖像部門被重新定義為皮克斯

Still dreaming on making a computer animated

Ed 仍夢想製作一部電腦繪製的

full length feature,

標準長度的劇情片

a dream George Lucas had no interest in,

這是個理念 George Lucas 沒興趣參與

Ed looked for an investor to find

Ed 尋找投資者去

such a huge undertaking.

資助這龐大的責任

But for a long time there were no takers.

但很長一段時間，都沒有任何投資者

Meanwhile at Cupertino,

此時在庫比蒂諾

Steve Jobs who was recently fired from Apple

史蒂芬·賈伯斯剛被蘋果開除

founded his next company called,

並成立了他的下一個公司

well, NeXT.

叫 NeXT 軟件公司

Steve was one of the prospect investors

史蒂芬是其中一個最有前景的投資者

called to take a look at Pixar

他被邀請來看一看皮克斯

and he decided to invest.

最後他決定投資皮克斯

He bought Pixar from George Lucas for five million dollars,

他用五百萬美金從盧卡斯影業買下皮克斯

throwing an additional five million

並額外投入了五百萬給皮克斯

to keep the company running.

去讓公司運行

After the acquisition the team wanted

被收購之後，團隊希望

to make another animated short to establish who they were

製作另一部動畫短片好建立他們的立足點

and stay on the track of filmmaking.

並與影視業與時並進

John, who loved animating inanimate objects,

熱愛繪製靜止物件的 John

single handedly animated a short film

獨立操刀了一部動畫短片

about a lamp and it's offspring titled,

是一部關於檯燈與他的孩子

Luxo Junior.

片名是頑皮跳跳燈

That short film was later nominated

這部短片之後被學院獎提名

for an Academy Award and was the first

而這是第一部

computer generated short to ever receive that nomination.

被提名的動畫短片

The lamp from that film then became Pixar's mascot.

從這部短片開始，這個檯燈成為了皮克斯的吉祥物

Despite the massive potential though,

雖然他們極度擁有潛能

Pixar was still struggling.

但皮克斯仍在苦苦奮鬥

They were licensing their rendering software.

他們為他們的渲染器授權為

RenderMan,

RenderMan

which became the industry standard

它之後成為展業內的標準

for visual effects in films used in major pictures

被許多當紅電影用來製作視覺特效

such as Jurassic Park.

像是侏儸紀公園就使用了它的技術

But despite that they still couldn't turn a profit.

但即使如此，皮克斯仍未因此而獲益

They started doing commercials,

他們開始做廣告

getting clients like Trident and Tropicana.

他們接收委託像是 Trident 和 Tropicana

They did medical visualization,

他們做了醫學成像

seismic imaging,

也做了地震成像

they sold their hardware,

他們賣了他們的硬體設備

the Pixar Image Computer, which was very expensive.

即 Pixar Image Computer，對當時而言相當昂貴

Yet with all their effort they couldn't make

然而，他們所有的努力仍然沒辦法

their product commercially viable enough

讓他們的產品賺取商業利益

to sustain themselves.

去支持他們自己

Steve Jobs was losing about one million dollars

賈伯斯每年損失了將近一百萬

every year for five years.

這持續了五年

The dire financial problems didn't stop the team

這迫切的經濟問題並沒有阻擋他們

from making more computer animated shorts.

去製作更多電腦繪製的動畫

Their third film,

他們的第三部動畫

Tin Toy,

小錫兵

telling the story of toys trying to escape

講述一個故事關於玩具們試著逃脫

a terrifying baby won the Academy Award in 1988.

一個可怕的寶寶，而這贏得了 1988 年的學院獎

Disney, who not that long ago before had fired John,

不久前開除 John 的迪士尼

saw the success of his shorts and asked him to come back

看見他短片的成功並邀請他回來

and direct a feature film for them.

為他們導一部劇情片

This was a life long dream for John

對於 John 來說，這是他長久以來的夢想

and he was currently working on a company

而他正任職於一個

on the brink of bankruptcy.

正在面臨破產的公司

Yet he refused Disney

然而，他拒絕了迪士尼的邀約

and he stayed with Pixar

決定待在皮克斯

still dreaming to make the first

仍夢想著製作第一部

computer animated feature film.

電腦繪製的長篇劇情片

(subdued music)

(漸弱的音效)

After the success of Tin Toy

在小錫兵的成功後

the idea of an entire film from the toy's point of view

從玩具的角度去講一整部片的點子

stuck with them.

仍被他們惦記著

And despite refusing Disney not too long beforehand,

雖然不久前才拒絕了迪士尼的邀約

he knew that if he wanted to make a fully length film

他知道如果他想要製作一個完整的長篇動畫

they would need the financial support of a larger studio

身為大型的工作室，他們會需要經濟上的贊助

for marketing and distribution.

去行銷與發送

Disney was the perfect candidate.

迪士尼是個完美的候選

He pitched them the idea and they loved it.

他提出他的想法而他們也喜歡

At that time animated feature had only one style,

在那個時候，動畫電影只有一個風格

the Disney style.

就是迪士尼的風格

That style was so established that when Tom Hanks

他們的風格創立於當湯姆漢克斯

was asked to do the voice for the film he asked,

被邀約去為他們的電影配音而問的問題

"You're not gonna make me sing, are ya?"

「你們不會逼我唱歌吧？對嗎？」

But the people at Pixar wanted to do it differently.

但是，皮克斯想嘗試不同的事

They had a set of rules they set for themselves.

他們訂立了一些規則給自己

There would be no songs.

他們不會有歌曲

♫ Mister I'll make a man

「要成為男子漢」

♫ Out of you ♫

「不認輸」

No "I want" moment.

不會有「我想要」的獨白

♫ I want to be where the people are ♫

「我想要到人類生活的地方」

No happy village.

沒有快樂的村莊

♫ Bojour

「早安」

♫ Bojour

「早安」

♫ Bojour, Bojour, Bojour ♫

「早安！早安！早安！」

No love story.

沒有愛情故事

♫ Can you feel the love ♫

「妳感受到愛了嗎？」

And no villain.

沒有反派

This went against everything that was

這違背了所有當時

proving to be working in the animation industry at the time.

動畫產業證明可運性的特點

Despite their drive to do something different

即使如此，他們仍想做些不同的事

Disney executives were at their backs

有迪士尼的執行委員在他們背後撐腰

giving them notes and ideas.

給他們提點以及點子

They were the experienced studio,

他們是有經驗的工作室

they though they knew what makes animated films work.

他們認為自己知道該如何製作動畫片

After a year of preparation,

經過數年的準備

working on story boards and story reels,

在迪士尼的引導下準備畫面分鏡劇本和故事版

guided by Disney they screened the pitch

他們播出了他們的影片

of what would later become Toy Story.

這之後便成為了玩具總動員

Disney hated it.

迪士尼討厭這影片

It wasn't funny,

他們覺得這不好笑

it wasn't moving,

也不感人

Woody was a horrible character.

胡迪是個討厭的腳色

The film was clearly not working,

這電影明顯沒辦法行銷

Disney shut down production the next day.

隔天迪士尼便終止了他們的製作

(lighthearted music)

(輕鬆的音樂)

This could have been the end for Pixar.

這可能會是皮克斯的終點

However, John did not give up

但是 John 沒有放棄對於

on the story he believed in.

這故事的信念

Within a period of three weeks

三週內

with a talented yet small team

他與一組能幹的小組

he completely re-did the story like originally he wanted to

他全部重做他的故事並改為他原本設想的電影

without all the notes and ideas

屏除了經驗老到的迪士尼執行委員們的

from experienced Disney executives.

提點與意見

They had a second screening

他們有了第二次試映會

and this time the story worked,

而這次有所成效了

production was back on track.

製作再次回到正軌

The film took almost five years to make,

這部電影花了將近五年去做

and in 1995 it was released to become

在 1955 年，他的上映

the highest grossing film of that year,

成為了當年最高票房的電影

making 192 million dollars domestically

國內賺了 1.92 億

and 362 million dollars worldwide.

海外賺了 3.62 億元

The film got three Oscar nominations

這部電影獲得了三座奧斯卡提名

and John received a special achievement award

John 因為製作了第一部電腦繪製的劇情片

for making the first computer animated feature film.

而獲得了特別成就獎

It seemed that Pixar was is the clear,

看來皮克斯完全沒問題了

the studio was now a success and their worries were over.

工作室大獲成功而他們的擔憂也該消失了

But that was not the case.

但事實卻不是如此

There was one big problem.

他們仍有一個大問題

According to the deal they made with Disney

根據他們與迪士尼的合約

Pixar didn't have the rights to any of the profits

皮克斯對於周邊商品的收益

for merchandise,

沒有任何版權

and in fact barely made any money from the film.

事實上他們幾乎沒有從這部電影裡拿到任何錢

They were still struggling financially.

他們經濟仍然拮据

They decided that their only choice was to go public

他們決定他們唯一的選擇是讓公司上市

in order to raise capital.

好為了 籌集資金

They went on to be the biggest IPO of 1995,

他們的首次公開募股是 1995 年最大的

exceeding even Netscape,

甚至遠勝於網景通訊

raising 132 million dollars.

籌集了 1.32 億

(gentle music)

(柔和的音樂)

Disney wanted to renew their agreement

迪士尼想要更新他們與皮克斯的合約

to distribute more Pixar films,

好發行更多皮克斯電影

and they signed a new contract to produce

他們簽了一份新合約

five more films together over the period of 10 years,

在 10 年內合作製作多於五部的電影

this time dividing the profits 50/50.

這次，收益將分半對收

Pixar was still, however,

然而，對於皮克斯

a single success story so far,

他們目前只成功了一個故事

not sure if Toy Story was just a fluke.

我們無法確定玩具總動員是否只是僥倖

So it was their second film that would

所以他們的第二部片將會

determine the future of the studio.

決定工作室的未來