they met enemies face to face,

它們正面迎擊敵人

endured tragedies and enjoyed victories…

忍受挫敗並享受勝利...

they went down in history due to the bravery of their crews…

它們因為勇敢的船員而在歷史上留名

they are the ships that deserve to be called

這些船艦值得被稱為

“Naval Legends!”

「海軍傳奇!」

In this episode: Battleship Iowa: a Trump Card That Was Never Played

在這一集中: 戰鬥艦Iowa: 一張從未使用的王牌

In the 1930s, the whole world was crazy about two things: swing music and…

在1930年代，整個世界只為兩件事瘋狂: 爵士樂以及...

guns.

火砲

The passion that politicians and industrial moguls

政治家以及工業大亨

showed to the latter had all the signs of gigantomania.

對後者有著極大的興趣

By finding legal loopholes in international arms control treaties and conventions,

在國際軍備控制條約和公約中尋找合法的漏洞

or simply ignoring them,

或是直接無視它們

countries were constantly building new and unprecedented weapon systems,

許多國家都持續建造新型而且空前的

for both land and sea.

空中和地面武器系統

They were becoming bigger,

它們越來越巨大

heavier,

笨重

and more powerful.

且更強大

The global arms race involved the most advanced technologies

全球性的軍備競賽包含著當時最先進的科技

of the time and huge financial resources.

以及大量投入的資金

In order to compete with any of our potential enemies

為了要與我們的潛在敵人競爭

enemies it was felt necessary to increase the size of our ships.

人們認為有必要建造更巨大的船艦

So the Iowa was a 45,000-ton battleship.

所以 Iowa 號是 45000 噸的戰鬥艦

The prior ships had been less: the South Dakota-class

先前的船艦的重量都不到這個標準 South Dakota 級

and the North Carolina-class.

North Carolina 級

A battleship is basically a floating artillery battery,

一艘戰鬥艦基本上就是一座浮在水面上的大砲

so her size directly depends on the size of her primary guns.

所以她的大小取決於她的主砲的大小

The 16-inch main batteries on battleship Iowa,

Iowa 號戰鬥艦上 16 英吋的主砲

of which there are three, three turrets.

總共有三座砲塔，三聯裝

Each turret has three guns…

每一座砲塔有三門砲

Everything about the ship design is structured around becoming…

所有艦上的設計都是圍繞著這三座砲塔

being a platform for the 16-inch guns.

設計成 16 英吋主砲的平台

It's like small arms: there is a common misbelief that the pistol is designed first,

就像是小型武器: 常見的誤解像是，先設計手槍

and then the cartridge.

然後才是彈藥

No, the Defense Ministry always orders the cartridge.

這並不正確 國防部門永遠會先要求彈藥規格

The same for ships: the enemy has 15 inches and 12 inches

船艦上也是一樣，敵人擁有 380 公釐以及 305 公釐的火砲

Let's make 16 inches,

那我們就來製造 406 公釐的火砲吧

because we already have some of the technologies.

因為我們已經有部分的技術了

But let's not make it 40, but 50 calibers long. And they made a 16-inch gun.

但是我們不要做成 40 倍徑，而要是 50 倍徑 所以他們就做了 406 公釐的火砲

So the ship was built to carry this particular gun

船艦就是設計來裝備這樣特別的艦砲

Key Specifications of Battleship Iowa

戰鬥艦 Iowa 性能諸元

Total displacement: 57,540 tons

排水量: 57,540 噸

Length: 887 feet 6 inches

長度: 270.5 公尺

Beam: 108 feet 3 inches

寬度: 33 公尺

Draft: 36 feet 1 inch

吃水: 11 公尺

Armament:

武裝

Primary armament: Nine Mark 7 guns in three triple turrets

主武裝: 九門 Mark 7 分裝在三座三連裝砲塔中

Caliber: 16 inches

口徑: 406 公釐

Maximum range: 24 miles

最大射程: 39 公里

Dual-purpose artillery:

平高兩用砲:

20 Mark 12 guns in 10 coaxial Mark 28 turrets

20 門 Mark 12 砲分裝在 10 座 Mark 28 砲塔中

Caliber: 5 inches

口徑: 127 公釐

Anti-aircraft armament: 19 quadruple Bofors guns

防空武器: 19 座四連裝 Bofors 機砲

52 Oerlikon Mark 2/3/4 autocannons

52 門 Oerlikon Mark 2/3/4 機砲

Air group: 3 Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes

航空隊: 3 架 Vought OS2U Kingfisher水上機

During construction, Iowa's armor was declared

在建造的過程中，因為要混淆敵人

higher than it actually was, in order to mislead the enemy.

所以公佈的裝甲厚度高於實際厚度

The real specifications are as follows:

以下是實際的裝甲厚度

Main belt: 12.1 inches

主裝甲: 307 公釐

Main turrets: 7.2–17 inches

主砲砲塔: 184–432 公釐

Conning tower: 7.2–17.3 inches

指揮塔: 184–440 公釐

Main armor deck: 6–7 inches

裝甲甲板: 153–179 公釐

Iowa has the most powerful power plant among battleships.

相較於其他戰鬥艦，Iowa 號有最強的動力系統

Four geared turbine engines with

四座渦輪發動機

eight turbines produced by General Electric.

以及八座 GE 製造的渦輪機

Eight boilers produced by Babcock & Wilcox

八座由 Babcock & Wilcox 製造的鍋爐

Power: 212,000 hp

出力: 212,000 馬力

Maximum speed: about 33 knots

極速: 約為 33 節

Cruising range: about 20,000 nautical miles at a speed of 15 knots

巡航距離: 於15節航行時 約 20,000 英哩

Battleship Iowa had a very unique hull design and the bull nose.

Iowa 號戰鬥艦有非常特殊的 船體和船艏設計

And you can also see that her lines were very tapered, almost aerodynamic.

您可以看到她的線條很優美 幾乎可以說是符合空氣力學的

…and that's all part and parcel of how they got

這就是為什麼他們有辦法

this 57,000-ton behemoth up to a speed of 33 knots.

讓這隻 57000 噸的巨獸以 33 節的高速飛奔

…which is very, very fast and almost…

這非常非常快

you could say it's almost power boat speed,

幾乎可以說是動力小艇的高速

you know, very unusual for a warship...

你知道的 這對一艘軍艦來說很不尋常

This became an important advantage later on,

這變成一個非常重要的優點

during the war in the Pacific Theatre.

在太平洋戰場上

With a speed like that, Iowa could efficiently escort carrier task forces.

有著這樣的速度 Iowa 號可以很有效的保護航母戰鬥群

They put about 140 20-mm and 40-mm anti-aircraft guns on the ship,

他們在船上安裝了約 140 門 20mm 機砲和 40mm 防空機砲

and the carriers loved them because they were able to protect the carrier.

航空母艦非常喜歡它們 因為這些武器有能力保護航母

When Iowa was still under construction, the Americans realized

當 Iowa 號還在建造時，美國人發現

that she would play a secondary role in battles against the Japanese fleet.

她將成為對抗日本艦隊的第二主力

Aircraft carriers were becoming the main striking force of the navy.

航空母艦將是海軍主要的攻擊力量

But a giant like Iowa played a worthy role in the world war, too.

但是像 Iowa 號這樣的巨人 依然在戰爭中扮演著重要角色

The battleship Iowa was commissioned in early 1943.

戰鬥艦 Iowa 號號於1943年初服役

Its first mission on was to go north…

她的第一個任務是往北…

Naval intelligence felt that the Tirpitz, the German battleship,

海軍情報機關認為德國戰鬥艦 Tirpitz 號

may be coming into the North Atlantic.

也許會進入北大西洋海域

The battleship Iowa was sent on an early mission north to block the Tirpitz.

戰鬥艦 Iowa 號被送往北方，阻止 Tirpitz 號

Suppose battleships Iowa and Tirpitz met in battle.

假如戰鬥艦 Iowa 號與 Tirpitz 號相遇的話

Iowa had higher speed, greater maneuverability, and longer range of fire.

Iowa 號有著較高的航速 更好的機動和更遠的火砲射程

Tirpitz would be trying to get in close to Iowa,

Tirpitz 號需要找機會接近 Iowa 號

and Iowa would be looking to keep away,

而 Iowa 號則需要保持距離優勢

maneuvering and firing at Tirpitz from a great distance.

機動迴避，並且在遠距離上對 Tirpitz 號發動攻擊

Iowa would have definitely won this battle.

Iowa 號絕對會贏得戰鬥

But the two naval heavyweight warriors never met,

只是兩個海上重量級武士從沒遭遇過

so we can only imagine how their duel would have ended.

因此我們只能想像她們的決鬥 會怎麼結束而已

Then, their second mission, on October 12, 1943, was to accompany,

接下來，她們的第二個任務 1943年10月12日，是個伴隨任務

or I should say, carry Franklin Roosevelt across the Atlantic to North Africa.

或是應該說 載著羅斯福越過大西洋，前往北非

From there he went on to visit Churchill and Stalin in the Tehran Conference.

在那裡，他於德黑蘭會議中會見邱吉爾和史達林

Roosevelt was on board the ship for 15 days.

羅斯福在船上待了 15 天

When President Roosevelt came on board, the first thing he saw was Vicky.

當羅斯福總統登艦時 第一個看到的東西是 Vicky

Now, the first captain, Captain John McCrea,

現在，海軍上校 John McCrea

brought this little dog home one day.

帶著他的小狗回家的第一天

And his wife looked at the dog and said,

他的妻子看到後說

“Get that thing out of here.”

「把那玩意給我弄出家裡。」

So Captain McCrea took the dog and brought him on the ship.

因此，John McCrea 就帶著這隻小狗上船了

And President Roosevelt asked “Who is this little dog?”

然後羅斯福總統問到 「這隻小狗是誰啊?」

And Captain McCrea said, “Well, that's our little ship's mascot, named Vicky.”

John McCrea 回答 「喔，這是我們船的吉祥物，名叫Vicky」

So Vicky spent the whole 15 days of the

如此一來 Vicky 整整 15 天

Roosevelt's passage in the cabin with Roosevelt,

都和總統待在同一個艙間

he would roll or play tricks.

他會翻滾或是表演一些小把戲

While he wasn't very good as a sailor,

儘管他不是個好水手

he was very good as a dog.

但是卻是條好狗

And Roosevelt really enjoyed Vicky.

而且 Vicky 也很討羅斯福喜歡

In early 1944, battleship Iowa joined the United States Fifth Fleet,

1944年初，戰鬥艦 Iowa 號 加入美國海軍第五艦隊

which operated in the Pacific Ocean.

這是一隻在太平洋活動的艦隊

By that time, US forces were already attacking Japanese positions on various islands.

這個時候，美軍已在數個日佔島嶼發起攻擊

The battleship's role was to provide fire support to landing troops

戰鬥艦的任務是提供登陸部隊火力支援

and escort aircraft carriers during air raids on the Philippines,

還有保護攻擊菲律賓

the Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan.

琉球和台灣的航母戰鬥群

…the ship crisscrossing across a lot of these

艦隊經過很多

small islands that are really forgotten now.

無名的島嶼

At one point they went up to support MacArthur's

有一次，她們前去支援麥克阿瑟的

landing in the Philippines at Leyte Gulf.

菲律賓雷伊泰灣登陸戰

And unfortunately they went the wrong way

很不幸的 她們跑去追一支

at Leyte Gulf and chased a Japanese carrier

可以說是誘餌的日本航艦艦隊

force that was really a decoy for the landing.

這支艦隊對登陸來說並不是重點

They came back, but a little too late to assist in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

她們回頭，但是錯過了雷伊泰灣海戰的最佳時機

They missed that one opportunity to maybe have a contact with the Yamato.

它們錯過了也許是遭遇大和號的機會

The two ships never met in combat;

這兩艘船從沒機會在戰場上相遇

and both countries kept their capital battleships at,

兩個國家都將她們做為旗艦

shall we say arm's length, kept them at distance,

而且保護的很好 和敵人保持距離

because there was great political risk to having

因為任何一方的嚴重受損

either one of the ships damaged severely in battle.

對政治上來說都不利

Japanese industry, in those days, simply didn't

那時候的日本工業

have the resources to build ships in large numbers.

基本沒資源建造大規模的艦隊

The solution was simple: to make huge ships that would

解決方法很簡單

exceed the largest ships of other nations—super battleships.

讓少數大船對抗敵人的大艦隊 – 這就是超級戰鬥艦

Battleship Yamato is the biggest battleship in the world.

戰鬥艦大和號是世界上最大的戰鬥艦

Her shell velocity was 2,600 ft/s

她的主砲砲彈重達 1.5 噸

while its weight could be up to 3,300 pounds

以每秒 790 公尺的初速射出

Such a large gun could inflict very serious damage.

這麼大口徑的砲彈可以製造非常嚴重的傷害

They beat us. The Japanese essentially broke the treaty.

他們打敗我們了 日本人實質上違反了條約

On the other side,

另一方面

Соединённые Штаты Америки.

美國建造的

the United States of America was simply building a ship

軍艦

that met the contemporary requirements of naval warfare

符合當代海軍要求

and could easily, without any extra effort, be built by the American industry…

並且可以毫無困難的讓美國工業生產出來

During the war the Japanese fleet could afford to build only two battleships,

在戰時，日本艦隊只能養得起兩艘戰鬥艦

while the Americans were able to construct more and more new battleships…

而美國卻能製造更多更多的新型戰艦

The Americans were simply building another ship, and she turned out to be a good one...

美國人只是單純的建造一艘新船 而這艘船其實很不錯

The Iowa, I think (of course, I would probably say this),

我覺得(當然，我也應該會這麼說)

would've taken the day in a battle against the Yamato.

應該能在戰鬥中對抗大和號

She had very accurate fire control for a ship of the 1940s.

Iowa 號有著1940年代非常精確的火控系統

And I think that would be an advantage for her if that ship fights such a battle.

我想這對於艦隊砲戰來說十分重要

It was so accurate that in 1984, when they recommissioned the ship,

這玩意真的很準 1984年這艘船再次服役時

they kept the existing system in place, even though they had modern computers.

他們還是使用著這套系統 儘管他們有新的現代電腦

The Iowa could put a round very, very close to the

Iowa 號依然可以把砲彈打在非常靠近目標的位置

target, so accurate that they didn't need to change it.

他們根本不需要換掉這套系統

Iowa was the most dangerous enemy for Yamato.

Iowa 號是大和號最大的敵人

If they had met at a range from from 66,000 to 98,000 feet

如果她們於 20~30 公里的距離上相遇

especially in a one-on-one fight and in fine

尤其是一對一戰鬥

weather, Iowa would have no chance of winning.

而且天氣狀況良好的話，Iowa 號基本不可能獲勝

However, thanks to better radar Iowa could fight in bad weather and at night.

但是，Iowa 號優秀的雷達系統讓她可以在惡劣天氣或是夜間作戰

Powerful guns, high speed, and precise radar made Iowa a formidable adversary.

威力巨大的主砲，高航速還有精確的雷達 使得 Iowa 號成為一個可敬的對手

If these two battleships had fought each other,

如果這兩艘戰鬥艦相遇的話

the victory would depend completely on the battle conditions…

獲勝與否完全取決於戰場的氣候狀況

…We could get in quick and fire. But then there's always the lucky shot.

我們有能力快速就位並射擊 但是幸運的一擊都有可能出現

The changing tactics of naval warfare increased the role of aircraft carriers

海軍戰術的改變 使得航空母艦的地位上升

and deprived Iowa of a chance to use its primary armament against surface ships.

戰鬥艦變得沒什麼機會對抗水面艦艇

So the battleship used its firepower against the enemy's coastal positions.

因此，戰鬥艦常常用其火力 壓制敵方岸防據點

On August 29, 1945, when the war was virtually over,

1945年8月29日，當戰爭已經結束時

Iowa stood side by side with her sister ship Missouri and entered the Tokyo Bay

Iowa 號和她的姊妹艦 Missouri 號以佔領軍的姿態

as part of the occupation force.

肩並肩進入東京灣

We were next to our sister ship, the Missouri.

我們和姊妹艦 Missouri 號在一起

And the Missouri, of course, is where Douglas MacArthur

當然，那就是麥克阿瑟將軍

accepted the final surrender of the Japanese.

接受日本投降的地方

Now, we like to say on the Iowa that had Roosevelt lived,

現在，我們認為既然羅斯福住過 Iowa 號

that signing might have been on the Iowa, because he had been on this ship.

簽字儀式就應該在這艘船上面

But President Truman was from the state of

但是杜魯門總統是密蘇里州出生的

Missouri, and so the signing was on the Missouri.

所以簽字儀式就在 Missouri 號上面舉行

A sailor that was on that trip once told me…

當時在場的一位水手告訴我…

I asked him if he was sad that he didn't get the signing instead of the Missouri.

我問他你會對於簽字地點不在 Iowa 號上面感到難過嗎?

And he said, “No, not really.

他說「 不，才不會

The war was over, we had lived, we were going home to our wives and children,

戰爭已經結束了 我們終於可以返家見見孩子和妻子

and all the guys on the Missouri were busy preparing

而 Missouri 號上的人都在忙著準備

a photo opportunity for Douglas MacArthur.”

拍攝整個簽字儀式"

At the end of the war, we brought back a large number of American POWs,

戰爭結束後，我們帶回了一大批美籍戰俘

Japanese prisoners of war…

在日本的戰俘

And we brought them home and sailed through the Golden Gate bridge.

我們帶他們回家，當我們航行過金門大橋時

And the war was over.

戰爭真的結束了

For her service in World War II, the battleship was decorated with nine battle stars.

這艘戰鬥艦在二戰中榮獲九枚戰鬥之星

In 1949, Iowa was decommissioned into the reserve fleet, but two years later

1949年，Iowa 號退役，並編入後備艦隊 但是兩年之後

she was recommissioned and sent on a mission to the coast of Korea.

她重新服役，並送到朝鮮戰場作戰

The battleship returned home with two more battle stars.

這艘戰艦在戰爭結束後再獲得兩顆戰鬥之星

From 1958 to 1984, Iowa was kept in reserve, and after

1958到1984年間，Iowa 號維持其後備艦艇的身分

modernization she returned to active service again.

進行現代化改裝之後再次回到現役

However, the event that took place in the late 1980s showed

無論如何，一場發生在 80 年代末期的事故

that battleships can also sustain losses outside of wartime.

讓我們了解了就算沒有戰爭 戰艦還是可能遭受損失

On April 19, 1989, the biggest tragedy that ever struck this ship occurred.

1989年4月19日，這艘船遭遇了她的最大危機

The ship was about 400 miles or so north of Puerto Rico.

該艦在波多黎各北方 400 英哩處

As I understand it, they had loaded the shell in the Number 2 turret,

據我所知，他們已經裝填好二號砲塔的彈頭

rammed in the powder, and they were about to close the breach when something happened.

正在裝填推進藥 並且正要關閉砲尾時悲劇發生了

There was an explosion that killed 47 men...

這次爆炸造成 47 人殉職

It was by far the biggest loss of life on the ship.

這是該艦遭遇過最大的一次人員傷亡

Having recovered from the tragedy, the battleship

從災難中復原後 這艘戰鬥艦

returned home and joined the reserve fleet.

返回家鄉並加入了後備艦隊

In 2001, 58 years since her launch by the New York Naval Shipyard,

2001年，在紐約海軍船塢下水的 58 年後

after she had crossed tens of thousands of miles

這艘航行了上萬英哩

and fired thousands of shells at the enemies,

並射擊千發砲彈的戰艦 Iowa 號

battleship Iowa was berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.

最後停泊在洛杉磯的港口中

She's unique, because she did have three careers in the Navy:

她很特別 因為她有三段海軍服役生涯:

World War II, Korea, and the 1980s.

二戰，韓戰，還有80年代

And then now she's on her fourth career as a museum ship...

而現在，她再次服役 以一艘博物館船的身分