this is video 5.

這是第 5 部影片。

In this series, were studying the real pronunciation.

這系列中，我們將學習正確的英文發音。

This is likely different from what you learned in English class.

這跟你以前在英文課裡學的東西可能不太一樣。

You see, in American English, we have all sorts of words that are unstressed or even reduced:

美式英文中，有很多單字的發音其實沒有重音或甚至被省略掉，

that means we change the pronunciation.

省略就代表它的發音改變了。

The set of the 100 most common words in English contains many, many words that reduce.

在這「100 個最常見英文單字」中就包含了很多省略發音的單字。

If you haven't already seen video 1

如果你還沒看過這系列的第 1 部影片

and the other videos in this series, I do suggest

和其他影片的話，我非常建議你

you start there.

從第 1 部影片開始看。

These videos build one on top of the next,

這些影片都是按照順序排好的，

so click here to watch video one.

你可以點擊上方去看第 1 部影片。

Today, were starting with number 41, the word 'so'.

今天，我們要從第 41 個單字「so」開始。

Does this word reduce?

這個字有省略發音嗎？

Yes it does.

答案是有的。

Fully pronounced, it has the OH as in NO diphthong.

它的完整發音和 NO 一樣，有雙母音「OH」。

So, so.

So, so.

I don't think so.

I don't think so.

So. Your hair looks so good.

So. Your hair looks so good.

So.

So.

But you'll hear it reduced to 'suh' 

但你會聽到它省略成「suh」，

when its used as a filler word at the beginning of a sentence.

當它放在句首，當語助詞的時候。

As a filler word, the word doesn't really have meaning.

語助詞不具有任何意義。

For example:  So what do you think?

例如：So what do you think?

So what do you think? So. So.

So what do you think? So. So.

So you're going to need another one.  So. So.

So you're going to need another one.  So. So.

You'll definitely hear Americans do this.

你一定會聽到美國人這樣用。

Number 42:  Up.

第 42 個字，「Up」。

Hey, we found another word that doesn't reduce.

又找到沒有省略發音的單字了。

This word will be stressed.

這個字有重音。

We're on number 42 of the 100 most common words in English,

在「100 個最常見英文單字」中，這是我們學到的第 42 個，

and this is only the third word that generally is always stressed.

也是目前為止第 3 個發音永遠有重音的單字。

How amazing that so many words are unstressed or reduce!

驚人的是有這麼多發音沒有重音或被省略的單字！

For this word, we have the UH as in BUTTER vowel and the P consonant, Up.

這個字的發音，是由 BUTTER 的母音「UH」和 子音 P 組成，Up。

Up.

Up.

P is a stop consonant,

P 是子音中的塞音，

which means we stop the air, up-,

就是先用嘴唇阻擋氣流，up-，

and release it, pp.

然後嘴唇放鬆，使氣流通過，pp。

The release is very light.

輕輕地放鬆。

Up, up.

Up, up.

Sometimes we don't release stop consonants,

有時會省略放鬆嘴唇這個步驟，

like if it's at the end of a thought group:

例如它放在字組的最後時：

What's up?

What's up?

What's up?

What's up?

There I'm not releasing the P.

這邊 P 的發音，我省略了放鬆嘴唇的步驟。

What's up?

What's up?

Also we often skip the release if the next word begins with a consonant sound:

如果後面接子音開頭的單字，也會省略放鬆嘴唇的步驟：

What's up, Mom?

What's up, Mom?

What's up, Mom?

What's up, Mom?

My lips came together for the P,

我的嘴唇閉攏是為了 P 的發音，

but then when they parted, rather than pp,

但我的嘴唇打開之後，我沒有 pp，

the light escape of air, I just went right into the M sound.

沒有慢慢讓氣流通過，而是直接發出 M 音。

I think 'up' is so common because its used in so many phrasal verbs.

Up 這麼常見，是因為它常和其他動詞搭配成動詞片語。

Crack up, break up, throw up, act up,

Crack up, break up, throw up, act up,

creep up, butter up,

creep up, butter up,

burn up, bone up, just to name a few.

burn up, bone up，這邊列舉一些。

There are so many phrasal verbs in English.

英文裡還有很多動詞片語。

At the beginning of 2017, I made a new video every day going over phrasal verbs.

2017 年初的時候，我每天都有拍一部講解動詞片語的影片。

Click here to see that collection, or see the link in the video description.

你可以點擊上方或影片介紹裡的連結觀看那個系列的影片。

Number 43:  Out.

第 43 個字，「Out」。

Oh, this is funny.

有趣了。

This is another word that is common in phrasal verbs.

又是個常與動詞搭配的單字。

Work out, figure out, burn out, black out,

Work out, figure out, burn out, black out,

block out, stand out, bring out.

block out, stand out, bring out.

Not surprising that some of these phrasal verb parts

這些常和動詞搭配的單字出現在這 100 個單字裡，

are showing up on this list.

其實一點也不意外。

There are a bunch without.

因為在這之外還有很多。

And this word doesn't reduce.

這個字沒有省略發音。

We have the OW diphthong, ow,

它是由雙母音「OW」，ow，

and the T consonant, out.

和子音 T 組成的，out。

Out.

Out.

And just like P, T is a stop consonant.

跟 P 一樣，T 也是塞音。

We don't usually release it: tt--

常省略放鬆舌頭的步驟：tt--

if it comes at the end of a thought group, or if the next word begins with a consonant.

假如在字組後，或後面接子音開頭的單字。

Let's look at some examples:  Watch out!

我們來看一些例子：Watch out!

End of the phrase, an unreleased T.

片語後面的 T，省略舌頭放鬆的步驟。

Watch out.

Watch out.

I cut off the air, so it's not: watch ow.

我阻斷了氣流，所以不是 watch ow。

Watch ow.

Watch ow.

That would just sound like there was no T.

這樣會聽不出來有 T 的發音。

But with the abrupt stop, watch out!

但如果迅速阻斷氣流的話，watch out!

Without the falling intonation, it sounds like a T to us.

語調沒有下降，聽起來就有 T 的發音。

Watch out.

Watch out.

You can't back out now.

You can't back out now.

Out now.

Out now.

There, the T was followed by a word beginning with a consonant,

這時 T 的後面接子音開頭的單字，

another Stop T.

一樣是塞音。

Out now.

Out now.

Out now.

Out now.

T is special:  if the next word begins with a vowel or diphthong, then we flap it.

T的發音很特別：如果後面接母音或雙母音開頭的單字，我們會快速地彈一下舌頭。

A single rra-- against the roof of the mouth.

很快速地 rra-- 向口腔上方彈一下。

For example:  Get out of here.

例如：Get out of here.

Out of, out of.

Out of, out of.

Ra-- ra--

Ra-- ra--

A flap T to connect the two words.

用快速彈舌的 T 連結兩個單字。

And did you notice the reduction of OF?

而且你有注意到 OF 的發音被省略了嗎？

Yep, that's just the schwa.

只剩下央音。

'Of' is word number 4 in the 100 most common words in English list.

在「100 個最常見英文單字」中，「Of」是第 4 個單字。

Number 44.  The word IF.

第 44 個單字，「IF」。

This word is usually a conjunction and then, it's unstressed.

這個單字多作連接詞用，而且它沒有重音。

It's said very quickly.

所以語速非常快。

Call me if you get lost.

Call me if you get lost.

Call me if you get lost.

Call me if you get lost.

Call me if you get lost.

Call me if you get lost.

Here, its part of a string of unstressed words.

這一連串沒有重音的字中，它是其中之一。

Low in pitch, flat, said quickly.  If, if, if.

音調較低、較扁平、速度快。 If, if, if.

Me if you-- me if you-- call me if you get lost.

Me if you-- me if you-- call me if you get lost.

You might even hear the word reduced at the beginning of a sentence,

甚至在句首，它的發音就被省略了，

just the F sound attached to the next word, no vowel:

省略母音，只剩 F 音，並與後面單字的發音連接：

If you want to leave, that's okay.

If you want to leave, that's okay.

If she doesn't care, that's okay.

If she doesn't care, that's okay.

Ff, ff, ff, if you wanna.

Ff, ff, ff, if you wanna.

If she-- ff--

If she-- ff--

Reduced.

母音省略。

Number 45, the word about.

第 45 個字，「about」。

This word can be a preposition, an adverb, or an adjective.

這個單字可以作介係詞、副詞或是形容詞用。

It doesn't reduce, none of the sounds change.

它沒有省略發音，正常發音即可。

Sometimes its stressed in a sentence,

有時在句中的發音有重音，

for example, I was out and about and thought I'd stop by.

例如，I was out and about and thought I'd stop by.

About, about.

About, about.

Its longer and it has more volume, a higher pitch: out and about.

發音時間變長且更大聲、音調更高：out and about.

But it can also be unstressed:

但有時發音沒有重音：

It's all about the timing.

It's all about the timing.

It's all about the timing.

It's all about the timing.

About the, about the, about the,

About the, about the, about the,

it's lower in pitch and volume, and a little less clear than when it was stressed, about.

音調較低、較小聲，也比有重音的時候稍微模糊一些，about.

It's all about the timing.

It's all about the timing.

About the, about the, about the.

About the, about the, about the.

So, it can be unstressed, but nothing changes, it doesn't reduce.

因此，它可以不用重音唸，但發音不改變，不省略。

Since its a two-syllable word, it still has one syllable that's stressed,

即使這個單字只有兩個音節，它還是有一個音節比較重，

that's a little clearer, even when the word is being used in an unstressed way.

所以就算不用重音唸，它聽起來還是蠻清楚的。

Number 46.  The word 'who'.

第 46 個字，「who」。

We already talked about one question word, and that is the word 'what'.

我們之前討論過另外一個疑問詞，也就是「what」。

That word can reduce, we do drop the T if the next word begins with a D.

它可以省略發音，如果後面接 D 開頭的單字，會省略掉 T的發音。

But generally, question words don't reduce.

不過一般來說，疑問詞是不省略發音的。

Generally, they're stressed.

它們的發音一般都有重音。

Who was that?

Who was that?

Who does she think she is?

Who does she think she is?

When 'who' begins a question, it doesn't reduce.

當 Who 在疑問句首時，不省略發音。

It's the H sound and the OO as in BOO vowel.

它的發音由 H 音和 BOO 的母「OO」組成。

Who, who.

Who, who.

But sometimes we use the word 'who' in the middle of a sentence.

但有時 who 在句中時。

Then it can reduce.

它就會省略發音。

For example:  Anyone who wants to come can come.

例如：Anyone who wants to come can come.

Anyone who wants.

Anyone who wants.

Anyone who wants.

Anyone who wants.

Did you notice how I reduced that?

你有注意到我怎麼省略它的發音嗎？

I dropped the consonant!

我省略了子音。

It was just the OO vowel.

只剩下母音「OO」。

Oo, anyone who. Anyone who wants.

Oo, anyone who. Anyone who wants.

This is a reduction you might hear Americans do.

你也許會聽到美國人這樣說。

Number 47:  The word 'get'.

第 47 個字，「get」。

A verb, this word is a content word and is generally stressed in a sentence.

它作動詞用，是單字中的「實字」，在句中的發音有重音。

So this is the 5th word we've found in our list of the 100 most common words in English

在「100 個最常見英文單字」中，這是我們認識的第 5 個

that I feel confident I can say is always stressed.

發音肯定都有重音的單字。

Just 5 out of 47!  Wow!

在這 47 個單字中，只有 5 個！

Unstressed and reduced words are so common!

沒有重音和省略發音的單字真的很常見！

Let's talk about the pronunciation.

來談談它的發音。

G consonant, EH as in BED vowel, and the T.

它的發音由子音 G、BED 的母音「EH」和 T 組成。

We already talked about an ending T in out.

在 out 這個單字，我們已經討論過 T 結尾的發音了。

The same rules apply here because the T comes at the end of the word,

這裡的發音規則是一樣的，因為它同樣在字尾，

just after a vowel or diphthong.

一樣接在母音或雙母音後面。

If the word ends a thought group or is followed by a consonant,

如果後面接字組或子音開頭的單字，

it will be a Stop T.

發音一樣是塞音。

Example: I'll get the biggest one.  Get the, get the, get the.

例如： I'll get the biggest one.  Get the, get the, get the.

Abrupt stop.

迅速阻斷氣流。

I'll get the biggest one.

I'll get the biggest one.

If the next word begins with a vowel or a diphthong, then you will flap the T:

如果後面接母音或雙母音，舌頭就往口腔上方快速彈一下：

I don't get it.

I don't get it.

Get it, get it, ra--, ra--

Get it, get it, ra--, ra--

I don't get it.

I don't get it.

Do you hear the Flap?  Get it.  I don't get it.

有聽到舌頭快速彈一下的聲音嗎？Get it.  I don't get it.

Number 48.  The word 'which'.

第 48 個字，「which」。

This word can be stressed or unstressed,

這個字的發音可以有重音，也可以沒有，

depending on how it's being used in a sentence.

端看它在句中的用法。

But nothing changes, it doesn't reduce.

但發音沒有改變，沒有省略。

So, stressed, it's: which.

有重音的：which。

Which do you want?

Which do you want?

Which, which. Up-down shape of stress.

Which, which. 重音的位置從高到低。

Which, which.

Which, which.

But unstressed, it's lower in pitch and flat:  which, which.

沒有重音的話，則音調較低，嘴型較扁平：which、which。

The movie, which I saw last night, was terrible.

The movie, which I saw last night, was terrible.

The movie which I-- which, which, which, which.

The movie which I-- which, which, which, which.

Unstressed there, flat. Which. Which.

嘴巴放鬆，嘴型扁平。Which. Which.

Let's talk about the pronunciation.

來講一下它的發音。

It begins with WH.

它的開頭是 WH。

This can be pronounced two ways:  first, a pure W sound.

WH 有兩種發音：一種是只發 W 音。

This is how I've been pronouncing it.

也是我平常習慣的發音。

Ww, ww, which, which.

Ww, ww, which, which.

The other way is to pronounce it, I think is more old-fashioned, with a: hh-- hh-- hh--

另一種方式我覺得比較舊式，有 hh-- hh-- hh-- 的聲音

sound before. A little escape of air first.

在前面。發音的一開始，有些微氣流通過口腔。

Which. Which.  Do you hear that?  HH, hh, which.

Which. Which.  有聽到嗎？  HH, hh, which.

This is actually how my Mom pronounces WH- words,

我媽就是這樣唸 WH 開頭的單字。

and I made a video with her about these two possible pronunciations.

我之前跟她一起拍過一部影片，就是在討論這兩種發音。

Click here or in the description below to see that video.

你可以點擊上方或影片介紹的連結去看這部影片。

W, IH as in SIT vowel, and CH.

由 W、SIT 的母音「IH」和 CH 組成的發音。

Which.

Which.

Which stressed, and which, which, unstressed.

Which，有重音的，和 which、which ，沒有重音的。

Quick question:  Did studying this word make you think of any other words?

隨堂測驗：學這個字有沒有讓你聯想到其他字呢？

Which and witch are homophones when you use the clean W for which.

如果 WH 你只發 W 音，會發現它跟手錶 (watch) 是同音字。

That means they're two totally different words, different spellings, different meanings,

也就是，雖然這兩個字的拼法和意思完全不一樣，

but they have the same pronunciation.

但他們發音是一樣的。

Number 49:  Go.  A verb.

第 49 個字，「Go」，作動詞用。

Let's conjugate it:  I go, you go, she goes,

來看一下它的動詞變化： I go, you go, she goes,

just add a light Z sound at the end: goes, goes, goes.

第三人稱時，只要在結尾加上一點 Z 音就好了。

He goes, we go, they go.

He goes, we go, they go.

Yes, in this form, I would say, this word is always stressed.

照這個規則，我可以肯定這個字的發音一定都有重音。

The G consonant and the OH diphthong.

由子音 G 和雙母音「OH」組成的發音。

Go.

Go.

Jaw drop, then lip rounding for the diphthong.

下顎往下，母音結束時把嘴唇縮回來。

Oh.  Go, go.  Goes.

Oh.  Go, go.  Goes.

But you know what?

但你知道嗎？

There's another conjugation for this word:  the –ing form.

這個字還有另一個變化：就是 ing 形式。

Going.

Going.

I'm going to go to the store.

I'm going to go to the store.

I'm going to go to the mall.

I'm going to go to the mall.

There I'm using the –ing form and the infinitive.

這個句子我用了 ing 形式和不定詞形式的 Go。

Going to go.

Going to go.

Now, if you've seen any of my real-life English videos, or any of my speech analysis videos,

如果你有看過我其他日常生活英語或言談分析的影片，

then you know the phrase 'going to' is very common,

就會知道「going to」這個片語很常見。

and you know, we do reduce that.

也知道，它會省略發音。

What do we reduce it to?  Do you know?

它如何省略發音？你知道嗎？

Going to.

Going to.

Let me say that in a sentence again: I'm going to go to the mall.

我再重複一次剛才的句子：I'm going to go to the mall.

I'm gonna go.

I'm gonna go.

There, did you hear it?

聽出來了嗎？

Gonna-- gonna-- gonna--

Gonna-- gonna-- gonna--

I'm going to go to the mall.

I'm going to go to the mall.

Right. It's 'gonna'.

沒錯。它省略成「gonna」。

One of the most common reductions in all of English.

是英語省略發音中最常見的其中一個。

Now, occasionally I get a comment from someone saying, 'gonna' is not proper English.  Hmm.

有時，我會在評論看到有人說「gonna 不是正統的英文」。

Not true.

錯了。

I would never tell anyone to write it.

我雖然教大家，不要在正式書信中使用它。

Ok?  Don't write it!

知道嗎？千萬不要在正式書信中使用！

But its perfectly natural and normal in spoken English.

但它是英語中很道地、常見的口語用法。

It's proper. It's a beautiful reduction!

它是正統的英語。發音省略得很漂亮！

I made a video several years ago

幾年前我有拍一部影片，

where I took a couple of presidential speeches.

影片裡面我放了一些總統的演說。

And I found examples of gonna.

我發現有些總統在演說中也會使用 gonna。

So even world leaders giving important speeches to large groups of people

因此，即使各國領導者在大眾前發表重要演說，

use this reduction.

也會使用這個字。