Answering these questions often requires collaboration across scientific disciplines and national

回答這些問題往往需要合作 跨學科、跨國家

borders.

邊界。

But what happens when countries are isolated, at war, or just don't get along… what

但是，當國家被孤立的時候，會發生什麼。 在戰爭中，或只是不相處... ... 什麼？

do scientists do then?

那麼科學家們是怎麼做的呢？

In some areas of science it's impossible to do research without collaborating with

在某些科學領域，這是不可能的 擅自進行研究

another country.

另一個國家。

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (or UNESCO) reported

聯合國教育、科學及文化組織 教科文組織的報告

that in 2015 an average of 1 in 4 published scientific papers listed some form of collaboration

指出，2015年平均每4個出版的刊物中就有1個 科學論文列出了一些合作形式

with foreign scientists, and that number continues to grow.

與外國科學家合作，而且這個數字還在繼續 以增長。

For instance, the high altitude, lack of atmosphere and dry conditions in certain parts of Chile

比如說，高海拔，缺乏大氣層 智利某些地區的乾燥條件

make it one of the best places on EARTH to view activity in outer space.

使它成為地球上最好的地方之一。 查看外太空的活動。

This is one reason that it is estimated by 2020, 70% of the global infrastructure for

這是由下列機構估計的原因之一 2020年，全球70%的基礎設施將用於

astronomical observation will be located in Chile.

天文觀測站將設在 智利：

With the rest of the world's astronomers dependent on their facilities for sensitive

與世界其他天文學家一起 依靠其設施來處理敏感問題

measurements good relations are critical if research in astronomy is to advance.

測量的良好關係是至關重要的，如果 天文學的研究是為了推進。

But consider what happens if countries have a challenging political relationship.

但是，如果國家有 具有挑戰性的政治關係。

US relations with Cuba for instance have been famously strained since the 1960's.

例如，美國與古巴的關係一直 自20世紀60年代以來，著名的緊張。

While exchange of scientific information was never expressly forbidden, US embargos on

雖然科學資訊的交流是 從來沒有明文禁止，美國的禁運對

everything from travel to trade between the two countries has made it difficult for Cuban

從旅行到貿易的各個環節 這使古巴人難以接受。

scientists to access instrumentation and equipment that scientists outside the country take for

科學家使用儀器和設備 國外科學家認為

granted.

授予。

This is because modern reagents and scientific equipment are often manufactured in, or contain

這是因為現代試劑和科學 設備往往是在製造或包含

parts, from the United States which exempts them from sale to Cuba.

美國的部分，其中免除美國的責任。 銷往古巴。

Even with these challenges, Cuba is a superstar of science.

即使有這些挑戰，古巴也是一個超級明星。 的科學。

They were the first country to receive validation from the World Health Organization for eliminating

它們是第一個得到確認的國家 世界衛生組織關於消除對婦女歧視的建議

mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and their lung cancer vaccine was an early success for

艾滋病毒母嬰傳播，及其對母嬰傳播的影響。 肺癌疫苗是早期成功的肺癌疫苗。

cancer immunotherapy.

癌症免疫治療。

These innovations made formalized scientific collaboration between the US and Cuba politically

這些創新使正規化的科學 美古合作

more attractive and in 2014 the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Cuban

更具吸引力，2014年，美國協會 科學和技術促進發展委員會與古巴政府的合作

Academy of Sciences signed a historic agreement to “seek opportunities for sustained cooperation.”

科學院簽署歷史性協議 "尋找持續合作的機會"。

In order for them to fulfill that promise, the two countries had to agree to work together

為了讓他們實現這個承諾。 兩國必須同意合作

outside of the laboratory, and this newfound scientific relationship coincided with a general

在實驗室之外，而這種新發現的。 科學關係與一般

easing restrictions between the US and Cuba, including a relaxation of travel restrictions

放寬美國和古巴之間的限制。 包括放寬旅行限制

and a historic visit to Havana by President Obama himself.

和總統對哈瓦那的歷史性訪問 奧巴馬本人。

But of course, 2016 feels like a long time ago, and the current US administration doesn't

但當然，2016年感覺時間很長 前，而美國現政府不

have the same approach to collaboration.

有相同的合作方式。

So it remains to be seen if these agreements are allowed to continue.

是以，這些協議是否會被視為 允許繼續。

Where the public may perceive hostility, scientific collaboration still continues… because scientists

在公眾可能感到敵意的情況下，科研人員可以通過科學的方法來解決。 合作仍在繼續......因為科學家

find greater value in, well, science.

發現更大的價值，嗯，科學。

In other parts of the world, international collaborations like the Human Genome Project

在世界其他地區，國際 人類基因組計劃等合作

and the particle accelerator SESAME in the Middle East (which includes unfriendly countries

粒子加速器和中東同步加速器中的 "SESAME"。 中東(包括不友好國家)

like Iran, Pakistan, and Israel) are pushing humanity's knowledge of the universe forward

諸如伊朗、巴基斯坦和以色列等國）正在推動 推進人類對宇宙的認識

and creating havens of cooperation in a time of increasing nationalism.

和創造合作的避風港的時代。 越來越多的民族主義。

When it comes to highly visible, international “moon shot” projects like CERN's Large

當涉及到高知名度、國際 "射月 "項目，如歐洲核子研究中心的大型

Hadron Collider or the International Space Station-- a project reliant on cooperation

強子對撞機或國際空間 站----一個依靠合作的項目

between Russia, the United States and others -- the whole world is watching.

俄美等國之間 -- 全世界都在看

The sheer scale of investment puts these massive collaborations in a delicate diplomatic position

龐大的投資規模將這些大規模的 協作的微妙外交地位

that can make them critical points of de-escalation and compromise in otherwise gridlocked negotiations.

可以使其成為緩和的關鍵點。 並在原本陷入僵局的談判中達成妥協。

They can also inspire us to acknowledge that we're all just bunch of humans stuck on

它們也能激勵我們承認 我們只是一群被困在這裡的人類

a rock racing around the sun at 67,000 mph (108K km/h).

繞日石 (108K公里/小時)。

And in the words of Louis Pasteur: “Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs

用路易-巴斯德的話說："科學......"。 不分國界，因為知識屬於

to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.”

是照亮人類的火炬。 世界。"

As another example, we're working on a deep space gateway with Russia, go here to learn

另一個例子是，我們正在研究一個深層次的 與俄羅斯的空間門戶，到這裡來了解一下

more and don't forget to subscribe for more science in your day!

更多，不要忘了訂閱更多的 在你的日子裡，科學!

Did you know that during the cold war, The US and USSR were working together for science?

你知道嗎，在冷戰期間，The? 美國和蘇聯是為了科學合作？

When the Soviet Union's Cosmos 936 mission launched in 1977, seven U.S. biological experiments

當蘇聯的 "宇宙936 "號任務時 1977年啟動的美國七項生物實驗。

were onboard.

是在船上。