We're going over the real pronunciation,

我們會學習真正的發音，

not the full pronunciation,

而不是完整的發音，

not the pronunciation you might have been taught,

不是上課所學的發音，

but the pronunciation that Americans actually use in spoken English.

但是美國人說英文確實會用的發音。

If you didn't see video one, click here to watch it now.

如果你還沒看過第一個影片，現在點選這裡和觀看。

It is important to understand what we're doing here studying reductions.

在這個影片中，了解發音簡化是很重要的。

We start this video with number 31, and yes, it's a great reduction.

我們從第 31 個開始說起，這是個很棒的簡化發音。

The word OR.

單字 OR，

You might have learned that the pronunciation of this word is 'or',

你可能曾學過這個字的發音是 'or'，

like it would rhyme with 'more' or the number 'four'.

像是 'more' (更多地) 或是 'four' (數字四) 的押韻。

But 'more' and 'four' are content words.

但是 'more' (更多地) 或是 'four' (數字四) 是實詞。

That means they will often be stressed in a sentence, given more time.

意思是他們常是句子的重音，發音較長。

'Or' is a function word.

'Or' 是虛詞。

That means it's not stressed in the sentence.

意思是它不是句子的重音。

It's not one of the most important words,

它不是最重要的字，

and it's said very quickly.

然後很快地說過去。

Remember, English is a stress-timed language.

記得，英文是重音計時的語言。

That means all syllables are not equal in length.

意思是所有音節都有不同的長度。

We have long syllables and short syllables,

有長音節和短音節，

and speaking with that contrast is really important

因此自然的美式英文

in sounding natural in American English.

長短發音的差異非常重要。

So 'or' isn't pronounced

所以 'or' 不會在對話中

'or' in conversation,

發音 'or'，

that's too long, it's too clear.

這音太長，而且太清楚。

We need it to be shorter.

我們要讓它變短一點。

It's actually 'or',

確實是 'or'，

said very quickly, low in pitch.

說得很快且低音。

It can also be reduced.

它也可以被簡化。

Then it's pronounced 'or',

發音就會變成 'or'，

the vowel reduces to the schwa.

母音簡化成元音。

You don't have to try to make the schwa, it gets absorbed by the R sound.

你不用刻意去發出元音，它會被 R 吸收。

Just make an R. Rr--

就發 R 音，Rr--

Let's put it in a sentence:

我們來造個句子：

Would you like white or brown rice?

你想要白飯還是糙米飯？

White or brown?

白或棕?

Would you like white or brown rice?

你想要白飯還是糙米飯？

White or brown?

白或棕?

white-rrr

rr-- rr-- rr-- rr--

Just an R sound linking these two words.

R 的發音連接這兩個單字。

I'm leaving Monday or Tuesday.

我星期一或星期二會離開。

Monday-rr. Monday-rr. Rr-- rr--

Monday or Tuesday.

星期一或星期二。

Just an extra R sound between.

有 R 的發音在其中。

Great rhythmic contrast.

很有節奏的對比。

If you're just jumping into the series,

如果你剛剛才開始收看這些影片，

you may be thinking,

你可能會想，

how important are reductions?

發音簡化有什麼重要性？

how frequent are reductions?

發音簡化使用率多高？

Out of the 31 most common words in English that we've studied so far,

到目前為止我們研究了 31 個常見的英文單字，

only one is always stressed.

只有一個是重音。

Thirty are usually unstressed or reduced.

其他三十個通常都是弱音或是可以簡化發音的。

So there's your answer.

所以這就是你要的答案。

Most common words: What's 32?

最常見的字：第 32 個是什麼？

The indefinite article 'an'. An.

不定冠詞 'an'，一個。

Unstressed, it reduces to the schwa, an-- an--

這是弱音，簡化成原音 an-- an--

we actually already covered that one

當我們在第一集影片中，

when we learned about the indefinite article 'a' or 'a'

學到有關不定冠詞 'a' 或 'a'，

back in video one of this series.

我們其實已經學會了。

33: Will.

第 33 個：Will。

If this is the only verb in the sentence --

如果這是句子中唯一的動詞 --

I will.

我會的。

He will.

他會的。

–then it's stressed.

- 這時就是重音。

But most of the time it's not the only verb,

但大多時候它不是唯一的動詞，

it's used to indicate something in the future.

它用於表示未來將會發生的某些事情。

I like fishing.

我喜歡釣魚。

That's right now, present.

那是現在，現在式。

I'll like fishing when I learn more about it.

當我學到更多，我將會喜歡上釣魚。

This is the future.

這是未來式。

The word 'will' is usually written and spoken in a contraction.

'will' 這個字在寫作和口說上通常都是縮寫。

I'll like fishing when I learn more about it.

當我學到更多，我將會喜歡上釣魚。

“I will” becomes “I'll”,

"I will" 變成 "I'll" (縮寫)。

but I reduced it. I'll-- I'll--

但 I 發音會省略，I'll-- I'll--

I'll like fishing -

just like the word “all”,

像 "all" 的發音，

said very quickly.

說得很快速。

I'll, I'll, I'll.

I'll like fishing when I learn more about it.

當我學到更多時，我將會喜歡上釣魚。

What other WILL contractions might you hear?

你還有聽過其他有關 WILL 的縮寫嗎？

You'll, we'll pronounce this more like 'yull'.

You'll, we'll 發音更像 'yull'。

He'll, in a sentence, this will sound more like 'hill' or 'hull'.

句子中的 He'll 更像是 'hill' 或 'hull'。

He'll be coming by at three. He'll.

他將三點過來，He'll。

She will. She'll.

她將會，She'll。

This can be reduced: she'll or shull.

這可以簡化發音：she'll 或 shull。

She'll have the report ready soon. She'll.

她很快就會準備好這個報告，She'll。

“It will” becomes “it'll”,

“It will”變成“it'll”。

with a Flap T.

有彈舌音 T。

This is just like the word “little” without the L.

有點像是沒有 L 發音的 "little" 。

These are both tough words,

這些都是難詞，

and I have a video on the word 'little'

我有個影片是有關 'little' 單字，

which might make this contraction easier to pronounce.

可能可以讓這些縮寫更簡單的發音。

I'll put a link here and in the description below.

我會把連結放在下面的說明欄位。

This schwa-L ending,

這個元音 -L 結尾，

the contraction of WILL,

WILL 的縮寫，

can go at the end of any third person singular noun:

可以接任何第三人稱單數名詞的結尾：

“the dog” becomes “the dog'll”:

“the dog”變成 “the dog'll”:

The dog'll need to be walked soon.

狗需要很快地走路。

“Tuesday” becomes “Tuesday'll”.

“Tuesday”變成“Tuesday'll”.

Tuesday'll be better.

星期二會更好。

“John will” becomes “John'll”.

“John will”變成“John'll”。

John'll be here soon.

John 很快就到了。

Note: in writing, these might show up as a misspelling, as not a word.

注意：在寫作中，這可能會顯示拼音錯誤，不是一個字。

But this is how we speak.

但是這就是我們發音的方式。

This contraction, this reduction of will.

這個縮寫，簡化的 will。

If it's a pronoun, like “she'll”,

如果是代名詞，像是“she'll”。

then it's not considered a misspelling.

那麼不會被認為拼音錯誤。

But this is a case where how we speak English is different from how we write it.

但是我們說英文和寫英文的方式不同。

It's common to reduce, and say: John'll.

我們通常會簡化，然後說：John'll。

“John'll be here at three”

John 三點會在這裡。

rather than “John will be there at three.”

而不是 “John will be there at three.”(未簡化)

We will, “We'll”,

我們將會，“We'll”。

You might here this as: we'll or wull.

你可能會這樣說：we'll 或 wull。

Two different reductions.

不同的簡化方式。

We'll be late.

我們會遲到。

We'll be late.

我們會遲到。

“They will”, “they'll”,

他們將會，“they'll”。

often reduce and sound like “thull”.

通常發音簡化成“thull”。

They'll be hungry when they get here.

他們到這裡時會很餓。

Third person plural, again,

如果你將第三人稱複數縮寫，

if you write this as a contraction, it will show up as a misspelling,

它將會再次出現拼寫錯誤，

but speaking this way is very common.

但這就是我們常見的說話方式。

“The kids will” becomes “The kids'll”.

“The kids will”變成“The kids'll”。

The kids'll be tired.

孩子們會很累。

The kids'll be tired.

孩子們會很累。

A dark L at the end of the word.

這個 L 會在字尾。

Wow. There was a lot to talk about with the word “will”

哇！我們說了許多有關 will 的字，

because of the way it contracts and reduces with so many different words!

因為它可以簡化和縮寫成很多不同的字！

Number 34: My.

第 34 個：My (我的)。

A possessive pronoun.

它是所有代名詞。

This is my boyfriend.

這是我的男朋友。

My shirt's too big.

我的襯衫太大了。

We don't reduce it, we don't change or drop one of the sounds,

我們沒有省略或是改變其中的發音，

but it is unstressed.

但它是弱音的。

This is the word's most common use.

這是最常用的字。

But, it can be used another way.

但是它也有其他用法。

It can be used as an expression or an interjection to show surprise:

它也可以當感嘆號表達驚訝：

Oh my!

(表示驚訝！)

Maybe it's even showing a little disapproval.

也許它可以用來表示有些不認同。

My!

(表達不認同)

In these cases, it would be stressed,

在這些情況下，它是重音，

it would be longer, it would have the up-down shape of stress.

發音會更長且有高低起伏。

Number 35 in the 100 Most common words list: one.

100 個常見單字中的第 35 個是：one。

It's a little word, but it has a lot of different uses.

這只是一個簡單的字，但有很多不同的用法。

As a noun or an adjective,

它可以是名詞或形容詞。

it will probably be stressed.

也可能是重音。

For example:

舉例來說：

We're looking for one teacher to join our team.

我們在找一個老師加入我們的團隊。

One.

一。

But it can also be used as a pronoun,

但它也可以用作代名詞。

and in that case you might hear it reduced.

在那個情況下你可能會發現它被簡化發音了。

Instead of “one”, it will be 'un'.

發音會變成 'un'，而不是 'one'。

I need a new phone, this one's going to die.

我需要一支新手機，這支快壞了。

This un— this un— this un—

This one's going to die.

這隻快壞了。

This one's going to last longer, but that one's cheaper.

這個可以用比較久，但那個比較便宜。

That un—this un--

Did you notice the pronunciation?

你有注意到發音嗎？

This un—that un—

nn—nn—nn--

The apostrophe S is for the contraction IS.

一撇 S 是用於表示 IS 的縮寫。

This 'uns', that 'uns'.

Now, you don't have to pronounce this this way,

你不需要這樣發音。

you can say “this one's, that one's”.

你可以說“this one's, that one's”。

But you'll definitely hear Americans occasionally reduce the word to 'un'.

但你一定會聽到美國人簡化發音變成 'un'。

Number 36. The word 'all'.

第 36 個：all。

This one, I would say, is usually going to be stressed and a little longer.

這一個通常是重音且發音較長。

It's most commonly used as an adjective,

大部分用作形容詞、

or a noun, or an adverb.

名詞、或副詞。

Did you eat all the cake?

你把蛋糕全吃完了嗎？

We've been having all sorts of problems.

我們遇到各種問題。

So here we are, number 36.

第 36 個單字。

The 36th most common words in English,

第 36 個是最常見的英文單字，

and this is only the second word that doesn't have a reduction,

而且他是第二個單字沒有簡化發音，

or isn't unstressed in some cases.

或是在某些情況下是重音。

Wow.

哇~

The other one was “say” back at number 28.

這個字就是“say”，回頭看第 28 個。

What does this mean?

這是什麼意思？

Many of the most common words in English

許多常見的英文單字，

are words that are unstressed or reduced.

都是弱音或是省略音。

If you ignore these, you can never sound natural,

如果你忽視這些發音，你就無法說得很自然。

because they are everywhere.

因為到處都是這樣的發音。

And chances are, when you learned the words,

當你學會這些單字，

you did not learn the reductions,

但你沒學過簡化發音，

and you did not learn how to make them unstressed.

也不知道如何弱化這些字的發音。

So we're trying to fix that now.

因此現在我們要試著糾正發音。

Let's keep going, number 37. The word “would”.

我們繼續第 37 個“would”。

I'm actually going to also work on 67 at the same time, the word “could”.

同時我們也來看第 67 個單字 “could”。

And I'll throw in as a bonus,

我順便在附加一個單字。

a word that's not on the list, the word “should”.

這沒有在單字表上，這個字是 “should”。

Actually, as with many of the reductions on this list,

事實上，都與單字表上許多簡化發音類似，

I've made a video that goes over these pronunciations.

我曾做過一個影片是有關這些發音的。

Should I just put it in here?

我應該把它放在這裡嗎？

Would you like to see it?

你想看嗎？

Should. Would.

應該、將 (過去式)。

It is a good one, it's useful! Let's watch!

這很有幫助，我們來學一下！

These words all rhyme.

這些單字都有押韻。

The pronunciation is simpler than it looks.

發音都比看起來的簡單。

The L is silent.

L 不發音。

So they all have their beginning consonant,

所以全部都由子音開始，

the OO as in Book vowel, and the D sound.

像書的發音是元音中的 OO ，還有 D 的發音。

Should.

應該。

Would.

將 (過去式)。

Could.

可以 (過去式)。

They rhyme with 'good',

他們押韻像 'good'、

'hood', and 'wood'.

'hood'，和 'wood'。

Yes, 'would' and 'wood' are pronounced the same.

沒錯，'would' 和 'wood' 的發音相同。

They're homophones.

他們是同音詞。

So this is the pronunciation of these words in full.

所以這就是這些單字的發音。

But as you know, Americans like to reduce less important words in a sentence

但就你所知，美國人喜歡省略句子裡較不重要的字，

to make the important words stand out more

去強調較重要的字，

and these are three words that can be reduced.

因此這三個字會被省略。

As with many reductions,

如同許多發音簡化，

we change the vowel to the schwa and speed up the word.

我們把母音變成元音，然後發音速度快一點。

Should.

應該。

Should.

應該。

Would.

將 (過去式)。

Would.

將 (過去式)。

Could. Could.

可以 (過去式)。

You'll hear Americans go further though and drop the D.

你會聽到美國人會省略 D 的發音。

I noticed I did this when I was doing a Ben Franklin exercise on some of my own speech.

我發現當我在做 Ben Franklin 練習說話時，我會這樣做。

Should we get dinner?

我們該吃晚餐了嗎？

Yeah!

沒錯！

Should we get dinner?

我們該吃晚餐了嗎？

One of the things I noticed is I'm dropping the D sound.

我發現其中一件事就是我省略 D 的發音。

Shou we— shou we--

Should. Should.

應該。

Just the SH sound and the schwa.

只有 SH 和元音的發音。

The lips are flared and the teeth are together. Sshhh—

嘴唇張開，牙齒連在一起。

the tongue tip is pointing up to the roof of the mouth but it's not touching it.

舌尖指向嘴巴頂部，但沒有碰到它。

Sshhhuuu—shhu—

Then, for the schwa, everything relaxes

然後至於元音，完全放鬆，

and you go into the next sound: shuh-- shuh-- shuh we--

然後連接到下個發音：shuh-- shuh-- shuh we--。

Should we call her?

我們應該打給她嗎？

Should we. Should we.

我們應該。

I should go.

我該走了。

Should go. Should go.

應該走了。

I should go.

我該走了。

Now, if the next sound is a vowel or a diphthong,

現在，如果下一個音是母音或是雙母音，

I wouldn't drop the D.

我就不會省略 D 的發音。

It would be too unclear to go from the schwa into another vowel.

從元音到另一個母音會很不清楚。

So for: Should I? Should I?

像是：我應該？

For example, I make a really quick flap of the tongue for the D.

舉個例子，我很快的帶過 D 的發音。

Should I. Should I.

我應該。

Should I say that?

我應該那麼說嗎？

Should I try it?

我應該試看看嗎？

Should I call him?

我應該打給他嗎？

If dropping the D seems like too extreme of a reduction for you, you certainly don't have to do it.

如果你覺得省略 D 發音不適合，你可以不用這樣做。

Just keep 'should' unstressed,

只要讓 'should' 是弱音就好，