It probably looks funny --

各位可能有注意到， 我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。

it definitely feels funny --

看起來可能很古怪－－

but I wanted to make a point.

感覺起來肯定還更古怪－－

Let's say my left shoe corresponds to a sustainable footprint,

但我想要表達一個論點。

meaning we humans consume less natural resources

假設說我的左腳鞋子 符合碳足跡永續經營，

than our planet can regenerate,

意思就是說，我們人類 消耗的自然資源

and emit less carbon dioxide than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.

比地球重新生成的量更少，

That's a stable and healthy condition.

且釋放出的二氧化碳也比 我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。

Today's situation is more like my other shoe.

這是一種穩定且健康的狀況。

It's way oversized.

現今的情況比較像我的另一隻鞋子。

At the second of August in 2017,

它生產的方式對環境影響相當大。

we had already consumed all resources our planet can regenerate this year.

在 2017 年８月２日，

This is like spending all your money until the 18th of a month

我們就已經把該年地球能重新 生成的所有資源都消耗完了。

and then needing a credit from the bank for the rest of the time.

這就像是在一個月的 18 號 就把你所有的錢花光了，

For sure, you can do this for some months in a row,

接著剩下的時間就需要 用銀行發的信用卡。

but if you don't change your behavior,

當然，你可以連續幾個月都這麼做，

sooner or later, you will run into big problems.

但如果你都不改變你的行為，

We all know the devastating effects of this excessive exploitation:

遲早，你會有大麻煩。

global warming,

我們都知道這種過度使用 所造成的破壞性影響：

rising of the sea levels,

全球暖化、

melting of the glaciers and polar ice,

海平面上升、

increasingly extreme climate patterns and more.

冰河和極冰溶化、

The enormity of this problem really frustrates me.

氣候越來越極端等等。

What frustrates me even more is that there are solutions to this,

這個問題的巨大程度，讓我很挫折。

but we keep doing things like we always did.

讓我更挫折的是， 這個問題是有解決方案的，

Today I want to share with you

但我們卻持續做過去一直在做的事。

how a new solar technology can contribute to a sustainable future of buildings.

今天，我想和各位分享

Buildings consume about 40 percent of our total energy demand,

一種新的太陽能技術如何能夠 協助達成建築物的永續未來。

so tackling this consumption

我們的總能源需求中 有 40％ 是被建築物所消耗的，

would significantly reduce our climate emissions.

若能減少這種消耗，

A building designed along sustainable principles

將能讓氣候排放顯著下降。

can produce all the power it needs by itself.

依據永續原則設計的建築物

To achieve this,

能夠產生它自己所需要的所有電力。

you first have to reduce the consumption as much as possible,

要達成這個理想，

by using well-insulated walls or windows, for instance.

先得要盡可能減少消耗，

These technologies are commercially available.

比如使用隔熱效果 很好的牆壁或窗戶。

Then you need energy for warm water and heating.

在商業上已經有在使用這些技術了。

You can get this in a renewable way from the sun

接著，你需要能源 來供應熱水和暖氣。

through solar-thermal installations

你可以從太陽取得再生能源，

or from the ground and air, with heat pumps.

包括用太陽熱能的裝置，

All of these technologies are available.

或用熱泵從地面與空氣取得能源。

Then you are left with the need for electricity.

這些技術都是可行的。

In principle, there are several ways to get renewable electricity,

還剩下的，就是對電力的需求。

but how many buildings do you know which have a windmill on the roof

原則上，有幾種方式 可以取得再生電力，

or a water power plant in the garden?

但你見過幾棟建築物， 在屋頂上有裝設風車？

Probably not so many, because usually, it doesn't make sense.

或在花園裡有裝設水力發電廠？

But the sun provides abundant energy to our roofs and facades.

可能沒有幾棟， 因為通常這並不合理。

The potential to harvest this energy at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.

但太陽向我們的屋頂和建築物表面 提供了大量的能源。

Let's take Europe as an example.

從建築物外牆取用這些 能源的潛力是非常大的。

If you would utilize all areas which have a nice orientation to the sun

咱們用歐洲來當例子。

and they're not overly shaded,

如果你可以利有所有理想的 日照方向區域，

the power generated by photovoltaics

且它們沒有被過度遮蔽，

would correspond to about 30 percent of our total energy demand.

太陽光電產生的電力，

But today's photovoltaics have some issues.

相當於我們總能源需求的 30％。

They do offer a good cost-performance ratio,

但現今的太陽光電有一些問題。

but they aren't really flexible in terms of their design,

它們有不錯的成本效益比率，

and this makes aesthetics a challenge.

但在設計上卻缺乏彈性，

People often imagine pictures like this

這對美感而言是一項挑戰。

when thinking about solar cells on buildings.

對於建築物上的太陽能板，

This may work for solar farms,

大家心中的想像通常是這樣的。

but when you think of buildings, of streets, of architecture,

在太陽能農場可能是可行的，

aesthetics does matter.

但如果要用在建築物、街道、大樓，

This is the reason why we don't see many solar cells on buildings today.

美感是很重要的。

They just don't match.

這就是為什麼現今我們不會 在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。

Our team is working on a totally different solar-cell technology,

它們很不搭調。

which is called organic photovoltaics or OPV.

我們的團隊正致力於一種 不同的太陽能板技術，

The term organic describes

它叫做有機太陽光電，簡稱 OPV。

that the material used for light absorption and charge transport

「有機」這個詞的意思是

are mainly based on the element carbon,

用來吸收光以及進行載子傳輸的材料

and not on metals.

是以碳元素為主，

We utilize the mixture of a polymer

而不是金屬。

which is set up by different repeating units,

我們將聚合物混合，

like the pearls in a pearl chain,

以不同的重覆單位組成，

and a small molecule which has the shape of a football

就像珍珠鏈的珍珠一樣，

and is called fullerene.

還有一個形狀像是足球的小型分子，

These two compounds are mixed and dissolved to become an ink.

它叫做球碳。

And like ink,

這兩種化合物被混合起來， 溶解成為墨水。

they can be printed with simple printing techniques like slot-die coating

就像墨水一樣，

in a continuous roll-to-roll process on flexible substrates.

它們可以用簡單的印刷技術印刷，

The resulting thin layer is the active layer,

例如在柔性基材上以連續的 卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。

absorbing the energy of the sun.

由此產生的薄層是活動層，

This active layer is extremely effective.

吸收太陽的能量。

You only need a layer thickness of 0.2 micrometers

這個活動層的效率相當高。

to absorb the energy of the sun.

只需要 0.2 微米的厚度，

This is 100 times thinner than a human hair.

就能吸收太陽的能源。

To give you another example,

這厚度是一根頭髮的百分之一。

take one kilogram of the basic polymer

再舉一個例子，

and use it to formulate the active ink.

拿１公斤的基礎聚合物，

With this amount of ink,

用它來配製出反應墨水。

you can print a solar cell the size of a complete football field.

這墨水的量，

So OPV is extremely material efficient,

可以印出一整個 美式足球場大小的太陽能板。

which I think is a crucial thing when talking about sustainability.

所以，OPV 的材料效能非常好，

After the printing process,

若要談永續，這是個很重要的關鍵。

you can have a solar module which could look like this ...

在列印流程序之後，

It looks a bit like a plastic foil

你可以產出一個 像這樣的太陽能組件…

and actually has many of its features.

它看起來有點像是保鮮膜，

It's lightweight ...

實際上也有許多保鮮膜的特性。

it's bendable ...

它很輕…

and it's semi-transparent.

它可以彎曲…

But it can harvest the energy of the sun outdoors

且它是半透明的。

and also of this indoor light,

但它能取得戶外太陽的能源，

as you can see with this small, illuminated LED.

以及室內光的能源，

You can use it in its plastic form

各位看到的這個就是個 小型的發光 LED。

and take advantage of its low weight and its bendability.

你可以用它的塑膠形式，

The first is important when thinking about buildings in warmer regions.

享受它的好處： 很輕的重量和可彎曲性。

Here, the roofs are not designed to bear additionally heavy loads.

第一項好處對較溫暖地區的 建築物是很重要的。

They aren't designed for snow in winter, for instance,

在這些地方，屋頂的設計 無法承受額外的重量。

so heavy silicon solar cells cannot be used for light harvesting,

比如，它們不會設計來 承受冬天的降雪。

but these lightweight solar foils are very well suited.

所以，不能用沉重的 矽太陽能板來取得光線，

The bendability is important

但這些輕量的太陽能箔片非常適合。

if you want to combine the solar cell with membrane architecture.

彎曲性也很重要，

Imagine the sails of the Sydney Opera as power plants.

因為你可以把太陽能板 和建築膜材做結合。

Alternatively, you can combine the solar foils

想像一下，雪黎歌劇院的 帆形屋頂變成了發電廠。

with conventional construction materials like glass.

或是，你可以把太陽能箔片

Many glass facade elements contain a foil anyway,

與玻璃等傳統建築材料結合使用。

to create laminated safety glass.

反正許多玻璃牆的構件都含有箔片，

It's not a big deal to add a second foil in the production process,

用它來打造夾層式安全玻璃。

but then the facade element contains the solar cell

在生產過程中再加上 第二層箔片並不難，

and can produce electricity.

但當建築物的外牆構件 包含了太陽能板時，

Besides looking nice,

就能產生電力。

these integrated solar cells come along with two more important benefits.

除了很好看以外，

Do you remember the solar cell attached to a roof I showed before?

這些整合式的太陽能板 還有兩項益處。

In this case, we install the roof first,

還記得剛剛我們看到 加在屋頂上的太陽能板嗎？

and as a second layer, the solar cell.

在那個例子中，需要先安裝屋頂，

This is adding on the installation costs.

太陽能板則是第二層。

In the case of integrated solar cells,

因此安裝的成本會增加。

at the site of construction, only one element is installed,

若改成整合式的太陽能板，

being at the same time the envelope of the building

在建地就只要安裝一項構件，

and the solar cell.

它既是建築物外牆，

Besides saving on the installation costs,

也是太陽能板。

this also saves resources,

除了能省下安裝成本，

because the two functions are combined into one element.

也能節省資源，

Earlier, I've talked about optics.

因為兩種功能被結合 在一個構件當中。

I really like this solar panel --

早先，我有談到光學。

maybe you have different taste or different design needs ...

我真的很喜歡這種太陽能板－－

No problem.

也許你有不同的品味 或不同的設計需求…

With the printing process,

不成問題。

the solar cell can change its shape and design very easily.

只要有列印程序，

This will give the flexibility to architects,

太陽能板的形狀就能任意改變， 設計上也非常容易。

to planners and building owners,

這就能提供更大的彈性給建築師、

to integrate this electricity-producing technology as they wish.

規劃師，以及建築物擁有人，

I want to stress that this is not just happening in the labs.

依照他們的想法 來整合這項發電技術。

It will take several more years to get to mass adoption,

我想要強調，這並不只是 在實驗室中測試的技術。

but we are at the edge of commercialization,

會需要數年的時間 才能被大規模採用，

meaning there are several companies out there with production lines.

但我們處在商業化的邊緣，

They are scaling up their capacities,

意思就是，有幾間公司都有生產線了。

and so are we, with the inks.

它們正在增加產能，

(Shoe drops)

我們則是在墨水上努力。

This smaller footprint is much more comfortable.

（鞋子落下）

(Laughter)

足跡比較小的這雙舒服多了。

It is the right size, the right scale.

（笑聲）

We have to come back to the right scale when it comes to energy consumption.

它的尺寸吻合，尺碼正確。

And making buildings carbon-neutral is an important part here.

對於能源消耗，我們得要 回到對的尺碼上。

In Europe,

讓建築物碳中合也是很重要的。

we have the goal to decarbonize our building stock [by] 2050.

在歐洲，

I hope organic photovoltaics will be a big part of this.

我們的目標是要在 2050 年 把新建的建築物都脫碳。

Here are a couple of examples.

我希望有機光電會扮演重要的角色。

This is the first commercial installation of fully printed organic solar cells.

以下是幾個例子。

"Commercial" means that the solar cells were printed on industrial equipment.

這是有機太陽能板 第一次做商業性裝設。

The so-called "solar trees" were part of the German pavilion

「商業性」的意思是，太陽能板 能在工業設備上列印出來。

at the World Expo in Milan in 2015.

這個「太陽能樹」是 2015 年米蘭

They provided shading during the day

世界博覽會中德國展示館的一部分。

and electricity for the lighting in the evening.

在白天，它能遮陽，

You may wonder why this hexagonal shape was chosen for the solar cells.

在晚上則提供光照所需要的電力。

Easy answer:

你們可能會納悶，為什麼 太陽能板要用六角形的？

the architects wanted to have a specific shading pattern on the floor

答案很簡單：

and asked for it,

建築師希望地板上要有 特定的陰影圖案，

and then it was printed as requested.

便要求用六角形，

Being far from a real product,

於是就照著需求列印出來了。

this free-form installation hooked the imagination of the visiting architects

雖然距離實際量產還有一段路要走，

much more than we expected.

但它讓參訪的建築師們 著迷且充滿想像的程度，

This other application is closer to the projects

遠超過我們的預期。

and applications we are targeting.

這是另一個應用， 更接近我們想要做到的

In an office building in São Paulo, Brazil,

專案計畫和應用。

semitransparent OPV panels are integrated into the glass facade,

這是巴西聖保羅的一棟辦公室大樓，

serving different needs.

半透明的 OPV 板 被整合到玻璃帷幕上，

First, they provided shading for the meeting rooms behind.

滿足了不同的需求。

Second, the logo of the company is displayed in an innovative way.

首先，它們能為玻璃 後方的會議室遮陽。

And of course, electricity is produced,

第二，公司的標誌可以 用創新的方式呈現。

reducing the energy footprint of the building.

當然，還能產生電力，

This is pointing towards a future

減少這棟大樓的能源足跡。

where buildings are no longer energy consumers,

這會引領我們走向新的未來，

but energy providers.

建築物不再是能源的消費者，

I want to see solar cells seamlessly integrated

而是能源的提供者。

into our building shells

我想要看到太陽能板

to be both resource-efficient and a pleasure to look at.

能被無縫整合到我們的建築外殼上，

For roofs, silicon solar cells will often continue to be a good solution.

這麼一來，既有高資源 效益，又賞心悅目。

But to exploit the potential of all facades and other areas,

在屋頂方面，矽太陽能板 將會是個很好的解決方案。

such as semitransparent areas,

但若要發揮它的潛力， 就要應用在建築外牆及其它領域，

curved surfaces and shadings,

比如半透明領域、

I believe organic photovoltaics can offer a significant contribution,

曲面，以及陰影遮蔽，

and they can be made in any form architects and planners will want them to.

我相信，有機光電 會提供相當大的貢獻，

Thank you.

且它的形式能依照建築師 和規劃師的需求來設計。

(Applause)

謝謝。