at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.

我是歷史老師，

On February 14, 2018,

在瑪喬裡·斯通曼·道格拉斯中學教書。

my school experienced one of the worst mass school shootings in American history.

2018 年 2 月 14 日，

People want to know what we saw,

我的學校發生了美國史上最嚴重的 大規模校園槍擊事件之一。

what I felt.

大家想知道我們看見了什麼，

I don't remember everything,

我的感受。

but I do remember I went into crisis mode,

我不記得每一件事，

mother mode.

但我確實記得我啟動了 我的危機模式，

There was no emotion.

母親模式。

I lined up the kids,

我沒有情緒，

I held up a sign so they could follow me through the hall,

我要孩子們排好隊，

just like a fire drill.

我舉著一個牌子， 讓他們跟著我穿越大廳，

I heard shots from one direction.

就像消防演習一樣。

Luckily, we were already moving in the opposite direction.

我聽到某個方向傳來槍聲。

We made it outside.

很幸運地，我們正朝反方向移動。

We made it to safety.

我們成功地逃到了外面。

I called my mother.

我們成功到了安全的地方。

"I'm OK."

我打電話給我母親。

I called my husband.

「我沒事。」

"I'm OK."

我打電話給我先生。

Then my daughter called, my voice cracked, and I knew I had to pull myself together.

「我沒事。」

I sat alone in my thoughts,

我女兒打電話來，我的聲音變啞了， 我知道我得振作起來。

worried about my colleagues and students.

我獨坐在那心裡想著、

We sat there, only understanding that somehow, Valentine's Day --

擔心著我的同事和學生們。

We sat there, only understanding that somehow, Valentine's Day

我們坐在那裡，只知道 不知怎麼的，情人節──

had ended up with our babies dead,

我們坐在那裡，只知道 不知怎麼的，情人節的收場

and we didn't know what to do next.

竟是葬送了我們寶貝們的生命，

It's been two months,

我們不知道接下來該怎麼辦。

and every day I still hear the echoes of the "pop, pop" sound of the gunfire.

已經兩個月了，

I remember the fearful faces of my students

每天，我都還會聽到槍聲 「砰，砰」的回音。

when we knew it wasn't a drill.

我記得當我們知道那不是演習時，

Still, there's no constant emotion,

學生臉上驚恐的表情。

except for flashes of pain, grief and anger

仍然，我沒有持續性的情緒，

triggered by the news,

除了一陣陣的痛苦、悲慟和憤怒，

or an insensitive comment,

這些被新聞、

or just silence.

白目的評論、

Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School lost 17 precious lives

或只是沉默而觸發閃現的情緒。

on that horrible day.

在那恐怖的一天，瑪喬裡· 斯通曼·道格拉斯中學

After, students asked us, the adults

失去了 17 條寶貴的生命。

the hardest question:

事後，學生問我們大人們

How can we stop the senseless violence?

最困難的問題：

This was the most difficult question I've been asked.

我們如何能阻止無謂的暴力？

But it was not the first time I've been humbled by a student's question.

這是我被問過最困難的問題。

I've been teaching in the public schools for 33 years,

但那並不是我第一次 無法招架學生的問題。

so I know you have to admit what you don't know

我在公立學校已經教了 33 年，

before you can share what you do know.

所以我知道，你得要 先承認你不知道什麼，

In fact, there's a method to being an engaged student,

然後你才能分享你所知道的。

teacher, citizen.

事實上，有個方法可讓我們 成為一個積極參與的學生、

First, listen closely to the person asking you a question.

老師、公民。

Second, admit your vulnerability. Admit what you don't know.

首先，仔細傾聽問你問題的人。

Third, do your homework.

第二，承認你的弱點。 承認你不知道什麼。

Fourth, humbly share your knowledge.

第三，做好你的功課。

I know all about this process.

第四，謙遜地分享你的知識。

My students ask really thoughtful questions all the time.

我很清楚這個流程。

They're eager to learn,

我的學生總是會問 很深思熟慮的問題。

and sometimes they're eager to prove their smarts.

他們很渴望學習，

And believe me, they know when I have no idea of the answer,

有時，他們很渴望證明自己很聰明。

so in those instances, I say to them,

相信我，他們清楚知道 我是否無法給出答案，

"That's a great question. Let me research that and get back to you."

當遇到這個情形時，我會對他們說：

So when my students asked,

「那是個好問題。 讓我研究一下再回覆你。」

"How do we stop this senseless violence?"

所以，當我的學生問：

I listened,

「我們如何能阻止無謂的暴力？」

and then I admitted,

我傾聽，

"I don't know."

接著，我承認：

And like I always do when I don't know the answer to one of my questions,

「我不知道。」

I began doing my homework.

我就做了平常我不知道 問題的答案時會做的事，

And as a history teacher,

我開始做功課。

I knew I needed to start with the Second Amendment and the NRA.

身為歷史老師，

In case it's been a while since you've been sitting in a history class,

我知道我得先從憲法第二修正案 和美國全國步槍協會開始著手。

here is what the Second Amendment

給已經很久沒有坐在 歷史課教室裡的人，

actually says:

憲法第二修正案

"A well regulated Militia,

說的是：

being necessary to the security of a free State,

「紀律良好的民兵部隊

the right of the people to keep and bear arms,

乃保障自由國家的安全所必需，

shall not be infringed."

故人民持有和攜帶武器的權利

Meaning, the federal government could not infringe on the rights of citizens

不得予以侵犯。」

to participate in well-regulated militias.

意思是，聯邦政府無法 侵犯公民的權利，

The Second Amendment was ratified 226 years ago.

公民有權去參與 紀律良好的民兵部隊。

It was written in a time before the federal government's armed forces

憲法第二修正案是在 226 年前被批准的。

were among the most powerful in the world

制訂它的時候，聯邦政府的武裝部隊

and when state militias were viewed as necessary to protect the states.

還不在世界最強大部隊之列，

Fast-forward 80 years, to 1871.

那時國家的民兵部隊被視為是 保衛國家所必要的。

The American Civil War had ended a few years prior,

快轉 80 年到 1871 年。

but a couple of Union officers

美國內戰在前幾年結束了，

had witnessed some pretty shoddy marksmanship on the battlefield.

但有幾位北方聯邦的軍官

So in an attempt to prepare their men for any future conflicts,

在戰場上目擊了 一些十分拙劣的槍法。

they founded the National Rifle Association

所以，為了要讓他們的手下 能為未來衝突做好準備，

to promote rifle practice.

他們成立了美國全國步槍協會 （以下簡稱 NRA）

In short, the Second Amendment was written to ensure

來推動步槍射擊練習。

that our newly formed and fragile country

簡言之，制訂憲法第二修正案的目的

had access to organized state militias.

是要確保我們新成立的脆弱國家

And the NRA's original mission was to ensure future soldiers had good aim.

能夠使用有組織的國家民兵部隊。

Someone could teach an entire course

而 NRA 原本的任務是要確保 未來士兵的槍法能更準確。

on how the next 150 years influenced the gun regulation conversations

我們可以花一整堂課的時間來談

we're having in the United States

接下來的 150 年如何 影響我們美國內部

and our interpretation of the Second Amendment.

槍枝規定的談話，

Almost every pivotal moment in our nation's history

以及我們對憲法第二修正案的詮釋。

in one way or another

在我們國家歷史上， 幾乎每一個關鍵時刻，

influenced how we as a people

都以某種方式

manufacture, debate, regulate and feel about guns.

影響了我們這個民族

A lot of change has occurred.

製造、辯論、規範槍枝， 以及對槍枝的感受。

As a matter of fact, it wasn't until 2008

很多改變發生了。

that the Supreme Court ruled for the first time

事實上，一直到 2008 年，

the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm

最高法庭才第一次裁決

unconnected with service in a militia

憲法第二修正案要保護 個人持有槍枝的權利，

and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes,

即使與民兵隊伍服勤無關，

such as self-defense within the home.

以及該槍枝用於 傳統上合法目的的權利，

Within the home.

比如在家中的自我防衛。

This change over time is striking to me,

在家中。

because it reminds us

這種隨著時間而發生的 改變，讓我很震驚，

that the interpretation of the Second Amendment

因為它提醒我們，

and cultural attitudes about guns

憲法第二修正案的詮釋

have changed over time.

以及關於槍枝的文化態度

Which gives me hope they could change again.

都已隨著時間改變了。

(Applause)

這讓我感到有希望， 它們還可能再改變。

It's an incredibly complex and dynamic history lesson,

（掌聲）

but it's not the lesson I'm here to teach today,

這是一堂極複雜且動態的歷史課，

because we don't have time.

但我今天來這裡並不是要教這堂課，

I'm not talking about time,

因為我們沒有時間。

the time that I have here to stand and speak.

我並不是意指

I'm talking about the fact we don't have time to lose.

我站在這裡演說的時間。

According to the CDC,

我的意思是，我們實際上 真的不能再浪費時間了。

over the last five years,

根據美國疾病管制與預防中心的資訊，

on average, each day 96 people are killed by guns in the United States,

在過去五年間，

and if we don't figure out how to answer my students' question soon,

在美國，平均每天有 96 人遭到槍殺，

one of us could be next.

如果我們不盡快去思考 要如何回答我學生提出的問題，

So, if the question is, how do we stop this senseless violence,

我們當中就有人會是下一個受害者。

the best way I can think to answer

所以，如果問題是： 我們如何能阻止無謂的暴力？

is to look at multiple choice.

我能想出最好的回答方式，

You remember multiple-choice questions in high school, don't you?

就是去探討不同的選項。

Let's start.

各位還記得高中時做的選擇題吧？

Choice A: this will end when we hold gun manufacturers responsible

我們開始吧。

for the deadliness of their products.

選項 Ａ：如果我們要求 槍枝製造商為它們的產品

It might surprise you to learn that we've actually thought about this before.

所造成的致命結果負責， 這情況就會終止。

Between 1998 and 2000,

各位如果知道我們以前的確想過 這個點子，可能會覺得很驚訝。

30 counties and cities sued gun manufacturers,

在 1998 年到 2000 年間，

saying they should make their products safer

有 30 個郡和城市控告槍枝製造商，

and do a better job of tracking where their products are sold.

認為它們應該要讓產品更安全，

In response, manufacturers argued

對售出產品的流向做出更好的管控。

that they had no direct liability for how their products were used.

製造商的回應是主張

They said the stores who sold the guns and the owners who bought them

它們對產品應如何被使用， 沒有直接負責的義務。

were responsible should anything bad happen.

它們說，銷售槍枝的店家 以及購買槍枝的持有人

In response to this and many other lawsuits,

要為任何發生的悲劇負責。

the NRA lobbied for the passage of the PLCAA,

美國全國步槍協會對此 以及許多其他訴訟的回應，

the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act.

是去遊說通過 PLCAA，

The PLCAA passed with bipartisan support in 2005

即合法槍械買賣保護法。

and entrusts gun manufacturers

在 2005 年，PLCAA 在兩黨的支持下通過了，

to design guns safely,

它相信槍枝製造商

stores to sell those guns responsibly

會用安全的方式來設計槍枝，

and someone to own and use the gun responsibly.

店家會具責任感地銷售槍枝

And so when 17 students and faculty die at my school,

且槍枝的持有和使用人 會秉持著負責的態度。

no one in this chain will assume responsibility.

所以，當我的學校有 17 名 學生和教職員喪命時，

Let's take a look at another option,

在這條連鎖鏈中， 沒有人會承擔起責任。

Choice B:

我們再來看另一個選項。

this will end when we hold ourselves accountable

選項 Ｂ：

and regulate the estimated 300 million guns available in America.

這情況將會終止， 只要我們能自己負責

Yes, voting is one of the best ways

並管制在美國市面流通的 約三億把槍枝。

to take personal responsibility for gun violence.

是的，為槍枝暴力負起個人責任， 投票是最好的方式之一。

Making sure that our lawmakers are willing to pass commonsense gun reform

確保我們的立法者 願意通過常識性的槍枝改革，

is one of the most effective ways to get those 300 million guns under control.

就是管制三億把槍枝 最有效的方式之一。

And also, gun owners can take personal initiative.

此外，槍枝持有者能具自主決斷力，

If you own a gun,

如果你持有一把槍，

ask yourself:

問問你自己：

Do I have an extra gun I don't need?

我是否有多一把不必要的槍？

Could it fall into the wrong hands?

有沒有可能落入非法使用者手中？

Have I attended the latest training?

我有沒有去參加最近的訓練？

Perhaps as a gun owner,

也許，身為槍枝持有者，

you should also ask

你也應該要問

whether you have been taking care of your mental health?

你有沒有好好照顧你的心理健康？

When it comes to gun violence, the mental health argument falls flat

談到槍枝暴力時， 如果我們不承認自己

if we don't acknowledge our own personal vulnerabilities

在面對心理疾病時的脆弱， 那麼心理健康論點

to mental illness.

就會徹底失敗。

One in six Americans will struggle with mental illness.

六個美國人中就有一個 為心理疾病所苦。

If we own a gun, we should be rigorously engaged in the upkeep

如果我們持有槍枝， 我們應該要嚴格做到

of our emotional well-being

維護我們的情緒健康，

so we don't pull a trigger

這樣我們才不會 在發病的時候扣下扳機。

in times of illness.

否則，我們應該認真問問自己，

Otherwise, we should seriously ask ourselves

我們是否真的有足夠的時間 和心力去持有一把槍？

whether we really have the time and attention to own a gun.

也許，對我們一些人而言，

Perhaps for some of us

該是卸下武裝的時候了。

it's time to lay down our arms.

接著，我們還有選項 Ｃ：

Then we have Choice C:

當我們能把彼此照顧得更好時， 這情況就會終止。

this will end when we do a better job of taking care of each other.

有許多社會議題會影響到 大家為什麼要購買和使用槍枝。

Many social issues affect why people buy and use guns.

2012 年到 2016 年間，

Sixty-two percent of US gun fatalities

62% 的槍枝死亡事故都是自殺，

between 2012 and 2016 were suicides,

但，我們卻說別人是瘋子、 神經病並引以為恥。

yet we call people maniacs and psychos, shaming them.

我們對於需要協助的人， 築起了高牆。

We are creating barriers for people that need help.

我們為什麼要為難彼此呢？

Why are we embarrassing each other?

要讓大家更容易、而非更困難地

Let's make it easier, not harder,

去獲取更好的心理健康照護。

for people to access better mental health care.

還有什麼？性別偏見、種族歧視和 貧窮，都會影響到擁槍者的屬性

What else? Sexism, racism and poverty affect gun ownership

以及相關的槍擊死亡事故。

and gun-related fatalities.

在 2010 年到 2014 年， 平均來說，估計每個月

On average, it's estimated that 50 women were fatally shot each month

有 50 位女性受到致命槍擊，

between 2010 and 2014

原因都是家庭暴力，

due to domestic violence,

女性仍然會在她們的家中喪命。

and women are still dying in their homes.

我們賦權給女性吧，

Let's empower women

也給我們的年輕男孩一個機會

and give our young boys a chance to learn

去學習如何用語言文字，而非槍枝， 來處理他們的衝突和情緒。

how to work out their conflicts and emotions with words, not weapons.

根據華盛頓郵報報導，

And the "Washington Post" reported that last year,

去年有接近一千人

nearly 1,000 people were fatally wounded

受到執勤警察的致命傷害。

by on-duty police officers.

跟「黑人的命也是命」及 警察公會談談這件事。

Talk to Black Lives Matter and the police union about that.

我們得要處理這個問題。

We need to tackle this.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

到頭來，

At the end of the day,

也許大家將覺得不再需要

perhaps people won't feel the need

購買和使用槍枝，

to buy and use a gun

當他們都能彼此感受到安全、

when they all equally feel safe,

健康、受尊重和被照顧。

healthy, respected and cared for.

好，討論時間結束。

All right, discussion time is over.

該是回答問題的時候了。

It's now time to answer the question.

我們如何能阻止無謂的暴力？

How do we stop this senseless violence?

是選項 Ａ 嗎？

Is it Choice A,

選項 Ｂ？

Choice B,

選項 Ｃ？

Choice C?

我知道各位在想什麼。

Now, I know what you're all thinking.

你們記得，選擇題幾乎

You remember that multiple-choice questions

從來都不是只有三個可能性。

almost never end with just three possibilities.

總是會有第四個選項 Ｄ：以上皆是。

There's always that fourth, Choice D: all of the above.

也許那就是這題的答案。

Maybe that's the answer here.

或許「以上皆是」太簡單了， 而這個問題並不是個簡單的問題。

Or maybe "all of the above" is too easy, and this is not an easy problem.

它需要我們所有人 都做深入的分析性思考。

It requires deep analytical thinking by all of us.

所以，我要請各位去做你們的功課，

So instead, I'm asking you to do your homework,

用可佐證的細節，

write your own Choice D

寫下你們自己的選項 Ｄ。

using supporting detail.

如果你們不知道從何開始， 把我的學生當作典範。

And if you're not sure where to start, look to my students as role models.

他們具有很棒的溝通技能，

They are armed with incredible communication skills

還有公民意識， 我覺得非常鼓舞人心。

and a sense of citizenship that I find so inspiring.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

這些是公立學校的孩子 在參與槍枝管制的議題，

These are public school kids engaged in the issue of gun regulation,

他們的努力感動了我們。

and their endeavor has moved our hearts.

他們不應該獨自做這件事的。

And they shouldn't have to do this on their own.

他們在邀請各位，

They're asking you,

他們邀請我們所有的人，

they're asking all of us,

一起參與，

to get involved.

這並不是吸引大量觀眾的體育運動。

This isn't a spectator sport.

所以，正確的答案是什麼？

So what's the right answer?

我不知道。聽著， 我不是槍枝控制專家。

I don't know. Listen, I'm no gun control expert.

我教人文科學。

I teach the humanities.

做人就是要學習，

To be human is to learn,

要成為文明的一部分， 就是要分享你的知識。

and to be part of a civilization is to share your knowledge.