Drugged Spiders

吸毒的蜘蛛

In 1995, a few unfortunate spiders were given various common drugs out of their will.

1995 年，有些蜘蛛不幸被強迫吸食各種常見毒品

Now they are slaves to the drugs given by the bad bad humans.

因為邪惡的人類，他們對毒品上癮，擺脫不了毒品的影響

Well, not really.

其實事情不是這樣

But it is true that in 1995, NASA scientists have conducted a study

不過在 1995 年，美國太空總署科學家倒是有進行實驗

to see what various drugs do to spiders and their ability to spin their webs.

了解各種毒品對蜘蛛和它織網能力的影響

They continued the experiments done by J.A Nathanson in 1984

他們延伸納松森在 1984 年的實驗

who continued another experiment by Swiss pharmacologist Peter N. Witt from 1948.

納松森的實驗是繼瑞士藥學家彼得維特在 1948 年的類似研究

They administered the drugs by either dropping the drug solution on the spider's mouth

他們將毒品滴入蜘蛛的嘴

or by feeding them drugged flies or even by using a fine syringe.

或是餵食含有毒品的蒼蠅，甚至用注射器

In 1948, H.M Peters, a zoologist was studying spiders and their web-building techniques

1948 年，動物學家彼得斯研究蜘蛛的結網技巧

but to his annoyance, spiders usually build their webs around 2 to 5 in the morning.

但麻煩的是，蜘蛛通常在凌晨兩點到五點結網

This was a problem because he needed to film their web building but he often fell asleep.

彼得斯必須拍攝結網過程，但他常常睡著

So he enlisted help from Peter N. Witt which suggested using drugs

因此他向彼得維特求助，後者建議他使用毒品

in hopes for the spiders to change their web building schedule.

讓蜘蛛可望改變結網的時間

Surprisingly to them, rather than the spiders changing the time they spin their webs,

然而結果令他們驚訝，蜘蛛並沒有改變結網的時間點

they instead change the patterns of their webs.

而是蜘蛛網的樣子改變了

Here are some examples of what their webs look like.

以下是一些蜘蛛網的例子

Lets start of with no drugs, you could see how beautiful and detailed the web is.

首先是沒有吸食毒品的蜘蛛，可以看到結的網美麗而精細

On Caffeine, at 10µg it became uneven, disorganised and smaller than usual.

讓蜘蛛吸食咖啡因，只要 10 微克，蜘蛛網會變得不規則且雜亂，也比較小

At 100µg, the ability of web weaving went down the toilet altogether.

吸食 100 微克時，蜘蛛的結網能力幾乎沒有了

On Marijuana, it seemed like they tried to make a proper web, but gave up halfway or loses concentration.

而吸大麻的蜘蛛看起來可以織出正常的網，但中途放棄或是失去注意力

And on LSD, they surprisingly become more detailed and orderly.

但如果給蜘蛛 LSD (一種迷幻藥)，蜘蛛網出乎意料變得更細緻和整齊

There are more different drugs tested on spiders.

還有很多在蜘蛛身上實驗的毒品

These are just to name a few.

這些只是其中幾個

Now, a reason as to why spiders were then continued to be used for drug testing in later experiments

現今，科學家仍常在實驗中用蜘蛛測試毒品

is because spiders are cheap, produce relatively fast outcomes

因為蜘蛛很便宜、能相對快速地產生結果

and gives a good visualization of the effects of drugs

透過蜘蛛網也可以看到毒品的影響

Another reason is that sadly, spiders aren't protected by the law and isn't considered

可悲的是，另一個原因為蜘蛛並不是法律列管的保育動物

under animal cruelty because not many people care about spiders.

所以人們不會覺得拿蜘蛛來做實驗很殘忍，很少人在乎蜘蛛

Number Four

第四名

Eliciting Sexual Behaviour in Turkeys

引發火雞性興奮

This experiment was made out of curiosity and nothing much.

科學家做這個實驗只是因為好奇心使然，沒有別的

It was to determine the minimal stimulus it needed to excite a turkey by Martin Schein

賓州大學的馬丁薛恩和艾德嘉海爾

and Edgare Hale of the University of Pennsylvania.

想找出使火雞興奮的最小程度刺激

The male turkeys apparently are not fussy at all.

公火雞顯然一點也不挑剔

Give them a lifelike model, and they'll be happy with them.

給一個栩栩如生的模型，牠們就會很開心

This is when the researchers removed bit by bit parts from the turkey model until they lost interest.

研究者一點一點拿掉地模型的身體部位：尾巴、腳、翅膀

Tail, feet, wings gone.

想等到公火雞失去興趣

But still the male bird remains unfazed.

但是公火雞仍然不受干擾、興味盎然

Finally the researchers left just the head of a female turkey on a stick and STILL they

最後模型只剩下頭部，插在棍子上，

showed interest to mate, real severed head or model doesn't really matter.

公火雞還是想要交配，若將模型換成真正的火雞頭，結果也相同

Surprisingly, they prefer a pretty face rather than a pretty body, as a headless body is

出乎意料，公火雞比較喜歡姣好的火雞頭部和臉部，而不是好看的身體

less desirable.

無頭的身體比較不能引起公火雞的慾望

This is probably because of the way turkeys mate.

這可能跟火雞交配的方式有關

They would usualy enshroud the females body and only leave the females neck and up in

牠們通常會遮住母火雞的身體

its line of sight during the act of copulation.

只看得到頸部以上的部位

Thus the excitement even from just a head on a stick.

因此插在棍子上的頭部也可以讓公火雞興奮

Apparently they did the same experiment with chickens and well, them roosters prefered

研究員也對小雞做同樣的實驗

the body rather than the heads.

發現公雞比較喜歡身體而不是頭部

Number Three

第三名

Electric Shocks and Puppies

電擊與小狗

An American psychologist by the name of Martin Seligman is pretty famous for his various

一位美國心理學家馬丁賽里曼

experiments that involves electric shocks on humans or puppies.

以電擊人體與小狗的實驗而聞名

He had the Obedience Experiment in 1963, where he gets an actor connected to wires and on

他在 1963 年做了順從實驗，將電線的一端連接到演員身上

the other end a person controlling how far they would go in shocking a living being on

另一端是受試者，可以依照指示

the basis of being instructed.

控制對活人電擊的程度

His experiment proved that people will be able to kill if instructed as the responsibility

他的實驗證明人可能會因為命令而殺人

is technically not on them.

因為嚴格來說他們不需要負起責任

Though because critics said that the subjects might have noticed the actors acting and that

不過批評者認為受試者可能注意到那是演員在演戲，只是一場騙局

it was all a ruse, he changed the experiment by changing the actors with puppies and instead

因此賽里曼將演員換成小狗

of fake electric shocks into real ones.

把假的電擊改成真的

Lets just say his experiment and conclusion was a success as twenty out of twenty six

賽里曼的實驗很成功，推論正確：二十六位受試者中

subjects pushed the shock button to the maximum voltage.

有二十位按下按鈕，將電擊調成最大程度

Another experiment also by Seligman was the Learned Helplessness experiment done in 1965.

賽里曼做的另一個實驗是 1965 年的「習得的無助」

Learned helplessness is when you feel like you can't control a bad situation and end

「習得的無助」是指當所處狀況不佳時，感到無法支配

up just giving up and accepting your fate.

因而放棄，接受自己的命運

He wanted to expand an old experiment by Pavlov that made dogs salivate with the sound of

他想延伸帕夫洛夫的實驗：

the bell.

讓狗聽到鈴聲會分泌唾液

But his experiment involved a bell and electric shocks instead of food.

不過他的實驗用具包含鈴鐺以及電擊，而不是鈴鐺與食物

He strapped the dogs with a harness and everytime he rang the bell, an electric shock was given.

他用吊帶綑綁狗，每次搖鈴時會對狗電擊

After conditioning the dog, he puts each dog into a bigger box which was divided in the

對狗產生制約後，將牠們放進更大的籠子

centre with a small fence where one side would shock the dogs while the other would be safe.

籠子中心用小柵欄分成兩半，一邊會電擊，另一邊是安全的

So putting the dog inside, they rang the bell, but the dogs only cowered and braced itself

把狗放進去後，當研究員搖鈴，狗只會畏縮、全身緊繃做好準備

even after a real shock was done.

儘管已經不會有電擊了

While when dogs that was never conditioned got zapped, it would jump the fence to escape.

而沒有被制約的狗會跳上跳下，試圖跨過柵欄逃跑

Thus, learned helplessness is a psychological problem even humans have.

習得的無助是人類也會有的心理問題

Number Two

第二名

The Two Headed Dog

雙頭狗

This is the famous now unethical experiment done by a Soviet scientist named Vladimir

這是蘇聯科學家維拉米爾 ‧ 德米克夫在 1950 年代做的實驗

Demikhov in the 1950s.

很有名但現在被認為不人道

This experiment involved two dogs and making them into one.

這個實驗是將兩隻狗連接在一起

Well a dog with two heads to be precise.

更精確地說，兩隻狗的頭

Demikhov grafted the head, shoulders and front legs of a puppy onto the neck of an adult dog.

德米克夫將幼犬的頭、肩膀和前腳移植到成犬的脖子上

He connected the blood vessels in a way that the adult dog's heart would be enough to pump

他用特殊方法連接血管，使成犬的心臟

blood for both the dogs.

能把血液輸送到兩隻狗的體內

But they left the esophageal tube of the puppy unconnected to anything except the outside.

但是幼犬的食道管沒有連接到任何器官，而是外露

The surgery was quite a success.

手術蠻成功的

Both dogs were alive after the surgery.

兩隻狗都有存活

The puppy yawned when it woke up and the big dog was confused and tried to shake it off.

幼犬醒來時打了呵欠，成犬覺得很困惑，試圖把幼犬抖下來

Both dogs maintained their own personality where the puppy were feisty and playful while

兩隻狗仍維持原本的個性：幼犬活潑愛玩，

the older dog just seemed unamused.

成犬看來興味索然

It interesting how when the big dog got thirsty, the puppy would also get thirsty even without

有趣的是，如果成犬口渴了，儘管幼犬的食道沒有與成犬消化道連接

its esophageal tube connected to the rest of its alimentary tract.

牠也會口渴

So the milk they fed the dogs could be seen dribbling from it.

所以餵牛奶時，牛奶會從食道滴出來

Over the course of fifteen years, Demikhov made a total of twenty of the two headed dogs.

在十五年間，德米克夫總共製造了二十隻雙頭狗

None of them lived long because of tissue rejection but the longest ever recorded was

卻由於組織排斥，沒有一隻能活得久，紀載中活最久的時間只有一個月

just a month and the first ever two headed dog only survived for six days.

而上述提到的第一隻雙頭狗只有存活六天

But because of this surgical experiment.

不過也因為這項手術實驗

It expanded the surgical techniques and medicine of the possibility of transplanting between humans.

人類得以探索更多移植手術和醫學的可能性

Such as the heart and lung transplants.

例如心臟和肺部移植

Number One

第一名

Mother?

如果要選一個當作母親

Would you choose a fluffy blanket that does nothing or a cold steel fence that feeds you?

你比較喜歡蓬鬆但沒做什麼事的毛毯，還是冰冷卻能餵你食物的鐵絲？

This is technically what was done on infant rhesus monkeys as a psychological experiment.

這其實就是獼猴的心理實驗

Dr. Harry Harlow, a psychologist, was quite an unsympathetic person and is famous for

心理學家哈洛個性冷漠，

his Monkey Love psychological experiments.

以猴子的愛情與心理實驗而聞名

He subjected a lot of experiments on different monkeys which were all seperated from their

他在不同猴子身上做了很多實驗

biological mothers from birth.

那些猴子在出生時就與親生母親分開了

The most famous experiment is the one where the monkeys were given two inanimate surrogate

最有名的實驗是給小獼猴

mothers.

兩個無生命的代理母親

One was made from bare-wires and the other was covered in cloth.

一個是由裸線製造；一個由絨布覆蓋

He presented the infants with the surrogates under different conditions.

在不同的實驗環境下，他把這些代理母親給小獼猴看

Condition one had the wire mother holding a bottle of food and the cloth mother remains

情境一：「鐵絲」母親拿著一瓶食物，而「絨布」母親維持靜止，沒有做任何事情

stationary doing nothing and condition two had the cloth mother holding the bottle while

狀況二則相反，

the wire mother does nothing.

拿著食物的是「絨布」母親

Either condition showed an overwhelming result where the infant macaques prefered to cling

兩種狀況的結果都很明顯，小獼猴都比較喜歡

on the cloth mother no matter if it provided food or not.

「絨布」母親，不論那裏是否有食物

When subjected to fear, if the surrogate mother is not present, the macaques would be so afraid,

當遭受恐懼時，如果代理母親不在旁邊，小猴會感到更害怕

they would be paralyzed, avoids the source of their fear, huddle into a ball and start

全身無力，試圖躲避恐懼的根源，蜷縮得像顆球

sucking their thumbs.

並開始吸大拇指

But if a surrogate mother is present, the macaques shows less fear and would show more

但如果代理母親在場，小獼猴較不害怕

courage to explore and even attack the source of its fear.

甚至有勇氣探索和攻擊造成恐懼的物品

Dr Harlow did a lot of experiments with different conditions on the infant macaques.

哈洛在不同情況下對小獼猴做了很多實驗

There's another one that's pretty sad for the macaques.

不過另一個實驗會讓人對獼猴感到難過

It involved the macaques to be isolated in darkness for up to one year.

這個實驗是將獼猴隔絕在黑暗中長達一年

Either from birth or repetitively from their peers.

從出生開始或是多次與同儕分離

They found out, having less social contact gets the monkeys to be severely psychologically

實驗發現社會接觸較少會讓獼猴

disturbed and depressed.

心理嚴重失常或憂鬱

His aim with the experiments were to prove that the psychology between an infant's love

哈洛做這個實驗的目的是找出

and needs and the feeling of attachment and loss.

嬰兒愛情、需求、依附和失落情感的心理機制

Of course he used monkeys, but he used it as a base that humans would act the same way

當然，他是用猴子做實驗，但這是假設與母親分離的人類嬰兒行為會與猴子相同

in terms of separating children from their mothers and proves how "contact comfort" is

而這個實驗也證明「舒適接觸」

important for the psychological development and health of infant monkeys and children.

對人類與獼猴嬰兒的心理發展都很重要

Also yes it was highly controversial and now definitely deemed unethical.

不過這個實驗具高度爭議，現在也被認為很不人道