of 8-bit Philosophy and we've got a special episode for you guys. Now while many games

are certainly philosophical—very few are as effective at integrating philosophical

concepts in to the plot as Bioshock.

Not only is the Bioshock trilogy a pioneer of gameplay- mixing elements of survival horror,

RPGs, and FPS games, but it's also flaunts a level of intellectual sophistication rarely

seen in games. Welcome

to this special episode on The Philosophy of Bioshock. Oh, and we're skipping the

second one.

“Who is John Galt?” Is the cryptic question posed in Atlas Shrugged, the most famous book

by Russian born thinker Ayn Rand. Similarly, “Who is Atlas?” posters adorn the walls

of Rapture—transforming the original question of Rand's work.

In the book, John Galt, engineer, genius, and heartthrob, encourages a strike of the

mind, where all the world's industrialists are encouraged to leave their roles in an

ever increasingly controlling, regulated, and rule driven world.

Frustrated with the inefficiency of Socialism, and it's lack of care for the individual

and their hard work, Galt retreats to Galt's Gulch to shut down the industrial motor of

the world.

The original Bioshock takes place in Rapture, a digital homage to Galt's Gulch, in which

all the world's best minds were brought together undersea by one man- Andrew Ryan.

The names Andrew Ryan is effectively an anagram for “Ayn Rand” (Well. More or less.)

Andrew Ryan's political philosophy is lifted right from Rand's concept of “objectivism.”

Objectivism is a sort of guide to living a worthy life—its main tenants are: reality,

reason, self-interest and capitalism.

Basically, Rand believes that Reality is concrete and objective—there's no point in talking

about the mystical, divine, and supernatural as guiding forces for humanity—actions should

be determined solely on the basis of intellect. An easier way to say this is: Ayn Rand is

an atheist.

And apparently so is Andrew Ryan:

Ryan: I believe in no God – no invisible man in the sky. But there is something more

powerful than each of us: a combination of our efforts, a Great Chain of industry that

unites us.

Andrew Ryan serves as a mouthpiece for Rand's condemnation of coercive governments in favor

of a society based in belief that coercive government policies violate people's autonomy.

Her reaction is an ethics if egoism or radical self interest. Objecivism. It holds that people

ought to work hard to achieve happiness in their own lives, work hard, and not treat

others are mere means to an end.

Andrew Ryan's Monologues might as well have been lifted directly from Rand's work:

Ryan: Though my physical defenses fall, you'll not defeat me. My strength is not in steel

and fire, but in my intellect and will. You hear me, Atlas? Andrew Ryan offers you nothing

but ashes! In the end, all that matters to me is me. And all that matters to you is you.

It is the nature of things.

Rapture was founded under the belief that the communist parasites in the world above

were freeloaders that stole, violated, and unjustly took from the captains if industry.

Ryan was tired of working and not getting what he deserved—just like Galt.

Ryan: “No,” says the man in Washington, “It belongs to the poor.” “No,” says

the man in the Vatican, “It belongs to God.” “No,” says the man in Moscow, “It belongs

to everyone.” I rejected those answers.

Also like Ryan, Rand was a proponent of Laissez-faire capitalism or, the idea that a good government

exists only to protect individual rights, and stays out of people's personal lives

and the market.

Similarly, in the world of Rapture, The plasmid market is severely under regulated—the belief

is that the unfettered market provides the best options for consumers.

Ryan (tape): There has been tremendous pressure to regulate this plasmid business. There have

been side effects: blindness, insanity, death. But what use is our ideology if it is not

tested? The market does not respond like an infant, shrieking at the first sign of displeasure.

The market is patient, and we must be too.

So what went wrong? Does the ruinous state of Rapture suggest that a society run by such

tenants is doomed to fail? Or did Ryan pervert Rand's beliefs?

This is where ADAM comes in. ADAM is a resource so potent that it led to a civil war between

Ryan and Fontaine, err… Atlas. Due to Ryan's ideals of a free market economy, ADAM was

completely deregulated, creating a population of addicts riddled with side effects-— resulting

in rampant chaos and instability

Using the little sisters as mules for magical sea slugs to create ADAM certainly

treats them as mere tools for your own goals. And Ms. Rand would certainly disapprove.

Lets be clear—the trendy discussion on Bioshock Infinite has something to do with quantum

entanglement and multiverses— and while it's a great discussion—it's already been

covered ad nauseam. We are going to abbreviate the discussion because… science is hard.

The third installment of the Bioshock series moves from the underwater world of Rapture

to the floating city: Columbia.

A play on the United States Capital, Columbia is a sort of floating Eden founded by a man

named Zachary Hale Comstock.

Comstock is a fictional stand in for nineteenth century New York political figure Anthony

Comstock—famous for his fight against obscenity and his rather prudish values. The Comstock

character mirrors Anthony's public feud with noted anarchist Emma Goldman, who is

doubled by Daisy Fitzroy.

Comstock founds Columbia with the promise of providing a place for God's people, apart

from the world of sinners in the Sodom below.

This image of Columbia as a shining beacon in the sky has its philosophical justification

in the concept of American Exceptionalism. American Exceptionalism is the belief that

the New World was promised to God's chosen people. And through this philosophy, Bioshock

Infinite provides us with a tasty satire of America's Historical landscape.

American Exceptionalism is a way of justifying a particular lifestyle. Columbia, Like America,

is considered God's country. Forgiveness of sins, Salvation, and Baptism are all religious

themes in Infinite—but like it's predecessor, this game explores the dark side of this philosophy.

Similar to Comstock's Colombia, The expansion into the new frontier was justified as a mission

from God—to ensure that the new world doesn't backslide like the old world sinners of Europe.

America was to be a land populated by exceptional, chosen people, exempt, and above the rest

of the world. Secularized as manifest destiny—American Excpetionalism justifies and demands the extermination

of the indigenous people of the “wilderness,” AKA Native Americans, for the sake of securing

the national identity of the Christian settlers. Those not willing to accept Christianity were

forcibly moved or eliminated.

American Exceptionalism is not just a question of land—the ideology of this philosophy

is inextricably woven into the fabric of history. Slavery, labor strikes, the abuses of Irish

and Chinese workers who built the American Railroad system—are all justified by the

lofty goal of a promised city for God's people.

Fearful of the anarchist Vox Populi, afraid of the Irish and Chinese threat, and scared

of racial mixing, Columbia is a paranoid place.

Infinite explores America's haunted past—The Battle of Wounded knee which is considered

the end of the U.S and Indian wars, is heralded. Laws enforcing racial segregation for relationship

and marriage, and lynching are not just the norm—they're commonplace. Perhaps this

is why the enemies in the games are robotic George Washington's called “Patriots.”

With Bioshock Infinite we get the prospect that the Hero, Booker Dewitt is both Comstock

and Andrew Ryan—when it is revealed that in another dimension the hero of the game

is simultaneously the villain. Bioshock exposes the paranoia of an Us versus Tthem Dichotomy—it

challenges our conception of good guys and bad guys—of freedom fighters, revolutionaries,

dictators and terrorists.

Kill little sisters or save them, throw a ball at an interracial couple or at the racist

announcer, accept or reject the baptismal forgiveness of sins.

One of the essential dilemmas of Bioshock is the freedom of action, choice, and free

will. For those of you that don't know me, my name is Matt and I run a channel called

Game Theorists. Thanks a lot to Wisecrack for having me. Let's get in to it- this

is the importance of choice and Free Will in Bioshock.

In the first Bioshock we are told: “Andrew Ryan reminds us – we all make choices, but,

in the end, our choices make us.” So… if we make choices, we must be free. But then

again, if our choices make us then how can we be free to make them? This off conundrum

leads us to the question: Is Free will even possible?

In Oone school of thought known as, Hard Determinists suggests believe that there is no such thing

as free will. If all action can be boiled down to cause and effect, then all of our

actions are always bound by an external force.

Even you, viewer, may think you are free to click off this video right now. But keep in

mind that if you do, there is a REASON you are doing so. So the question is:, are you

truly free in your actions, or are your actions a result of a series of events that you had

nothing to do with? Our “choice” in our actions is merely an illusion.

Andrew Ryan reiterates this with the phrase “A man chooses. A slave obeys.” In what

is perhaps the most brilliant part of the original game, Andrew Ryan makes a statement

on the nature of gaming itself, and how you, as a gamer, are destined to mindlessly follow

the fixed path of the game's narrative. And “interactivity,” or the idea that

you as the gamer have any bearing on how the game will turn out, is merely an illusion.

Infinite presents a possible way out of the problem of free will—the multiverse—an

infinite number of worlds to choose from. The fact that Booker is able to go back and

choose to not be baptized—to smother baby Comstock in his crib seems to be a way out

of a deterministic universe.

Except that this very choice isn't a real possibility.

Even when it seems that there is choice for the player—the game hints at the problem

of free will.

The first choice—to flip a coin- is quite interesting. You are prompted with the “choice”

to press X and flip the coin. Except, in reality, you are not free to not flip—if

you never 'press X', the game doesn't progress, it just stays there. But if you

do 'press X' to flip… well it always ends up heads.

Or Consider the scene in which Booker is prompted with the choice to “Bring [them]

the girl and wipe away the debt.” You are free to walk around the room. The game even

presents you with the OPTION of pressing X to hand Elizabeth over. Yet, the only way

to progress in the game is to press X and pick baby Elizabeth up.

Even though “Press X” is an OPTION that you can seemingly deny, the game proves

that this “choice” is merely an illusion. You are fated to hand Elizabeth over. Whereas

most games would just show this event in a cut scene, Bioshock makes you press square.

It forces you to recognize that you are in fact not free, and anything that indicates

otherwise, is merely an illusion.

Perhaps the only way to truly assert your freedom in the world of Bioshock is to simply

turn off the game.

Jared: Jump through this dimensional tear by clicking here to see the Wisecrack crew

debate against MatPat.

Which game is more of an artistic masterpiece – The Last of Us or Pacman?

Be sure to check out the Wisecrack Channel page and subscribe for more smart stuff. And

hey - Help us win the debate by hopping over to that video and casting your vote for us!

MatPat: That seems relatively unfair.

Jared: You're just afraid that the Wisecrack army is going to take you down!

MatPat: Well, at the end of the day, the choice of whether to click or not is theirs...OR IS IT?!