Those of you who are able,

諸位如果可以的話，

please stand up.

請站起來。

OK, so I'm going to name some names.

好的，現在我將提到一些名字，

When you hear a name that you don't recognize,

如果你聽到一個 你完全不知道的名字，

you can't tell me anything about them,

你對這個人一無所知，

I'd like you to take a seat

請坐下

and stay seated.

並一直坐著。

The last person standing, we're going to see what they know. OK?

最後一位站著的人， 我們將看看他究竟都知道什麼，好麼？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

All right.

好，

Eric Garner.

艾瑞克．加納。

Mike Brown.

麥克．布朗。

Tamir Rice.

塔米爾．萊斯。

Freddie Gray.

佛萊迪．革雷。

So those of you who are still standing,

還站著的人們，

I'd like you to turn around and take a look.

我想請你們環顧一下四周，

I'd say half to most of the people are still standing.

我看還有超過半數的人還站著，

So let's continue.

那讓我們繼續。

Michelle Cusseaux.

米歇爾．庫瑟。

Tanisha Anderson.

特妮莎．安德森。

Aura Rosser.

奧拉．羅瑟。

Meagan Hockaday.

梅根．哈克蒂。

So if we look around again,

我們再來看看，

there are about four people still standing,

還有四位站著，

and actually I'm not going to put you on the spot.

但我不會給你們難堪。

I just say that to encourage transparency, so you can be seated.

我只是想使這件事清晰可辨， 現在你們可以坐下了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So those of you who recognized the first group of names know

所以認出了第一組名字的你們 一定注意到了

that these were African-Americans who have been killed by the police

這些人就是在過去的兩年內，

over the last two and a half years.

被警察殺死的非裔美國人。

What you may not know

然而你們可能不知道的是，

is that the other list is also African-Americans

另一組名字也都是非裔美國人

who have been killed within the last two years.

同樣在過去的兩年內被殺害。

Only one thing distinguishes the names that you know

你知道的名字和你不知道的名字

from the names that you don't know:

唯一的差別是：

gender.

性別。

So let me first let you know that there's nothing at all distinct

我想首先說明，在場的觀眾並沒有

about this audience

任何個體特徵，

that explains the pattern of recognition that we've just seen.

可用來解釋我們剛剛所看到的認知偏差，

I've done this exercise dozens of times around the country.

我在全國境內做這樣的小調查已有十多次了，

I've done it to women's rights organizations.

我在女權組織裡做過，

I've done it with civil rights groups.

我在民權團體裡做過，

I've done it with professors. I've done it with students.

我給教授們做過，學生們做過。

I've done it with psychologists. I've done it with sociologists.

我給心理學家和社會學家做過。

I've done it even with progressive members of Congress.

我甚至也給國會革新派做過。

And everywhere, the awareness of the level of police violence

無論在哪裡，人們對於警察施加在

that black women experience

黑人女性身上的暴力

is exceedingly low.

都鮮有所知。

Now, it is surprising, isn't it, that this would be the case.

這讓人驚奇，不是麼？這樣的情形。

I mean, there are two issues involved here.

這牽扯到兩個問題。

There's police violence against African-Americans,

警察對於非裔美國人的暴力，

and there's violence against women,

和警察對女性的暴力，

two issues that have been talked about a lot lately.

這是兩個最近非常熱門的話題。

But when we think about who is implicated by these problems,

但當我們思考，誰被這些問題所牽涉，

when we think about who is victimized by these problems,

誰是這些問題的受害者時，

the names of these black women never come to mind.

沒有人記起這些非裔女性的名字。

Now, communications experts tell us

溝通專家告訴我們，

that when facts do not fit with the available frames,

當事實與既定的認知框架不符時，

people have a difficult time incorporating new facts

人們很難將新的知識

into their way of thinking about a problem.

融入他們對於問題的思考模式當中。

These women's names have slipped through our consciousness

這些女性的名字從我們的意識中黯然溜走，

because there are no frames for us to see them,

是因為我們沒有這個認知框架，

no frames for us to remember them,

我們缺少一個記憶點，

no frames for us to hold them.

一個將她們融入我們認識框架的切入點。

As a consequence,

結果就是，

reporters don't lead with them,

記者不會重點強調她們，

policymakers don't think about them,

政策制定者不會去考慮她們，

and politicians aren't encouraged or demanded that they speak to them.

沒有政客被強制要求或被鼓勵去和她們溝通。

Now, you might ask,

現在，你可能會問，

why does a frame matter?

為什麼一個認知框架如此重要？

I mean, after all,

我想說，歸根結底，

an issue that affects black people and an issue that affects women,

一個同時涉及黑人及女性的話題，

wouldn't that necessarily include black people who are women

難道不是必然會牽扯到黑人中的女性

and women who are black people?

和女性中的黑人麼？

Well, the simple answer is that this is a trickle-down approach to social justice,

簡單的答案是，可以靠涓滴效應來達到社會公正，

and many times it just doesn't work.

但大多數時候這都行不通。

Without frames that allow us to see

當缺乏一個認知框架使我們看到

how social problems impact all the members of a targeted group,

社會問題如何影響某特定群體時，

many will fall through the cracks of our movements,

在人們嘗試得到權益平等的運動中，

left to suffer in virtual isolation.

許多人會失敗，孤立無援。

But it doesn't have to be this way.

但事情本不至於此。

Many years ago, I began to use the term "intersectionality"

許多年前，我開始用 「交叉性」這個名詞

to deal with the fact that many of our social justice problems

來指代這樣的問題：有關社會正義的問題

like racism and sexism

如種族和性別歧視的問題

are often overlapping,

其內在往往是交叉重疊的。

creating multiple levels of social injustice.

並且產生了多重的不公現象。

Now, the experience that gave rise to intersectionality

提出交叉性的緣由，

was my chance encounter with a woman named Emma DeGraffenreid.

是我遇到了一位叫艾瑪．蒂格拉福瑞的女人。

Emma DeGraffenreid was an African-American woman,

艾瑪．蒂格拉福瑞是一位非裔美國女性，

a working wife and a mother.

她是一位有工作的妻子兼母親。

I actually read about Emma's story from the pages of a legal opinion

事實上，我是在法律意見書上讀到她的名字的，

written by a judge who had dismissed Emma's claim

由一位駁回了艾瑪

of race and gender discrimination

對於種族和性別歧視訴訟的法官所寫的。

against a local car manufacturing plant.

這樁訴訟的被告是一個汽車製造廠。

Emma, like so many African-American women,

艾瑪就如同許多非裔美國婦女一樣，

sought better employment for her family and for others.

嘗試為她的家人和其他人尋求更好的就業機會。

She wanted to create a better life for her children and for her family.

她希望為她的孩子和家庭創造一個更好的生活。

But she applied for a job,

但是她應徵了一個工作，

and she was not hired,

卻沒有被雇用。

and she believed that she was not hired because she was a black woman.

她相信她沒有被雇用的原因是因為她是一位黑人婦女。

Now, the judge in question dismissed Emma's suit,

這位法官駁回了艾瑪的訴訟，

and the argument for dismissing the suit was

而他駁回這個訴訟的理由是

that the employer did hire African-Americans

那個雇主有雇用非裔美國人，

and the employer hired women.

也有雇用婦女。

The real problem, though, that the judge was not willing to acknowledge

雖然這位法官不願意承認，但問題的實質

was what Emma was actually trying to say,

正是艾瑪實際上所要說的事：

that the African-Americans that were hired,

那些僱用非裔美國人的職位，

usually for industrial jobs, maintenance jobs, were all men.

通常是工業性、維修的工作，所僱用的都是男性。

And the women that were hired,

而雇用了女性的職位，

usually for secretarial or front-office work,

通常是秘書性或服務台的工作，

were all white.

所僱用的都是白人女性。

Only if the court was able to see how these policies came together

只有當那位法官將這兩個問題放在一起看時，

would he be able to see the double discrimination

他才能夠看到艾瑪所面對的

that Emma DeGraffenreid was facing.

雙重歧視。

But the court refused to allow Emma to put two causes of action together

但是那位法官拒絕讓艾瑪將這兩件事的前因後果放在一起

to tell her story

來敘述她的故事。

because he believed that, by allowing her to do that,

因為他相信，如果他讓她如此做，

she would be able to have preferential treatment.

她會得到優惠待遇。

She would have an advantage by having two swings at the bat,

她會有雙重的優勢，

when African-American men and white women only had one swing at the bat.

而非裔男性和白人婦女只有一層優勢。

But of course, neither African-American men or white women

但是，當然，無論是非裔男性及白人婦女

needed to combine a race and gender discrimination claim

都無需將種族和性別歧視結合在一起

to tell the story of the discrimination they were experiencing.

來向大家講述他們所經歷的歧視。

Why wasn't the real unfairness

為什麼這不被當成是歧視？

law's refusal to protect African-American women

當法律拒絕保護非裔女性這一群體，

simply because their experiences weren't exactly the same

只是因為她們受歧視的經歷與非裔男性或白人女性並非一模一樣，

as white women and African-American men?

難道這不是真正的不公？

Rather than broadening the frame to include African-American women,

他們採取的不是拓寬認知框架，把非裔美國婦女囊括進去，

the court simply tossed their case completely out of court.

而是將她們的案子 完全拒於法庭門外。

Now, as a student of antidiscrimination law,

現在，作為一名學習反歧視法律的學生，

as a feminist,

作為一位女性主義者，

as an antiracist,

作為一位反種族歧視者，

I was struck by this case.

我被這個案子大大撼動。

It felt to me like injustice squared.

我感覺這就像是成倍的不公正。

So first of all,

首先，

black women weren't allowed to work at the plant.

黑人婦女不被允許在工廠工作。

Second of all, the court doubled down on this exclusion

第二，法院通過大大降低其在法律中的重要性

by making it legally inconsequential.

加強了這種排擠。

And to boot, there was no name for this problem.

除此之外，這個問題並沒有一個屬於自己的名字。

And we all know that, where there's no name for a problem,

我們都知道，當一個問題沒有名字時，

you can't see a problem,

你就看不到問題，

and when you can't see a problem, you pretty much can't solve it.

然後當你看不到有問題時，你當然就無法解決那個問題。

Many years later, I had come to recognize

許多年後，我漸漸認識到

that the problem that Emma was facing was a framing problem.

艾瑪所面對的問題是一個認知框架的問題。

The frame that the court was using

法院採用看待性別歧視

to see gender discrimination or to see race discrimination

或者種族歧視的框架來看待這個問題，

was partial, and it was distorting.

而這是片面的，是扭曲的。

For me, the challenge that I faced was

對我而言，我所面對的挑戰是

trying to figure out whether there was an alternative narrative,

我能否試著找出一個能指代這一問題的敘述，

a prism that would allow us to see Emma's dilemma,

一個可以讓我們看到艾瑪的困境的視角，

a prism that would allow us to rescue her from the cracks in the law,

一個可以讓我們得以將她從法律漏洞裡拯救出來的視角，

that would allow judges to see her story.

以期許法官們看到她的故事。

So it occurred to me,

我突然想到，

maybe a simple analogy to an intersection

或許一個簡單的交叉點的類比

might allow judges to better see Emma's dilemma.

或許可以讓法官們更能意識到艾瑪的困境。

So if we think about this intersection, the roads to the intersection would be

所以如果我們仔細想想這個交叉點，那麼匯集於這個交叉點的路就是

the way that the workforce was structured by race and by gender.

由各個種族和性別所組成的勞動力構成的。

And then the traffic in those roads would be the hiring policies

路上的交通工具就是僱傭政策

and the other practices that ran through those roads.

以及穿行在這些道路上的其他方式。

Now, because Emma was both black and female,

現在，因為艾瑪既是黑人又是女性，

she was positioned precisely where those roads overlapped,

她的位置正好位於兩條路的交叉點，

experiencing the simultaneous impact

因此同時遭受到

of the company's gender and race traffic.

公司的性別和種族的碰撞。

The law -- the law is like that ambulance that shows up

法律──法律就像是來到現場的救護車，

and is ready to treat Emma only if it can be shown

它準備要治療艾瑪，但必須確認

that she was harmed on the race road or on the gender road

她是在種族歧視或性別歧視的路上受傷，

but not where those roads intersected.

而不是在兩條路的交叉處。

So what do you call being impacted by multiple forces

如果你被多重力量傷害，

and then abandoned to fend for yourself?

然後被迫放棄保護自己， 這個情形你會稱之為什麼？

Intersectionality seemed to do it for me.

我認為「交叉性」還不錯。

I would go on to learn that African-American women,

我接著得知非裔婦女，

like other women of color,

像其他有色婦女，

like other socially marginalized people all over the world,

像世界各地其他種社會邊緣的人，

were facing all kinds of dilemmas and challenges

身為交叉性的結果，

as a consequence of intersectionality,

都面對種種困境和挑戰，

intersections of race and gender,

種族和性別的交叉歧視，

of heterosexism, transphobia, xenophobia, ableism,

異性戀、變性者、仇外心理、 健常能力偏見主義的交叉歧視，

all of these social dynamics come together

所有這些社會歧視聚集在一起

and create challenges that are sometimes quite unique.

創造出有時是相當罕見的挑戰。

But in the same way

但是以同樣方式

that intersectionality

交叉性

raised our awareness to the way that black women live their lives,

提高了我們對於黑人婦女生活的認識，

it also exposes the tragic circumstances

它也暴露了

under which African-American women die.

非裔美國女性死亡的悲劇情況。

Police violence against black women

警察對黑人婦女的暴力

is very real.

是很真實的。

The level of violence that black women face

黑人婦女所面對的暴力的程度，

is such that it's not surprising

非常不意外地

that some of them do not survive their encounters with police.

使得她們其中一些人在遇到警察時沒有活下來。

Black girls as young as seven,

連只有七歲的黑人女孩，

great grandmothers as old as 95

及 95 歲的曾祖母，

have been killed by the police.

被警察殺死。

They've been killed in their living rooms,

他們有的在家裡客廳被殺，

in their bedrooms.

或在臥室裡被殺。

They've been killed in their cars.

他們在車子裡被殺。

They've been killed on the street.

他們在街上被殺。

They've been killed in front of their parents

他們在他們的父母面前被殺，

and they've been killed in front of their children.

他們在他們的孩子面前被殺。

They have been shot to death.

他們有的被槍殺致死。

They have been stomped to death.

他們被踩死。

They have been suffocated to death.

他們被窒息死亡。

They have been manhandled to death.

他們被人處死。

They have been tasered to death.

他們被電擊死亡。

They've been killed when they've called for help.

他們在呼救時被殺死。

They've been killed when they were alone,

他們獨處時被殺。

and they've been killed when they were with others.

他們與其他人在一起時被殺。

They've been killed shopping while black,

他們因為是黑人而在購物時被殺，

driving while black,

因為是黑人而在開車時被殺，

having a mental disability while black,

因為是心智殘障黑人而被殺，

having a domestic disturbance while black.

因為是有家庭糾紛的黑人而被殺。

They've even been killed being homeless while black.

他們甚至因為是無家可歸的黑人而被殺。

They've been killed talking on the cell phone,

他們因為是在講手機的黑人而被殺，

laughing with friends,

與朋友在笑，

sitting in a car reported as stolen

坐在被盜竊的車裡，

and making a U-turn in front of the White House

在白宮前迴轉時被殺，

with an infant strapped in the backseat of the car.

當時還有嬰兒在車上的後座。

Why don't we know these stories?

為什麼我們不知道這些故事？

Why is it that their lost lives

為什麼她們失去的生命，

don't generate the same amount of media attention and communal outcry

沒有得到和他們兄弟的死亡

as the lost lives of their fallen brothers?

同樣的媒體關注和公眾抗議？

It's time for a change.

現在是該改變的時候了。

So what can we do?

我們該如何做呢？

In 2014, the African-American Policy Forum began to demand

在 2014 年，非裔美國人政策論壇開始要求

that we "say her name"

我們要「說出她們的名字」──

at rallies, at protests,

在集會時，在抗議時，

at conferences, at meetings,

在會議裡，在開會時，

anywhere and everywhere

在任何地方

that state violence against black bodies is being discussed.

對黑人進行身體上的暴力正在被討論。

But saying her name is not enough.

但是只是說出她們的名字還不夠。

We have to be willing to do more.

我們必須願意做更多。

We have to be willing to bear witness,

我們必須願意作證，

to bear witness to the often painful realities

為我們我們不願面對的

that we would just rather not confront,

痛苦的現實作證，

the everyday violence and humiliation that many black women have had to face,

為許多黑人婦女不得不面對的日常暴力和侮辱作證，

black women across color,

橫跨顏色、

age, gender expression,

年齡、性別表現、

sexuality and ability.

性取向和能力。