We're going to share a lot of secrets today, you and I,

今天你們和我將分享很多秘密。

and in doing so, I hope that we can lift

這麼做的目的是，

some of the shame many of us feel about sex.

我希望可以消除一些 我們對性的羞恥感。

How many here have ever been catcalled by a stranger?

在座各位，有多少人 曾被陌生人吹口哨？

Lots of women.

很多女士。

For me, the time I remember best

對我來說，我記得最清楚的是，

is when that stranger was a student of mine.

那個陌生人是我的一個學生。

He came up to me after class that night

那晚下課後，他來找我，

and his words confirmed what I already knew:

他的話證實了我已知道的，

"I am so sorry, professor.

「非常抱歉，教授。

If I had known it was you, I would never have said those things."

如果早知道是您， 我怎麼也不會說那些話。 」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I wasn't a person to him until I was his professor.

對他來說，如果我不是他的教授， 他就沒把我是一個人。

This concept, called objectification,

這就是所謂「人格物化」的概念，

is the foundation of sexism,

這是性別歧視的基礎。

and we see it reinforced through every aspect of our lives.

我們在生活的各個層面， 看到它不斷的被強化，

We see it in the government

我們可從政府部門

that refuses to punish men

拒絕懲罰那些

for raping women.

強姦婦女的男人看到。

We see it in advertisements.

我們在廣告裡看到。

How many of you have seen an advertisement

有多少人曾經看過廣告中

that uses a woman's breast to sell an entirely unrelated product?

用女性的胸部 來推廣毫不相干的產品？

Or movie after movie after movie

還有，一部接一部的電影裡，

that portrays women as only love interests?

女性被刻畫成只是愛情目標？

These examples might seem inconsequential and harmless,

這些例子看似無關緊要，無傷大雅，

but they're insidious,

但實際上他們的殺傷力很大，

slowly building into a culture that refuses to see women as people.

慢慢滲入成一種 無視女性為人的文化。

We see this in the school that sends home a 10-year-old girl

我們看見學校把 10 歲的 女學生打發回家，

because her clothes were a distraction to boys trying to learn,

因為她的衣著讓男生分心， 不能專心讀書，

or the government that refuses to punish men for raping women

還有那些政府拒絕懲罰 強姦女性的男人，

over and over,

還有女性被殺

or the woman who is killed

就是因為在舞池， 她要求某位男人不要毛手毛腳。

because she asked a man to stop grinding on her on the dance floor.

對女性的物化， 媒體發揮著重要的作用。

Media plays a large role in perpetuating the objectification of women.

讓我們設想 在一個經典浪漫喜劇中，

Let's consider the classic romantic comedy.

在這些電影裡，總有兩種女性，

We're typically introduced to two kinds of women in these movies,

兩種讓人想要追求的女生。

two kinds of desirable women, anyway.

非常美麗的女人，完美的身體曲線。

The first is the sexy bombshell.

我們的男主角能夠 毫不費力的注意到她，

This is the unbelievably gorgeous woman with the perfect body.

並甚至很輕易就能和她發生關係。

Our leading man has no trouble identifying her

第二個是我們的女主角，

and even less trouble having sex with her.

美麗端莊的女生， 最後被男主角愛上，

The second is our leading lady,

雖然一開始可能並沒有注意到她，

the beautiful but demure woman our leading man falls in love with

或是就算注意到她， 也沒有立刻喜歡她。

despite not noticing her at first

第一個女生是蕩婦。

or not liking her if he did.

她在被利用後，就被遺忘了。

The first is the slut.

她太隨手可得。

She is to be consumed and forgotten.

第二個女生吸引人但是低調，

She is much too available.

因此值得成為男主角 未來子女的母親。

The second is desirable but modest,

結婚的材料。

and therefore worthy of our leading man's future babies.

我們實際上被告知， 女性有兩個角色，

Marriage material.

但是這兩種角色 很難並存於同一個女人。

We're actually told that women have two roles,

在罕見的情況下， 我會和剛認識的人

but these two roles have a difficult time existing within the same woman.

分享我是做性研究的。

On the rare occasion that I share with a new acquaintance

如果這時他們不馬上中止谈话，

that I study sex,

他們通常都會很好奇。

if they don't end the conversation right then,

「哦，說來聽聽。」

they're usually pretty intrigued.

於是我就說了。

"Oh. Tell me more."

「我對懷孕中和產後夫妻的 ​​性行為的研究，

So I do.

非常感興趣。」

"I'm really interested in studying the sexual behaviors

這時我會得到不同的回應。

of pregnant and postpartum couples."

「哦，哼。

At this point I get a different kind of response.

孕婦可以有性行為嗎？

(Laughter)

你有沒有想過研究性慾，

"Oh. Huh.

或性高潮？

Do pregnant people even have sex?

那應該會更有意思，並且性感。 」

Have you thought about studying sexual desire

請告訴我，當你們想到孕婦的時候，

or orgasms?

進入你們腦海的第一個字是什麼？

That would be interesting, and sexy."

這個問題，我在一個調查中 訪問了超過 500 個成年人，

Tell me. What are the first words that come to mind

最多的回答是「肚子」或「圓形」，

when you picture a pregnant woman?

還有 「可愛」。

I asked this question in a survey of over 500 adults,

這並沒有讓我很吃驚。

and most responded with "belly" or "round"

還有什麼我們通常用可愛來形容？

and "cute."

嬰兒、小狗、小貓。

This didn't surprise me too much.

還有年長者。是嗎？

What else do we label as cute?

（笑聲）

Babies. Puppies. Kittens.

當我們把成年人用可愛來形容時，

The elderly. Right?

我們剝奪了他們的智慧，

(Laughter)

以及他們複雜性。

When we label an adult as cute, though,

我們把他們降到了小孩子的水準。

we take away a lot of their intelligence,

我也訪問過異性戀的男生，

their complexity.

讓他們假想他們的另一半正在懷孕，

We reduce them to childlike qualities.

然後問女生假想自己懷孕，

I also asked heterosexual men

然後告訴我 當他們想像在做性行為時，

to imagine a woman that they're partnered with is pregnant,

首先想到的第一個字詞。

and then asked women to imagine that they are pregnant,

大多數的反應都是負面的。

and then tell me the first words that come to mind

「噁心」

when they imagine having sex.

「尷尬」

Most of the responses were negative.

「不性感」「奇怪」

"Gross."

「不舒服」

"Awkward."

「怎麽做？」

"Not sexy." "Odd."

（笑聲）

"Uncomfortable."

「這麼麻煩不值得」 「不值得冒險」

"How?"

最後的一個詞讓我想了很久。

(Laughter)

我們可能認為因為 我們把孕婦、母親和性分開，

"Not worth the trouble." "Not worth the risk."

我們就去除了性物化的約束。

That last one really stuck with me.

她們經歷一些性別歧視。是嗎？

We might think that because we divorce pregnant women and moms from sexuality,

並不盡然。

we are removing the constraints of sexual objectification.

其實結果是另外一種形式的物化，

They experience less sexism. Right?

在我努力向別人解釋這個的時候，

Not exactly.

其中的一次談話就轉到 維倫多爾夫的維納斯，

What happens instead is a different kind of objectification.

這個舊石器時代的小雕像， 學者們認為是愛和美麗的女神。

In my efforts to explain this to others,

因此命名她為維納斯。

one conversation led to the Venus of Willendorf,

這個理論之後又被更正過，

a Paleolithic figurine scholars assumed was a goddess of love and beauty,

當學者們注意到雕刻家的重心

hence the name Venus.

明顯的放在雕像的生殖特徵上：

This theory was later revised, though,

豐滿的胸部 被認為是理想的哺育工具，

when scholars noted the sculptor's obvious focus

豐滿，可能已懷孕的腹部；

on the figurine's reproductive features:

紅赭染料的殘留，暗示月經或生育。

large breasts, considered ideal for nursing;

學者們也假設她是應該被抬著， 或是平放著的，

a round, possibly pregnant belly;

因為她的小腳是不允許她能站著的。

the remnants of red dye, alluding to menstruation or birth.

她也沒有臉。

They also assumed that she was meant to be held or placed lying down

因為如此，她被認為是繁衍的象徵。

because her tiny feet don't allow her to be freestanding.

並不是一個人的塑像。

She also had no face.

她是一個物品。

For this reason, it was assumed that she was a representation of fertility

貫穿在對她的解讀的歷史裡，

and not a portrait of a person.

她從一個理想的美和愛的物件，

She was an object.

變成繁衍的物品。

In the history of her interpretation,

我認為這種轉變， 與其說是雕像的實際目的，

she went from object of ideal beauty and love

不如說是，

to object of reproduction.

它告訴了我們 那些研究她的學者的想法。

I think this transition speaks more

當一個女人懷孕了，

about the scholars who have interpreted her purpose

她不再是男性性需求的對象，

than the actual purpose of the figurine herself.

隨後進入了生育和養育孩子的角色。

When a woman becomes pregnant,

這樣之後，她又成為了

she leaves the realm of men's sexual desire

社區的共同財產。

and slides into her reproductive and child-rearing role.

被認為非常重要， 但只是因為她懷孕的緣故。是不是？

In doing so, she also becomes

我把這個稱為「維倫多夫效應」。

the property of the community,

再一次我們看見它在 女性生活的許多方面被强化。

considered very important but only because she's pregnant. Right?

這裡有人曾經很明顯的懷孕嗎？

I've taken to calling this the Willendorf effect,

（笑聲）

and once again we see it reinforced in many aspects of her life.

是啊，很多，對嗎？

Has anyone here ever been visibly pregnant?

有多少人在你懷孕時 曾被陌生人碰過你的腹部？

(Laughter)

有時可能根本沒有 事先徵求你的同意？

Yeah. Lots of you, right?

或者有些人既不是醫生， 也不是你的私人看護，

So how many of you ever had a stranger touch your belly during pregnancy,

卻來告訴你可以或不可以吃什麼？

maybe without even asking your permission first?

或者問你關於你準備 怎麽生小孩的一些私密問題？

Or told what you can and cannot eat

然後再告訴你為什麼 那些選擇都是錯誤的。

by somebody who is not your doctor, your medical care provider?

是啊，我也經歷過。

Or asked private questions about your birth plan?

或者侍應生拒絕給你拿一杯酒？

And then told why those choices are all wrong?

這個可能會讓你停頓一下， 我知道，但是先別急。

Yeah, me too.

這是一個大秘密。

Or had a server refuse to bring you a glass of wine?

其實在懷孕期間 適度的飲酒是安全的。

This one might give you pause, I know, but stay with me.

許多人不知道這個，

This is a huge secret.

是因為醫生信不過 把這個秘密告訴孕婦。

It is actually safe to drink in moderation during pregnancy.

（笑聲）

Many of us don't know this

特別是那些受教育少的 或是非白種人。

because doctors don't trust pregnant women with this secret --

這就告訴我們，

(Laughter)

這個維倫多夫效應也是有 階級歧視和種族歧視的。

especially if she's less educated or a woman of color.

它現形於當政府用 每一個新的反墮胎法案

What this tells us is,

來提醒女性

this Willendorf effect, it's also classist and racist.

她們子宮裡的東西不是她自己的，

It's present when the government reminds women

或者當婦產科醫生說：

with every new anti-choice bill

「在懷孕期間的性行為是安全的，

that the contents of her uterus are not her own,

但有時候很難說。

or when an ob-gyn says,

還是以防萬一不要冒險，對不對？」

"While it's safe to have sex during pregnancy,

在「做一個好媽媽的」 的僞裝下，

sometimes you never know.

她被否認了基本的隱私和身體自主，

Better safe than sorry, right?"

我們信不過她能給自己做決定。

She's denied basic privacy and bodily autonomy

她很可愛，記得嗎？

under the guise of "be a good mother."

讓我們告訴女性

We don't trust her to make her own decisions.

性愉悅──抱歉。

She's cute, remember?

當我們告訴女性 懷孕期間不值得冒險有性行為，

When we tell women

其實我們告訴她的是 她的性愉悅並不重要。

that sexual pleasure -- excuse me.

因此我們想說的是她其實並不重要，

When we tell women that sex isn't worth the risk during pregnancy,

即使她胎兒的需求 和她的需求並不相悖。

what we're telling her is that her sexual pleasure doesn't matter.

所以醫護人員們，

So what we are telling her is that she in fact doesn't matter,

像美國婦產科醫學學會，

even though the needs of her fetus are not at odds with her own needs.

有機會進行關於 孕期性行爲安全的教育。

So medical providers,

美國婦產科醫學學會實際上沒有

such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

關於懷孕期間 性行爲安全的公開聲明。

have the opportunity to educate about the safety of sex during pregnancy.

馬約診所的引導方針 一般上是正面的，

So what do the experts say?

但也提出了警示：

ACOG actually has no public official statement

「雖然大多數的女性 在懷孕期間的性行為是安全的，

about the safety of sex during pregnancy.

有時最好還是要小心。 」

Guidance from the Mayo Clinic is generally positive

有些孕婦在懷孕期間 根本不想有性行為，

but presented with a caveat:

這沒關係。

"Although most women can safely have sex throughout pregnancy,

有些孕婦想要有性行為

sometimes it's best to be cautious."

一樣也沒有關係。

Some women don't want to have sex during pregnancy,

我們需要做的是社會不要再教導女性

and that's OK.

對自己的身體什麼可以做， 什麼不可以做。

Some women do want to have sex during pregnancy,

（掌聲）

and that's OK, too.

懷孕的女性不是沒有臉、 沒有人格的繁衍工具。

What needs to stop is society telling women

也不是不能用自己的雙腳站起來。

what they can and cannot do with their bodies.

真相是，真正的秘密是，

(Applause)

我們告訴所有的女性 他們的性愉悅是無關緊要的。

Pregnant women are not faceless, identity-less vessels of reproduction

我們拒絕甚至承認 女性和女性有性行為，

who can't stand on their own two feet.

或者有些女性不想要小孩， 這些的存在。

But the truth is, the real secret is,

「哦，這只是一個階段……

we tell all women that their sexual pleasure doesn't matter.

她只是還沒找到一個合適的人。 」

We refuse to even acknowledge that women who have sex with women

每一次當女性有性行為，

or women who don't want children even exist.

只是因為自己感覺好，

"Oh, it's just a phase ...

那就是一次革命。

she just needs the right man to come along."

她就是革命者。

Every time a woman has sex

她敢於和社會的堅持抗爭，

simply because it feels good,

對抗那些認為她的存在只是取悅男性

it is revolutionary.

或繁衍的工具。

She is revolutionary.

一個女人視自己的性需求 為優先是很可怕的，

She is pushing back against society's insistence

因為當她把自己的性需求放首位， 就是把自己放首位。

that she exist simply for men's pleasure

（掌聲）

or for reproduction.

這是一個要求被平等對待的女性。

A woman who prioritizes her sexual needs is scary,

這是一個堅持

because a woman who prioritizes her sexual needs prioritizes herself.

在權力的平臺上， 你要給她位置的女性。

(Applause)

最可怕的是，

That is a woman demanding that she be treated as an equal.

我們不可能給她位置，

That is a woman who insists

如果現有的一些人 不願意讓出多的位置。

that you make room for her at the table of power,

（掌聲）

and that is the most terrifying of all

我有最後一個秘密分享給你們。

because we can't make room for her

我是兩個男孩的母親，

without some of us giving up the extra space we hold.

我們需要得到你們的幫助。

(Applause)

雖然我的兒子經常聽我說，

I have one last secret for you.

把女性視爲平等對男性很重要

I am the mother of two boys

他們看到他們的父親也在這麽做，

and we could use your help.

我們需要在外面發生的 影響到我們的家。

Even though my boys hear me say regularly

這不是男人或者女人的問題。

that it's important for men to recognize women as equals

我們在瓦解這個不平等的體系裡 都起著一些的作用。

and they see their father modeling this,

首先，我們不要再教導女性 怎樣對待自己的身體

we need what happens in the world to reinforce what happens in our home.

（掌聲）

This is not a men's problem or a women's problem.

這包括不要再把孕婦 當成是社群的財產。

This is everyone's problem,

如果你不認識她， 就不要去碰她的肚子。

and we all play a role in dismantling systems of inequality.

你不會對其他人這樣。

For starters, we have got to stop telling women

不要教導她，什麼她能吃或不能吃。

what they can and cannot do with their bodies.

不要問她一些醫療的私密的細節，

(Applause)

這也包括

This includes not treating pregnant women like community property.

就算你個人反對墮胎，

If you don't know her, don't even ask to touch her belly.

你還是可以為女性的選擇權去抗爭。

You wouldn't anybody else.

當談到女性平等時， 兩性之間是不需要對立的。

Don't tell her what she can and cannot eat.

如果你要和女人發生性行爲，

Don't ask her private details about her medical decisions.

把她的愉悅放首位。

This also includes understanding

如果你不知道怎麽做，儘管問。

that even if you are personally against abortion,

如果你有孩子──

you can still fight for a woman's right to choose.

（笑聲）

When it comes to women's equality, the two need not oppose one another.

儘早和他們開始關於性的交談，

If you're somebody who has sex with women,

因爲孩子不會再去用字典 來查「性」這個字了。

prioritize her pleasure.

他們會上網去查。

If you don't know how, ask.

當你們有關於性的談話時，

If you have children --

不要只局限在繁衍的意義上。

(Laughter)

人因爲多種原因發生性行爲，

have conversations about sex as early as possible,

有些因爲他們想要小孩，

because kids don't look up s-e-x in the dictionary anymore.

但大多數人是因爲感覺很好。

They look it up on the internet.

承認吧。

And when you're having those conversations about sex,

不管你有沒有小孩，

don't center them on reproduction only.