What is the walkable city?

我今天來和你們討論 所謂適宜步行的城市

Well, for want of a better definition,

什麼才是適宜步行的城市呢？

it's a city in which the car is an optional instrument of freedom,

最好的解釋就是

rather than a prosthetic device.

汽車是城市一種可供選擇的工具

And I'd like to talk about why we need the walkable city,

而不是像一個義肢般的必不可缺

and I'd like to talk about how to do the walkable city.

而我今天想談論 為什麼我們需要一個適宜步行的城市

Most of the talks I give these days are about why we need it,

同時我也想談論 要怎麼做才能有一個適宜步行的城市

but you guys are smart.

最近我大部分的演講 都是關於為什麼我們需要它？

And also I gave that talk exactly a month ago,

但是你們很聰明

and you can see it at TED.com.

而那正是我一個月前的演講

So today I want to talk about how to do it.

你們可以在 TED.com 上面看到

In a lot of time thinking about this,

所以今天我想討論如何做

I've come up with what I call the general theory of walkability.

關於這問題，我想了很久

A bit of a pretentious term, it's a little tongue-in-cheek,

最後得出一個答案 我稱之為，適宜步行的一般性理論

but it's something I've thought about for a long time,

有些狂妄的說法，也有點半開玩笑式

and I'd like to share what I think I've figured out.

但確實是我思考已久的事實

In the American city, the typical American city --

我想和你們分享我的發現

the typical American city is not Washington, DC,

在美國城市，典型的美國城市

or New York, or San Francisco;

不是華盛頓特區

it's Grand Rapids or Cedar Rapids or Memphis --

紐約或是舊金山

in the typical American city in which most people own cars

是激流市或杉溪市或者孟菲斯──

and the temptation is to drive them all the time,

在典型的美國城市裡 大部分的人們都擁有汽車

if you're going to get them to walk, then you have to offer a walk

這是致使他們時常行駛的誘因

that's as good as a drive or better.

如果你試圖要他們步行 那麼你必須提供一個和開車一樣

What does that mean?

甚而更好的方式

It means you need to offer four things simultaneously:

這是什麼意思？

there needs to be a proper reason to walk,

代表你必須同時滿足四項需求

the walk has to be safe and feel safe,

首先要有一個適切的理由去行走

the walk has to be comfortable

步行需要安全並感受到安全

and the walk has to be interesting.

同時要是舒適的

You need to do all four of these things simultaneously,

也要是有趣的

and that's the structure of my talk today,

這四項需求必須同時滿足

to take you through each of those.

這些正是今天演講的架構

The reason to walk is a story I learned from my mentors,

會分別探討每一項需求

Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,

步行的理由

the founders of the New Urbanism movement.

來自我導師所講述的一個故事

And I should say half the slides and half of my talk today

安德鲁斯．杜安伊 和伊麗莎白．普拉特．茲伊貝克

I learned from them.

他們是新城市主義運動的先驅

It's the story of planning,

而我必須坦承 今天的演講內容和投影片

the story of the formation of the planning profession.

有一半來自這故事中啟發

When in the 19th century people were choking

這是個關於規劃的故事

from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,

關於規劃專業如何形成的故事

the planners said, hey, let's move the housing away from the mills.

在 19 世紀

And lifespans increased immediately, dramatically,

人們窒息於煤煙密布的恐怖作坊

and we like to say

規劃者曾這麼說道 嘿，我們把住宅搬離這地方吧

the planners have been trying to repeat that experience ever since.

人類平均壽命不久就明顯地延長

So there's the onset of what we call Euclidean zoning,

我們樂意這樣講

the separation of the landscape into large areas of single use.

規劃者從此就不斷地重複這方式

And typically when I arrive in a city to do a plan,

這也是我們稱之 歐幾里德分區制的開始

a plan like this already awaits me on the property that I'm looking at.

以分區方式規定土地使用

And all a plan like this guarantees

一般來說，當我到一個城市去做規劃

is that you will not have a walkable city,

這樣的規劃早已就位並久候

because nothing is located near anything else.

而所有這一類型的規劃都代表著

The alternative, of course, is our most walkable city,

你將不會擁有一個適宜步行的城市

and I like to say, you know, this is a Rothko,

因為附近什麼都沒有

and this is a Seurat.

另外的一種方式 當然就是我們最為重視的理念

It's just a different way -- he was the pointilist --

上面所說的是羅斯科的抽象派

it's a different way of making places.

而這裡說的是秀拉派

And even this map of Manhattan is a bit misleading

它不同的地方，在於他是點彩派畫家

because the red color is uses that are mixed vertically.

採用不一樣的方式去規劃地方

So this is the big story of the New Urbanists --

即便這幅曼哈頓的地圖有些錯誤

to acknowledge that there are only two ways

因為使用的紅色是垂直混合的

that have been tested by the thousands

接下來是關於新城市主義的一個故事

to build communities, in the world and throughout history.

必須承認只有兩種方式

One is the traditional neighborhood.

去建構一個社區

You see here several neighborhoods of Newburyport, Massachusetts,

它們從古自今，已被測試數千年

which is defined as being compact and being diverse --

其一是典型的鄰里關係

places to live, work, shop, recreate, get educated --

你可以看到在麻薩諸塞州 紐伯里波特這城市裡的一些鄰里社區

all within walking distance.

它是密集並且多樣的地區

And it's defined as being walkable.

可以居住、上班、逛街 休閒、受教育

There are lots of small streets.

都是走路就能到的距離

Each one is comfortable to walk on.

也是所謂，適宜步行的距離

And we contrast that to the other way,

有很多小的街道

an invention that happened after the Second World War,

每條都可以很自在舒適地行走

suburban sprawl,

但我們卻選擇恰為相反的方式

clearly not compact, clearly not diverse, and it's not walkable,

在二戰後的改變

because so few of the streets connect,

郊區擴展

that those streets that do connect become overburdened,

明顯地不密集也不多樣 不適於步行

and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.

因為很少有街道相連

And I want to thank Alex Maclean, the aerial photographer,

即使有街道相連也變得過度負荷

for many of these beautiful pictures that I'm showing you today.

你不會讓你的孩子走出去

So it's fun to break sprawl down into its constituent parts.

我想感謝麥可林，空中攝影師

It's so easy to understand,

他拍攝了很多美麗的照片 讓我今天向大家展示

the places where you only live, the places where you only work,

打破（建築羣）雜亂擴散的大片區域 變成為不同的組成部分是有趣的事

the places where you only shop,

便於理解

and our super-sized public institutions.

一個你只能生活的地方 一個你只能工作的地方

Schools get bigger and bigger,

一個你只能購物的地方

and therefore, further and further from each other.

以及我們的超大的公共設施

And the ratio of the size of the parking lot

學校越來越大

to the size of the school

因此，相互間距離更遠

tells you all you need to know,

停車場的規模

which is that no child has ever walked to this school,

與學校規模的比例

no child will ever walk to this school.

能夠告訴你所有你需要知道的

The seniors and juniors are driving the freshmen and the sophomores,

那就是，沒有小孩

and of course we have the crash statistics to prove it.

走到過學校

And then the super-sizing of our other civic institutions

高三生開車載著高一高二生

like playing fields --

當然我們有車禍統計數據證明

it's wonderful that Westin in the Ft. Lauderdale area

我們其它的超級城市設施

has eight soccer fields and eight baseball diamonds

例如遊樂場

and 20 tennis courts,

羅德岱堡的威斯汀地區超棒

but look at the road that takes you to that location,

有 8 個足球場，8 個棒球場

and would you let your child bike on it?

20 個網球場

And this is why we have the soccer mom now.

但是，看看那些帶你通往那裡的路

When I was young, I had one soccer field,

你會讓你的孩子騎腳踏車去嗎？

one baseball diamond and one tennis court,

那就是當今我們爲什麼有足球媽媽

but I could walk to it, because it was in my neighborhood.

在我小時候，我有一個足球場

Then the final part of sprawl that everyone forgot to count:

一個棒球場，一個網球場

if you're going to separate everything from everything else

但是我可以走過去，因爲距離我很近

and reconnect it only with automotive infrastructure,

城市區域擴展還有最後一個部分 大家都忘記了

then this is what your landscape begins to look like.

如果你打算把每個東西都分散

The main message here is:

然後只靠汽車再去連接它

if you want to have a walkable city, you can't start with the sprawl model.

這就是你得到的全景圖

you need the bones of an urban model.

主要訊息就是：

This is the outcome of that form of design,

如果你想擁有適宜步行的城市 你就不能始以城市擴散

as is this.

你需要城市模型的骨架

And this is something that a lot of Americans want.

這就是那種設計的結果

But we have to understand it's a two-part American dream.

像這樣

If you're dreaming for this,

這是很多美國人想要的

you're also going to be dreaming of this, often to absurd extremes,

但是我們需要瞭解的是 它是美國人夢想的二部分

when we build our landscape to accommodate cars first.

如果你渴望它，那你同時也渴望這個

And the experience of being in these places --

荒誕至極的是

(Laughter)

如果我們建造景觀時 優先考慮的是汽車

This is not Photoshopped.

那麼經歷這樣的地方──

Walter Kulash took this slide.

（笑聲）

It's in Panama City.

這圖沒有修過

This is a real place.

華特照了這張相片。

And being a driver can be a bit of a nuisance,

它在巴拿馬市

and being a pedestrian can be a bit of a nuisance

這是真實的地方

in these places.

而作爲駕駛可能會感到有點困擾

This is a slide that epidemiologists have been showing for some time now,

而作爲行人可能也會感到有點困擾

(Laughter)

在這些地方

The fact that we have a society where you drive to the parking lot

就是這張幻燈片 流行病學家已展示了一段時間了

to take the escalator to the treadmill

（笑聲）

shows that we're doing something wrong.

事實上，我們生活在這樣的社會 我們開車、停車

But we know how to do it better.

乘電梯去使用跑步機的現象

Here are the two models contrasted.

表明我們在做錯誤的事

I show this slide,

但是我們知道如何做的更好

which has been a formative document of the New Urbanism now

這裡有兩個反例

for almost 30 years,

我用這頁

to show that sprawl and the traditional neighborhood contain the same things.

這是形成當今 新城市主義的主要文件之一

It's just how big are they,

大約有 30 年了

how close are they to each other,

表現城市擴展羣 與傳統的鄰里社區擁有相同之處

how are they interspersed together

就是它們的大小

and do you have a street network, rather than a cul-de-sac

它們之間如何的緊密相鄰

or a collector system of streets?

它們是如何的相互交織

So when we look at a downtown area,

並且有街道相互交錯，而不是死巷

at a place that has a hope of being walkable,

或者是連絡道路

and mostly that's our downtowns in America's cities

讓我們看市中心區域

and towns and villages,

一個我們希望步行的區域

we look at them and say we want the proper balance of uses.

多數美國城市

So what is missing or underrepresented?

鄉鎮的市中心區

And again, in the typical American cities in which most Americans live,

我們看著這些說道 我們需要恰當的平衡使用

it is housing that is lacking.

所以，是什麼遺忘或者疏忽掉了？

The jobs-to-housing balance is off.

在典型的美國人居住的美國城市

And you find that when you bring housing back,

是住宅區的缺乏

these other things start to come back too,

工作與住宅區失去了平衡

and housing is usually first among those things.

你會發現，當你把住宅區移回來時

And, of course, the thing that shows up last and eventually

其它的東西也相繼回來

is the schools,

房屋是首當其衝的

because the people have to move in,

而最終的

the young pioneers have to move in, get older, have kids

是學校

and fight, and then the schools get pretty good eventually.

因為人們不得不搬進去

The other part of this part,

年輕人首先搬入 然後變老，有了孩子

the useful city part,

奮鬥，然後學校變得很好

is transit,

另外的一部分

and you can have a perfectly walkable neighborhood without it.

有用的部分

But perfectly walkable cities require transit,

是運輸

because if you don't have access to the whole city as a pedestrian,

你可以造一個沒有運輸的 完美步行鄰里社區

then you get a car,

但是完美的步行城市需要運輸

and if you get a car,

因為如果你不能步行到達整個城市

the city begins to reshape itself around your needs,

那你就要有汽車

and the streets get wider and the parking lots get bigger

如果你有了車

and you no longer have a walkable city.

城市就根據你的需求再改造

So transit is essential.

街道變寬，停車場變大

But every transit experience, every transit trip,

你不會再有步行城市

begins or ends as a walk,

所以運輸問題是關鍵

and so we have to remember to build walkability around our transit stations.

但是每種運輸經歷，每個運輸

Next category, the biggest one, is the safe walk.

開始和結束都是步行

It's what most walkability experts talk about.

所以我們必須牢記 建造圍繞運輸站的可步行性

It is essential, but alone not enough to get people to walk.

下一個範疇，最大的問題 就是安全步行

And there are so many moving parts that add up to a walkable city.

它是多數專家談論的重點

The first is block size.

它很關鍵，但是僅憑此項 並不能讓人們行走

This is Portland, Oregon,

還有許多可動部分有助於步行城市

famously 200-foot blocks, famously walkable.

第一是街廓區塊規模

This is Salt Lake City,

這是波特蘭，俄勒岡州

famously 600-foot blocks,

著名的 200 英呎街區 著名的適於步行

famously unwalkable.

這是鹽湖城

If you look at the two, it's almost like two different planets,

著名的 600 英呎街區

but these places were both built by humans

著名的不適於步行

and in fact, the story is that when you have a 200-foot block city,

如果你看它們兩個 就像完全不同的星球

you can have a two-lane city,

但是它們都是人建造的地方

or a two-to-four lane city,

事實上，當你有 200 英呎街區

and a 600-foot block city is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.

你可以有雙線道城市

These are the crash statistics.

或者雙線道至四線道城市

When you double the block size --

對於 600 英尺的街區 6 線車道的城市，這是問題

this was a study of 24 California cities --

這些是事故統計

when you double the block size,

當你把街區翻倍

you almost quadruple the number of fatal accidents

這是關於 24 個加州城市的研究

on non-highway streets.

當你把街區翻倍

So how many lanes do we have?

死亡事故機率幾乎變為 4 倍

This is where I'm going to tell you what I tell every audience I meet,

在非高速公路的一般街道上

which is to remind you about induced demand.

我們有多少線道？

Induced demand applies both to highways and to city streets.

這就是我遇到每一個觀衆時所講的

And induced demand tells us that when we widen the streets

這是提醒你關於誘導需求

to accept the congestion that we're anticipating,

誘導需求適用於高速公路 也適用市區街道

or the additional trips that we're anticipating

誘導需求告訴我們當我們拓寬街道

in congested systems, it is principally that congestion

接受我們對於擁堵的預期

that is constraining demand,

或者我們預期的額外行程

and so that the widening comes,

在擁堵體系中，主要的擁堵

and there are all of these latent trips that are ready to happen.

是約束需求

People move further from work

所以要拓寬街道

and make other choices about when they commute,

所有這些潛在的行程即將發生

and those lanes fill up very quickly with traffic,

人們到更遠的地方工作

so we widen the street again, and they fill up again.

選擇其它時間上下班

And we've learned that in congested systems,

那些車道不久就變的擁堵

we cannot satisfy the automobile.

所以我們又拓寬街道，它們又被填滿

This is from Newsweek Magazine -- hardly an esoteric publication:

我們發現，在擁堵體系中

"Today's engineers acknowledge

我們不能滿足汽車

that building new roads usually makes traffic worse."

這是來自《新聞周刊》── 並不深奧的出版物：

My response to reading this was, may I please meet some of these engineers,

「如今，工程師意識到

because these are not the ones that I --

建造新路通常會讓交通更加惡化。」

there are great exceptions that I'm working with now --

讀完之後，我想說 我能見那些工程師嗎？

but these are not the engineers one typically meets working in a city,

因為那些工程師並不是我──

where they say, "Oh, that road is too crowded, we need to add a lane."

我現在共事的人也有很多例外──

So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,

但是他們不是我們通常遇到的 那種市政府工程師，

and they say, "See, I told you we needed that lane."

他們常說：「喔，路太擠？ 我們需要拓寬。」

This applies both to highways and to city streets if they're congested.

所以你拓寬了，而後擁堵也來了，

But the amazing thing about most American cities that I work in,

他們會說： 「看吧，我早說過我們需要拓寬。」

the more typical cities,

這適於高速公路和城市街道 如果它們擁塞。

is that they have a lot of streets that are actually oversized

奇妙的是多數我待過的美國城市，

for the congestion they're currently experiencing.

更典型的城市，

This was the case in Oklahoma City,

是很多街道因為現有的塞車

when the mayor came running to me, very upset,

而建造的過大

because they were named in Prevention Magazine

就奧克拉荷馬市而言

the worst city for pedestrians in the entire country.

當市長沮喪的來到我面前

Now that can't possibly be true,

因為它們被《美國預防雜誌》稱為

but it certainly is enough to make a mayor do something about it.

全美最糟步行城市

We did a walkability study,

現在雖然可能不完全對

and what we found, looking at the car counts on the street --

但是它已經足夠促使市長做些工作

these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts

我們做了步行研究

and we know that two lanes can handle 10,000 cars per day.

發現，當計算街道上有多少車輛，

Look at these numbers -- they're all near or under 10,000 cars,

三千、四千、七千輛車計入，

and these were the streets that were designated