both the Palme d'Or and an Oscar award.

雅克·庫斯托 1956 年的紀錄片

This film was called, "Le Monde Du Silence,"

同時榮獲金棕櫚獎和奧斯卡獎。

or, "The Silent World."

電影片名為：「寂靜的世界」

The premise of the title was that the underwater world was a quiet world.

或「沉默的世界」。

We now know, 60 years later,

名稱的前提是： 水下是個寂靜的世界。

that the underwater world is anything but silent.

六十年後的今天我們明白

Although the sounds are inaudible above water

水下世界一點也不寂靜。

depending on where you are and the time of year,

雖然在水面上聽不到聲音，

the underwater soundscape can be as noisy as any jungle or rainforest.

但取決於在什麼時間點 以及你身處何處，

Invertebrates like snapping shrimp, fish and marine mammals

水底下可能像任何叢林 或熱帶雨林般吵雜。

all use sound.

諸如蝦之類的無脊椎動物、 魚類，以及海洋哺乳動物

They use sound to study their habitat,

都使用聲音。

to keep in communication with each other,

牠們用聲音來研究棲地、

to navigate,

彼此溝通、

to detect predators and prey.

導航，

They also use sound by listening to know something about their environment.

以及偵測天敵和獵物。

Take, for an example, the Arctic.

牠們也透過聲音來了解周遭的環境。

It's considered a vast, inhospitable place,

以北極為例，

sometimes described as a desert,

被認為廣大而不宜人居，

because it is so cold and so remote

甚至有時被形容是荒漠，

and ice-covered for much of the year.

因它寒冷而遙遠，

And despite this,

在大部分的月份裡被冰所覆蓋著。

there is no place on Earth that I would rather be than the Arctic,

儘管如此，

especially as days lengthen and spring comes.

我寧願身在北極， 勝過地球的任何其他地點，

To me, the Arctic really embodies this disconnect

尤其當春日白晝漸長時。

between what we see on the surface and what's going on underwater.

我認為北極真正體現了

You can look out across the ice -- all white and blue and cold --

迥異的水上和水下兩個世界。

and see nothing.

放眼望去，藍白冷冷的冰面上

But if you could hear underwater,

什麼也看不見。

the sounds you would hear would at first amaze

但如果你聽得到水下的聲音，

and then delight you.

你先會驚奇，

And while your eyes are seeing nothing for kilometers but ice,

然後會雀躍。

your ears are telling you that out there are bowhead and beluga whales,

極目所見，延展數公里的 冰面上似無一物，

walrus and bearded seals.

但耳朵卻聽到了弓頭鯨、白鯨、

The ice, too, makes sounds.

海象和髯海豹存在的聲音。

It screeches and cracks and pops and groans,

冰也會出聲；

as it collides and rubs when temperature or currents or winds change.

當冰塊互撞、摩擦， 或當溫度、洋流、風向變化時，

And under 100 percent sea ice in the dead of winter,

會尖叫、崩裂、彈跳和呻吟。

bowhead whales are singing.

在冬天完全冰封的海面下，

And you would never expect that,

弓頭鯨在唱著歌。

because we humans,

超乎我們的想像，

we tend to be very visual animals.

因為人類

For most of us, but not all,

往往非常依賴視覺。

our sense of sight is how we navigate our world.

雖非全部，但我們大多數人

For marine mammals that live underwater,

靠著視力在世上行進。

where chemical cues and light transmit poorly,

對生活在水下的海洋哺乳動物而言，

sound is the sense by which they see.

那裡的化學訊號傳導差， 光線又不好，

And sound transmits very well underwater,

因此牠們倚賴聲音來感知。

much better than it does in air,

而水傳導聲音極佳，

so signals can be heard over great distances.

比空氣好太多了，

In the Arctic, this is especially important,

所以距離雖遠仍聽得到信號。

because not only do Arctic marine mammals have to hear each other,

這在北極尤其重要，

but they also have to listen for cues in the environment

因為北極的海洋哺乳動物 不僅必須彼此互聽，

that might indicate heavy ice ahead or open water.

還要聽取環境的線索，

Remember, although they spend most of their lives underwater,

像是前方到底有著巨冰 還是一片開放的水域。

they are mammals,

記住，雖大部分時間在水下生活，

and so they have to surface to breathe.

牠們仍是哺乳類動物，

So they might listen for thin ice or no ice,

必須浮到水面上呼吸；

or listen for echoes off nearby ice.

所以牠們得靠傾聽尋找 薄冰、無冰的地方，

Arctic marine mammals live in a rich and varied underwater soundscape.

或偵聽附近冰塊的迴聲。

In the spring,

北極海洋哺乳動物生活在 富含各種水下音景的地方。

it can be a cacophony of sound.

在春天可能是混音。

(Marine mammal sounds)

（海洋哺乳動物的聲音）

But when the ice is frozen solid,

而當冰封時，

and there are no big temperature shifts or current changes,

海面下的溫度和洋流無甚變化，

the underwater Arctic has some of the lowest ambient noise levels

北極海面下的環境噪音

of the world's oceans.

是全球所有的海洋當中最低的。

But this is changing.

但是情況正改變著，

This is primarily due to a decrease in seasonal sea ice,

主因是季節性的海冰量減少了，

which is a direct result of human greenhouse gas emissions.

直接肇因於人類的溫室氣體排放。

We are, in effect, with climate change,

實際上，我們和氣候變遷

conducting a completely uncontrolled experiment with our planet.

共同引致這完全失控的星球實驗。

Over the past 30 years,

在過去三十年裡，

areas of the Arctic have seen decreases in seasonal sea ice

北極地區的季節性海冰減少了

from anywhere from six weeks to four months.

六周至四個月之多。

This decrease in sea ice is sometimes referred to as an increase

海冰的減少也是

in the open water season.

開放水域季的拉長，

That is the time of year when the Arctic is navigable to vessels.

北極可行船的時段變長了。

And not only is the extent of ice changing,

不僅冰覆區縮小，

but the age and the width of ice is, too.

冰齡、冰厚和冰寬也變了。

Now, you may well have heard

你可能已聽過

that a decrease in seasonal sea ice is causing a loss of habitat

季節性的海冰減少

for animals that rely on sea ice,

使得依賴海冰的動物喪失棲地，

such as ice seals, or walrus, or polar bears.

例如浮冰海豹、海象或北極熊。

Decreasing sea ice is also causing increased erosion along coastal villages,

海冰的減少也造成 沿海村莊的侵蝕增加，

and changing prey availability for marine birds and mammals.

海鳥和哺乳動物的獵物也變少了。

Climate change and decreases in sea ice

氣候變遷和海冰減少

are also altering the underwater soundscape of the Arctic.

也改變了北極水下音景的風貌。

What do I mean by soundscape?

我所謂的「音景」指的是什麼？

Those of us who eavesdrop on the oceans for a living

我們這些靠聆聽海洋為生的人

use instruments called hydrophones,

用水中聽音器──

which are underwater microphones,

一種水底麥克風 ──

and we record ambient noise --

來聆聽記錄環境噪音。

the noise all around us.

而音景描述

And the soundscape describes the different contributors

音域裡的各個出聲者。

to this noise field.

我們透過水中聽音器聽到的聲音

What we are hearing on our hydrophones

真實反映了氣候的變遷。

are the very real sounds of climate change.

我們聽到的變化來自三方：

We are hearing these changes from three fronts:

空中、

from the air,

水中

from the water

和地上。

and from land.

第一：空氣。

First: air.

風吹過水面上產生波浪，

Wind on water creates waves.

波浪造成氣泡；

These waves make bubbles;

氣泡會破裂，

the bubbles break,

當氣泡破裂時

and when they do,

會發出聲音。

they make noise.

而這聲音就像背景的嘶嘶聲。

And this noise is like a hiss or a static in the background.

在冰封的北極，

In the Arctic, when it's ice-covered,

大部分的風聲傳不到水下，

most of the noise from wind doesn't make it into the water column,

因為冰是大氣和水之間的緩衝。

because the ice acts as a buffer between the atmosphere and the water.

這是北極海面下

This is one of the reasons

低噪音的原因之一。

that the Arctic can have very low ambient noise levels.

但隨著季節性海冰的減少，

But with decreases in seasonal sea ice,

不僅北極的海面下 聽得到波浪的噪音，

not only is the Arctic now open to this wave noise,

而且北極的風暴次數和強度

but the number of storms and the intensity of storms in the Arctic

也不斷增加。

has been increasing.

這些都使原先安靜的海洋變得吵雜。

All of this is raising noise levels in a previously quiet ocean.

第二：水。

Second: water.

隨著季節性海冰的減少，

With less seasonal sea ice,

亞北極的物種向北移，

subarctic species are moving north,

利用擴大開放水域所造成的新棲地。

and taking advantage of the new habitat that is created by more open water.

住在北極的鯨魚例如頭鯨

Now, Arctic whales, like this bowhead,

並沒有背鰭，

they have no dorsal fin,

因牠們已進化適應了 在冰覆的水域裡游泳及生活，

because they have evolved to live and swim in ice-covered waters,

假如背上突出個東西，

and having something sticking off of your back is not very conducive

會不利於在冰間移動，

to migrating through ice,

且實際上可能根本無法在冰區生活。

and may, in fact, be excluding animals from the ice.

但我們現今在各地聽到

But now, everywhere we've listened,

長鬚鯨、座頭鯨和虎鯨的聲音，

we're hearing the sounds of fin whales and humpback whales

出現在越來越北的地方

and killer whales,

和越來越晚的季節裡，

further and further north,

本質上說，

and later and later in the season.

我們聽到亞北極物種侵入了北極。

We are hearing, in essence,

我們不知道這代表的意涵。

an invasion of the Arctic by subarctic species.

亞北極物種和北極物種 會爭奪食物嗎？

And we don't know what this means.

亞北極物種會把疾病和寄生蟲 帶入北極嗎？

Will there be competition for food between Arctic and subarctic animals?

牠們帶來的新聲音

Might these subarctic species introduce diseases or parasites into the Arctic?

會對水下的音景產生什麼影響呢？

And what are the new sounds that they are producing

第三：土地。

doing to the soundscape underwater?

我說的土地

And third: land.

指的是人。

And by land ...

更大的開放水域意味著 更多人類利用北極。

I mean people.

就在剛過去的夏天，

More open water means increased human use of the Arctic.

一艘巨型郵輪通過西北航道──

Just this past summer,

這航道曾是 歐洲和太平洋之間的神話路線。

a massive cruise ship made its way through the Northwest Passage --

海冰的減少使得 人類更頻繁地佔用北極，

the once-mythical route between Europe and the Pacific.

增加石油和天然氣的勘探和開採，

Decreases in sea ice have allowed humans to occupy the Arctic more often.

使商業航運可通行，

It has allowed increases in oil and gas exploration and extraction,

並增加了旅遊活動。

the potential for commercial shipping,

如今我們知道船的噪音 會提高鯨魚體中的壓力激素量，

as well as increased tourism.

並可能擾亂牠們進食的行為。

And we now know that ship noise increases levels of stress hormones in whales

每十到二十秒產生 大聲而低頻轟聲的氣槍，

and can disrupt feeding behavior.

改變了鯨魚游泳和出聲的行為。

Air guns, which produce loud, low-frequency "whoomps"

這些聲源全都減少了

every 10 to 20 seconds,

北極海洋哺乳動物 可用來溝通的音域頻寬。

changed the swimming and vocal behavior of whales.

北極海洋哺乳動物

And all of these sound sources are decreasing the acoustic space

在一年中的某段時間

over which Arctic marine mammals can communicate.

習慣於非常高的噪音，

Now, Arctic marine mammals are used to very high levels of noise

所習以為常的主要是 其他動物或海冰的聲音，

at certain times of the year.

這些過去與牠們一起演化的聲音

But this is primarily from other animals or from sea ice,

對牠們的生存至關重要。

and these are the sounds with which they've evolved,

而新加入既吵又陌生的聲音，

and these are sounds that are vital to their very survival.

可能會以我們已知或未知的方式，

These new sounds are loud and they're alien.

影響環境及牠們的生存。

They might impact the environment in ways that we think we understand,

請記住，聲音是這些動物 最重要的感知方式。

but also in ways that we don't.

不僅北極棲地的形貌正迅速改變，

Remember, sound is the most important sense for these animals.

棲地的聲音也變了。

And not only is the physical habitat of the Arctic changing rapidly,

就好像我們從安靜的鄉村 玃取這些動物，

but the acoustic habitat is, too.

然後把牠們放入 交通尖峰時刻的大城市裡，

It's as if we've plucked these animals up from the quiet countryside

牠們落得無處可逃。

and dropped them into a big city in the middle of rush hour.

那麼現在我們該怎麼做呢？

And they can't escape it.

我們無法減慢風速，

So what can we do now?

也無法防止亞北極動物往北移，

We can't decrease wind speeds

但我們可以採用局部解決方案

or keep subarctic animals from migrating north,

來減少人為製造水下噪音。

but we can work on local solutions

解決方案之一

to reducing human-caused underwater noise.

是降低穿越北極的船速，

One of these solutions is to slow down ships

因為慢速的船比較安靜。

that traverse the Arctic,

我們可以在重要的交配、哺育 或遷徙季節和地區

because a slower ship is a quieter ship.

限制人類的進出。

We can restrict access in seasons and regions

我們可以更明智，用較安靜的船隻，

that are important for mating or feeding or migrating.

以更好的方法去探索海底。

We can get smarter about quieting ships

好消息是

and find better ways to explore the ocean bottom.

有人正在執行這些解決方案。

And the good news is,

但最終，

there are people working on this right now.

我們人類必須努力反轉，

But ultimately,

或者至少減緩

we humans have to do the hard work

人為造成的氣候變遷。

of reversing or at the very least decelerating

讓我們回到 寂靜的水下世界這個想法。

human-caused atmospheric changes.

極有可能

So, let's return to this idea of a silent world underwater.

許多今天在北極游泳的鯨魚，

It's entirely possible

尤其是像弓頭鯨那樣長壽的物種──

that many of the whales swimming in the Arctic today,

因紐特人說牠們的壽命 是人類的雙倍，

especially long-lived species like the bowhead whale

極有可能，在 1956 年 雅克·庫斯托拍攝紀錄片的時候

that the Inuits say can live two human lives --

這些鯨魚已經活著了。

it's possible that these whales were alive in 1956,

回想起來，

when Jacques Cousteau made his film.

再看看現今所有 我們在海洋中製造的噪音，

And in retrospect,

也許當時真的是個「沉默的世界」。

considering all the noise we are creating in the oceans today,

謝謝。

perhaps it really was "The Silent World."

（掌聲）

Thank you.

(Applause)