I remember as a child,

我熱愛製作工具 並把它們分享給他人。

my first tool I built was actually a microscope

記得小時候我做的 第一個工具是顯微鏡，

that I built by stealing lenses from my brother's eyeglasses.

用從哥哥那偷來的眼鏡片做的，

He wasn't that thrilled.

他不是很高興。

But, you know, maybe because of that moment,

但，你知道嗎， 或許就是因為那一刻，

30 years later,

30 年後，我依然在做顯微鏡。

I'm still making microscopes.

而我製作它們的原因， 就是為了這樣的時刻：

And the reason I built these tools is for moments like this.

（影片）女孩：有黑色的 東西在我頭髮裡——

(Video) Girl: I have black things in my hair --

馬努：這是在灣區的一所學校。

Manu Prakash: This is a school in the Bay Area.

（影片）馬努：真實的世界如何運行 與我們的想像大相逕庭。

(Video) MP: The living world far supersedes our imagination

（影片）男孩：天啊！

of how things actually work.

馬努：沒錯——天啊！

(Video) Boy: Oh my God!

我真的沒想到 大家的反應都是這句話。

MP: Right -- oh my God!

這兩年以來，

I hadn't realized this would be such a universal phrase.

在我的實驗室裡，

Over the last two years,

我們做了五萬個 「折疊式顯微鏡」(Foldscope)，

in my lab,

並將之送到全球 130 多個國家，

we built 50,000 Foldscopes

免費提供給孩子們使用。

and shipped them to 130 countries in the world,

單是今年，

at no cost to the kids we sent them to.

在社群的支持下，

This year alone,

我們計畫發放一百萬台顯微鏡 給世界各地的小朋友。

with the support of our community,

這將有什麼作用呢？

we are planning to ship a million microscopes

它能營造一個有啟發性作用的社群，

to kids around the world.

讓世界各地的人 共同學習、相互傳授。

What does that do?

從肯尼亞到坎帕拉， 從加德滿都到堪薩斯。

It creates an inspiring community of people around the world,

我特別喜歡這計畫的一個效應，

learning and teaching each other,

就是「社群」的感覺。

from Kenya to Kampala to Kathmandu to Kansas.

有一位尼加拉瓜的小孩，

And one of the phenomenal things that I love about this

能教別人如何透過顯微鏡觀察蟲卵，

is the sense of community.

來分辨會攜帶登革熱的蚊子。

There's a kid in Nicaragua

一名藥理學家，

teaching others how to identify mosquito species that carry dengue

找到了一個在任何地方 都能分辨假藥的新方法。

by looking at the larva under a microscope.

有一個小女孩想知道：

There's a pharmacologist who came up with a new way

「亮粉為什麼會發亮？」

to detect fake drugs anywhere.

結果發現了亮粉的物理結晶構造。

There is a girl who wondered:

還有一位阿根廷的醫生，

"How does glitter actually work?"

用這項工具實現了 現場實地子宮頸癌篩檢。

and discovered the physics of crystalline formation in glitter.

甚至在我腳後跟處一公分深的地方，

There is an Argentinian doctor

你能挖到了新品種的跳蚤。

who's trying to do field cervical cancer screening with this tool.

你可能覺得這不過是特別情況。

And yours very truly found a species of flea

不過真的有辦法 讓這件神奇的事情成真。

that was dug inside my heel in my foot one centimeter deep.

我叫它做「便宜科學」——

Now, you might think of these as anomalies.

這是一個分享科學經驗，

But there is a method to this madness.

而非只有科學資訊的理念。

I call this "frugal science" --

提醒各位，

the idea of sharing the experience of science,

這顆星球上有十億人 生活在毫無基礎建設的環境裡：

and not just the information.

沒有公路、

To remind you:

沒有電力，

there are a billion people on this planet

所以也沒有醫療保健。

who live with absolutely no infrastructure:

同樣的，這星球上有十億孩童 生活在貧困之中，

no roads,

應該怎樣啟發他們

no electricity

成為下一代的問題解決者？

and thus, no health care.

還有要如何支援那些 靠著極有限的工具和資源保護我們，

Also, there a billion kids on this planet that live in poverty.

在對抗傳染性疾病的最前線 奮戰的醫療工作者。

How are we supposed to inspire them

作為史丹福大學的研究員，

for the next generation of solution makers?

我在想，要如何運用 便宜科學的理念來啟發孩子們，

There are health care workers that we put on the line

並為這些社區設計出解決方案。

to fight infectious diseases,

我們通常需要考慮的是如何 在樹下、沒有電的情況下做診斷，

to protect us with absolutely bare-minimum tools and resources.

向各位說兩個新工具的案例。

So as a lab at Stanford,

其中一個我要從烏干達講起，

I think of this from a context of frugal science

2013 年，在使用折疊顯微鏡 檢測血吸蟲病的一次野外考察中，

and building solutions for these communities.

我觀察到一個小現象。

Often we think about being able to do diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.

在這個地處偏僻遙遠的診所裡，

I'll tell you two examples today of new tools.

我看到一個離心機被用來做門擋，

One of them starts in Uganda.

他們真的是直接拿離心機來擋門。

In 2013,

我對此表示疑惑，他們回答說：

on a field trip to detect schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,

「哦，我們並沒有電啊，

I made a minor observation.

所以這塊垃圾最好的用處 就是用來擋門。」

In a clinic,

離心機這個機器， 如果有人不了解的話，

in a far, remote area,

它是非常重要的樣本分析工具，

I saw a centrifuge being used as a doorstop.

它可以幫你分離出 血液或體液中的成分，

I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.

以供檢測和鑒別病原體用。

And I asked them and they said,

但離心機既笨重又昂貴——

"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,

大概 1000 美元一台——

so this piece of junk is good as a doorstop."

並且非常難以搬運到野外工作。

Centrifuges, for some of you who don't know,

當然了，沒有電它們也無法運作。

are the pinnacle tool to be able to do sample processing.

這聽起來是不是有點耳熟？

You separate components of blood or body fluids

所以我們開始思考 怎麼解決這個問題，

to be able to detect and identify pathogens.

我回到實驗室，一直想到玩具。

But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --

現在......

cost around 1,000 dollars --

我帶了幾個來。

and really hard to carry out in the field.

我最開始是從溜溜球下手的，

And of course,

我很不擅長玩溜溜球。

they don't work without power.

但這個東西會旋轉，

Sound familiar?

我們就在想......

So we started thinking about solving this problem,

能不能利用這個原理 來做離心機呢？

and I came back --

這大概是我扔得最爛的一次。

kept thinking about toys.

所以你就會開始想

Now ...

還有哪些工具與玩具一樣安全——

I have a few with me here.

我們試過陀螺......

I first started with yo-yos ...

然後在實驗室裡，

and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.

我們偶然發現了這個神奇的小玩意，

Because these objects spin,

這也是陀螺的一種，又叫拉線飛輪。

we wondered,

它由幾根繩子和一個圓盤構成。

could we actually use the physics of these objects

如果我拉一下繩子，它就會旋轉。

to be able to build centrifuges?

有多少人小時候玩過這個？

This was possibly the worst throw I could make.

這就是所謂的「鈕扣飛輪」。

But you might start realizing,

好吧，大概有一半的人。

if you start exploring the space of toys --

但你可能不知道——

we tried these spinning tops,

這個小東西，

and then in the lab,

它是人類歷史上最古老的玩具。

we stumbled upon this wonder.

五千年前就和遺跡一起 深埋在我們的地球上。

It's the whirligig, or a buzzer, or a rundle.

但諷刺的是，

A couple of strings and a little disk,

實際上我們並不知道 這個小東西的原理是什麼，

and if I push, it spins.

這樣的情況讓我相當興奮。

How many of you have played with this as a kid?

我們回到工作正軌上，

This is called a button-on-a-string.

寫下了幾條方程式。

OK, maybe 50 percent of you.

如果你知道你的輸入扭矩，

What you didn't realize --

輪盤的阻力，及線的扭阻力，

that this little object

如此就能直接導出數學公式 來解決這個問題。

is the oldest toy in the history of mankind ...

這可不是唯一的方程式，

5,000 years ago.

經過十幾頁的數學計算之後，

We have found relics of this object hidden around on our planet.

我們終於寫出了這個 動力系統的完整解析方案。

Now the irony is,

最後得到的就是我們稱之為 「紙離心機」的東西。

we actually don't understand how this little thing works.

這是我帶的博士後，薩德．巴姆拉，

That's when I get excited.

也是紙離心機的共同發明者，

So we got back to work,

左邊你看到的那些離心機 是我們想要替換掉的。

wrote down a couple of equations.

你們現在看到的這個小東西，

If you take the input torque that you put in,

是一個圓盤，幾條線和一個把手。

you take the drag on this disc,

當我想要它旋轉時，

and the twist drag on these strings,

我這樣拉，

you should be able to mathematically solve this.

它就轉起來了。

This is not the only equation in my talk.

你會發現，

Ten pages of math later,

如果你用數學來計算這東西的轉速，

we could actually write down the complete analytical solution

理論上，我們可以 做到一分鐘一百萬轉。

for this dynamic system.

接下來跟人體解剖構造有關，

And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."

因為這個小東西的 共振頻率大概有 10 千赫，

That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,

如果你彈過鋼琴的話，

who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.

你就知道，不會高過 2-3 千赫。

And to the left, you see all the centrifuges

我們這個小東西能達到的最大速度，

that we're trying to replace.

不是每分鐘一萬轉，

This little object that you see right here

也不是每分鐘五萬轉，

is a disc, a couple of strings and a handle.

而是每分鐘十二萬轉，

And when I spin

相當等於三萬個重力加速度。

and I push,

如果我把你黏在這裡， 然後讓它旋轉，

it starts to spin.

想想看你會感受到什麼樣的力量。

Now, when you realize,

這樣的工具需要考慮一個關鍵，

when you do the math,

就是能否用於診斷。

when we calculate the rpm for this object,

所以我準備在這 做一個簡短的演示，

mathematically, we should be able to go all the way to a million rpm.

現在我要戳一下手指頭，

Now, there is a little twist in human anatomy,

這會流出一小滴血。

because the resonant frequency of this object is about 10 hertz,

如果你不喜歡血，可以不看。

and if you've ever played the piano,

這有一個小採血針，

you can't go higher than two or three hertz.

這樣的小針在哪都很常見，

The maximum speed we've been able to achieve with this object

完全沒有攻擊性。

is not 10,000 rpm,

但願我今天早上吃了早餐......

not 50,000 rpm --

一點也不痛。

120,000 rpm.

好，我要拿採血管取一滴血——

That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.

現在這滴血就是答案，

If I was to stick you right here and have it spin,

這就是我為何對此感興趣的原因，

you would think about the types of forces you would experience.

它能顯示我現在有沒有得瘧疾。

One of the factors of a tool like this

我拿了個採血管，

is to be able to do diagnosis with this.

你們能看到開始出血了。

So, I'm going to do a quick demo here, where --

我要再多擠一點血出來，

this is a moment where I'm going to make a little finger prick,

這樣就夠了。

and a tiny drop of blood is going to come out.

現在要把採血管放進黏土裡密封，

If you don't like blood, you don't have to look at it.

然後現在它是一個密封好的樣本了，

Here is a little lancet.

我現在要把它固定在紙離心機上。

These lancets are available everywhere,

用一片小膠帶把它黏上去，

completely passive.

現在樣本已經完全附著好了，

And if I've had breakfast today ...

我們準備好開始轉了。

That didn't hurt at all.

我要拉扯一下這個東西，

OK, I take a little capillary with a drop of blood --

先把它轉幾下……

now this drop of blood has answers,

你能看到它已經開始旋轉了。

that's why I'm interested in it.

這和一般的離心機不同，

It might actually tell me whether I have malaria right now or not.

這是一個會來回旋轉的離心機，

I take a little capillary,

它會往前轉然後往後轉， 往前轉然後往後轉...

and you see it starts wicking in.

我正在給它更多的動力，

I'm going to draw a little more blood.

你能看到它越來越快了。

And that's good enough for right now.

現在——我不知道你們 能不能聽到這個聲音——

Now, I just seal this capillary by putting it in clay.

保持這樣 30 秒，

And now that's sealed the sample.

我應該就能把血細胞和 血漿分離開，

We're going to take the sample,

並且知道血細胞和血漿的比例——

mount it on Paperfuge.

（觀眾鼓掌）

A little piece of tape to make a sealed cavity.

已經好了，如果你看這裡，

So now the sample is completely enclosed.

注意看這個地方，

And we are ready for a spin.

你可以看到 血細胞和血漿各別的容量，

I'm pushing and pulling with this object.

這個比例能讓我知道我是否貧血。

I'm going to load this up ...

我們造了很多類型的紙離心機，

And you see the object starts spinning.

這一種讓我們能夠識別瘧疾寄生蟲，

Unlike a regular centrifuge,

讓它轉得更久一點，

this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.

我們就能看到血液裡的 瘧疾寄生蟲了，

It goes back and forth, back and forth ...

這樣的分離和檢測就是 一般的離心機能做的。

And now I'm charging it up,

另一個版本的紙離心機 能讓我們分離出核酸，

and you see it builds momentum.

能在野外做核酸測試。

And now -- I don't know if you can hear this --

這個版本可以批量分離大量樣本。

30 seconds of this,

然後呢，最後，

and I should be able to separate all the blood cells with the plasma.

我們在研究的新產品，

And the ratio of those blood cells to plasma --

能在這樣的東西上施行多種測試，

(Applause)

能在同一個物體上準備樣品， 並進行化學反應。

Already, if you see right here,

那麼……

if you focus on this,

這些聽起來都很好，

you should be able to see a separated volume

但如果你認真地想想，

of blood and plasma.

當你想把這些工具分享給別人......

And the ratio of that actually tells me whether I might be anemic.

我們的行動之一是—— 我們剛從馬達加斯加回來；

One of the aspects of this is, we build many types of Paperfuges.

瘧疾的臨床診斷看起來是這樣的——

This one allows us to identify malaria parasites

（觀眾笑）

by running them for a little longer,

你可以邊喝咖啡邊做這個。

and we can identify malaria parasites that are in the blood

但最重要的是，

that we can separate out and detect with something like a centrifuge.

這個村子離最近的公路要六小時。

Another version of this allows me to separate nucleic acids

我們和一名當地的長者，

to be able to do nucleic acid tests out in the field itself.

還有一名醫療工作者在房間裡。

Here is another version that allows me to separate bulk samples,

這是工作中最讓我興奮的時刻——

and then, finally,

就是使用者的微笑，

something new that we've been working on

能和世界上所有的人 分享簡單而強大的工具。

to be able to implement the entire multiplex test on an object like this.

現在，我忘了告訴各位，

So where you do the sample preparation and the chemistry in the same object.

做這個東西只花了我 20 美分。

Now ...

好，在剩下不多的時間裡，

this is all good,

我來給各位談談

but when you start thinking about this,

（觀眾笑）

you have to share these tools with people.

我們實驗室裡最新的發明。

And one of the things we did is -- we just got back from Madagascar;

它叫「嗡嗡」(Abuzz) ──

this is what clinical trials for malaria look like --

我們的想法是， 讓所有人都能幫忙對抗蚊子，

(Laughter)

你們都能幫忙追蹤我們的敵人。

You can do this while having coffee.

蚊子之所以是敵人，是因為牠們傳播 瘧疾、茲卡病、屈公病和登革熱。

But most importantly,

困難在於，我們 其實不知道敵人到底在哪，

this is a village six hours from any road.

蚊子的世界分佈圖還沒有人做出來。

We are in a room with one of the senior members of the community

所以我們開始思考這件事，

and a health care worker.

世界上有 3500 種蚊子，

It really is this portion of the work that excites me the most --

牠們都非常相似。

that smile,

有得甚至相似到連昆蟲學家 在顯微鏡下也區分不出來。

to be able to share simple but powerful tools with people around the world.

但牠們有一個致命弱點。

Now, I forgot to tell you this,

這是蚊子相互調情的場面，

that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.

那隻雄蚊正在追求雌蚊。

OK, in the negative time I have left,

牠們利用翅膀震動的頻率對話，

I'll tell you about the most recent --

（嗡嗡聲）

(Laughter)

也就是說，牠們使用一種特定信號。

invention from our lab.

我們發現透過一隻普通的手機，

It's called Abuzz --

一隻價值 5-10 美金的 翻蓋式手機——

the idea that all of you could help us fight mosquitoes;

有多少人還記得這是什麼？

you could all help us track our enemies.

（觀眾笑）

These are enemies because they cause malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.

我們可以把蚊子的 音頻信號錄製下來，

But the challenge is that we actually don't know where our enemies are.

我來告訴各位確切要怎麼做。

The world map for where mosquitoes are is missing.

我在室外抓到一些蚊子，

So we started thinking about this.

不像比爾蓋茨，我沒打算放生牠們。

There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,

（觀眾笑）

and they're all very similar.

但我會告訴你們怎麼樣錄音，

Some of them are so identical

你只需要敲幾下， 牠們就會飛起來，

that even an entomologist cannot identify them under a microscope.

先測試一下，看能不能用耳朵聽到，

But they have an Achilles' heel.

然後你拿起手機，上面有麥克風，

This is what mosquitoes flirting with each other looks like.

普通手機的麥克風就相當好用，

That's a male chasing a female.

你可以捕捉到近音場的音頻。

They're actually talking to each other with their wingbeat frequencies.

因為時間不夠用了，

(Buzzing sound)

允許我直接播放前一天做的錄音。