Is that it's just a matter of taking an english dictionary

有人會認為就只是拿起英文字典

and making up forms for it.

從中組織、建構一個新形式出來

You can do that, but what you're doing

你可以這麼做，但你所做的

Is essentially just creating

實際上只是在創造

a really bizarre way of speaking English.

一個非常奇怪的英文腔調

Frommer: With finite means,

Frommer：在有限的意義中

we can create an infinite number of messages.

我們可以創造無限的訊息

Okrand: It's not bringing to life something that i've created.

Okrand：這不是為我創造的東西帶來生命

It's bringing to better life something that somebody else has created.

這是為他人創造的東西，帶來更好的樣貌

Peterson: "Conlang" means a constructed language,

Peterson：「人工語言」意思是個建構而成的語言

and that's what we do.

那也是我們做的事

The first thing i do

首先

when i'm creating a new language for a new project

當我為了一個新專案創造新的語言時

is I sit down with either the show runner, or the director if it's a film, and the producers.

我會先跟製作人或導演，如果他是部影片，還有作家坐下來談談

I grill them about who is speaking this language,

我會問他們誰要使用這個語言

Who are the people, where are they from.

他們是誰，他們從何而來

I came to work on "Thor: The Dark World"

我有參與製作《雷神索爾 2：黑暗世界》

because the director, Alan Taylor,

因為導演是 Alan．Taylor

had worked with me on HBO's "Game of Thrones."

有跟我合作過 HBO 的影集《權力遊戲》

what they wanted was a language for the dark elves --

他們想要的是一個黑暗精靈的語言

kind of one of the bad guys in the Thor universe.

黑暗精靈是漫威宇宙中的反派之一

Malekith: [speaking Shivaaisith]

Malekith：(Shivaaisith 語)

Frommer: The world that James Cameron created on Pandora

Frommer：James．Cameron 創造的潘朵拉星球

is so incredibly detailed.

所有細節完整到令人無法置信

it's up to me as a language creator

身為語言創造者

to understand that world to the best of my ability.

我會盡我所能去了解這個世界

And then to create a language which would be appropriate for people living in that environment.

然後創造一個適合這環境中的居民的語言

Okrand: In making up Klingon, i tried very, very hard

Okrand：創作克林貢語時，我非常非常努力

to not make it resemble anything.

不要讓它與任何其他語言相似

Because klingons, at the time --

因為克林貢人，在當時

all we knew about them is they're mean, horrible,

我們所了解的他們是一群卑鄙、可怕

awful people.

惡劣的族群

So, i didn't want somebody

所以我不想要有人

To come up to me afterwards and say,

之後跟我說

"How come you made the Klingon language like my language?

「你怎麼能把克林貢語做得像我的語言？

What's that saying about me? That's an insult."

別人會怎麼說我？這是一種侮辱。」

Kruge: [speaking Klingon]

Kruge：(克林貢語)

Peterson: The first discussion that we have

Peterson：我們第一個要面對的議題是

is for the sound of it.

語言的音調

I created a language called Shivaaisith,

我創造了一個 Shivaaisith 語

which, when you hear it,

你聽到這個語言時

it's reminiscent of the Finnish language.

會讓人想到芬蘭語

They have a bunch of top-heavy words

它們有一堆念起來頭重腳輕的文字

where there's nice prominence right at the beginning.

在一開始就能顯現出它們的特點

Frommer: In terms of the sound system,

Frommer：從聲音系統的角度

I didn't start from absolute zero.

我並非完全從零開始

James Cameron had, in fact,

其實 James．Cameron 有過

come up with a few words on his own.

他自己原創了幾個字

These were mainly names of characters,

主要是角色的名字

names of places on Pandora.

潘朵拉星球的地名

Sully: [speaking Na'VI]

Sully：(納美語)

Frommer: In the Na'Vi sound system,

Frommer：在納美語系中

there are sounds

它的發音

Which you can find in Polynesian languages.

你可以在馬來-玻里尼西亞語族找到一點相似之處

But also sounds which are not found in those languages --

但與那些語系也有相當大的差異

the -- the best known ones are called ejectives,

最明顯的是擠喉音

which are sort of popping sounds.

有點噴音的感覺

they sound like "[pops lips] ah" or "[clicks] eh"

聽起來像「趴阿」或是「給欸」

or "[clicks] ooh."

或是「斗烏」

Okrand: for Klingon, the script said explicitly

Okrand：以克林貢語來說，這份文本寫得很明確

that the language was guttural.

這個語言屬於喉音字

Well, guttural can mean a lot of things,

喉音字包含很多東西

but the way i interpreted it

但如果要我解釋的話

is "hch" kinds of sounds.

就像「喀」的音

I've had two kind of basic things in mind.

在我腦中有兩個基本原則

One was it had to sound weird and alien and not like anything,

第一就是它必須聽起來很詭異、像外星人，且不能與其他語言相似

and two, the actors had to be able to learn it and say it.

第二，演員必須能學會而且說出來

So, the thing was pronounceable and learnable.

所以它要是可以發音的，可以學習的

Which means success. That's my favorite word.

意思是成功，這是我最愛的字

Peterson: When you actually get into it

Peterson：當你真的對創造語言感興趣

and start creating a language,

並開始著手創造一個語言

the first thing that you have to do

第一個你要做的事

is create the grammatical system,

就是創造它的文法體系

and that thing pretty much has to be complete.

而且必須要做的非常完整

Frommer: the Na'Vi parts of speech

Frommer：納美人的口語部分

are not unlike parts of speech in more familiar languages.

不像其他常見的語言

so, we have nouns, we have verbs,

我們有名詞、動詞

we have adjectives, we have adverbs.

有形容詞、有副詞

And this means,

這意思是

"Eytukan gave Neythiri this beautiful necklace."

「Eytukan 給 Neythiri 這條美麗的項鍊。」

Okrand: For klingon, for example,

Okrand：舉個例子，對克林貢語來說

there was already some Klingon.

它已經有一些架構在

There was Klingon in "star trek: the motion picture."

在《星艦迷航記》中已經有克林貢人的設定

So I kind of imposed a grammatical structure on it.

所以我稍微在它的基礎上加入文法架構

For example, a three-syllable phrase --

舉例來說，有個三音節的句子

[speaking Klingon]

(克林貢語)

Is that one word or two words or three words?

它聽起來是一個字、兩個字還是三個字呢？

So, I just arbitrarily decided.

我可以任意決定

"Cha" was one word. "Yighus" is another word.

「掐」是一個字，「以互許」是另一個字

It's supposed to be an alien language unlike anything else.

這樣聽起來應該比較像外星語，跟其他人類語言有所差異

The three basic elements of a sentence

在一個句子裡基本的三個元素

are the subject, the verb, and the object.

就是主詞、動詞跟受詞

There are six possible combinations,

有 6 種可能的組合

and the least common is when the object comes first.

最不常見的就是受詞在前面

So, that's the one I chose for Klingon.

所以我選它當克林貢語的文法架構

Peterson: when I actually translate a line,

Peterson：實際上我在翻譯一個句子時

What I do is there's the English line up top,

我的作法是，英文句子在上

then there's the translated line,

接著是翻譯的句子

then there's a line below that shows them

然後下面再一個句子，跟讀者說明

where the emphasis is supposed to be.

重音應該在哪裡

So, it breaks up every word by syllables,

所以要把每個字依照音節拆開

and the one that's supposed to get the big emphasis

而需要特別加重的音節

is in all caps.

則全用大寫

Frommer: In addition to that, I made little recordings.

Frommer：除此之外，我還會錄音

[speaking Na'Vi]

(納美語)

Okrand: Most of the time, I'm on the set.

Okrand：大部分時間我都會準備好

And will work with the actors prior to any take,

在拍攝前先與演員排練

sometimes a day before, even a week before,

有時候是一天前，甚至一週前

sometimes minutes before.

有時候是幾分鐘前

But especially in the early days of Klingon,

但是，尤其是早期的克林貢語

since no one had heard the language before,

那時沒人聽過這個語言

if the actor made a mistake and said "toe" instead of "too,"

如果演員犯了個錯誤，把「吐」的音發成「透」

I'd say, "that's fine," and make myself a note.

我會說：「沒關係！」，然後自己做個筆記

"Okay, next time that word comes up,

「好，下次看到這個字

He's gonna say 'toe' and not 'too.'"

他就會念『透』而不是『吐』。」

So, the language changes as a result of movie making.

所以隨著電影的拍攝，這個語言也會隨之改變

Man: [speaking Klingon ]

男人：(克林貢語)

Peterson: I think one of the great things about creating a language

Peterson：我想創造語言的其中一個最棒的事

is that you get a level of fan interaction.

就是你可以跟粉絲有一定程度的互動

That you never would have expected.

那是你意料之外的

Like, for example, with the Na'Vi language in "Avatar,"

舉個例來說，在《阿凡達》裡的納美語

There are people that speak it fluently now.

現在真的有人可以很流利的說出納美語

frommer: I'm continually getting suggestions from the Na'Vi community for new vocabulary.

Frommer：我現在仍不斷從納美語社群裡得到新詞彙的建議

I'm still the gatekeeper.

我還是把關者

I'm still the only one who can say, "This is fantastic. This is in the language."

我還是唯一可以說「這太棒了，它被納入了。」的人

But this collaborative process, it's been very satisfying to me.

但這樣共同創作的過程，對我來說相當滿意

Okrand: Klingon continues to grow.

Okrand：克林貢語還在成長

These days, I mean, every once in a while, if there's a new film or a TV show --

這些日子，我的意思是，每當有一部電影或電視劇上映

the last J.J. Abrams "Star Trek" movie

上一部 J.J. Abrams 「星際大戰」電影

had Klingon in it and had a lot of new vocabulary.

裡面有克林貢語，也新增許多新詞彙

There's Klingon speakers all over the world.

使得世界上許多克林貢人出現

Some of them are beginners.

有些是初學者

Some of them are absolutely fluent.

有些人已經能講得很流利了

I have people all over the world who are mad at me

世界上有許多人都在埋怨我

because I'm not producing vocabulary quickly enough.

因為我創造新詞彙的速度不夠快

It's part of linguistics curricula.

它是語言學課程的一部份

I never thought that anything like that would happen.

我從沒想過這樣的事會發生

Peterson: when you speak a language

Peterson：當你在說一個語言

and you learn it to fluency, that becomes a part of you.

當你能流暢的使用，它就會成為你的一部分

And so, that, I always thought,

然後，我總是在想

was just the most fascinating thing,

那就是最迷人的事

the most awesome thing about adding a created language to a production

最棒的事，對於在一部作品裡加入自創語言

because you can get that constant, deep level of interaction

因為你可以從中獲得恆久的、深層的互動

that you can't with anything else.

那是從其他地方無法獲得的