Meet Thelma and Louise.

我想跟各位介紹我狠角色朋友。

(Laughter)

見見塞爾瑪跟路易絲。 （註：《末路狂花》的主角）

I'm passionate about cows.

（笑聲）

And although they've been getting a lot of crap lately

我對牛充滿熱情。

due to methane emissions and climate change,

雖然牠們近期遇到許多鳥事，

I hope that I can redeem their reputation in part

因為甲烷排放以及氣候變遷，

by showing you how incredibly important they are

我希望我能挽救牠們部分的名聲，

in solving one of the world's biggest problems: food security.

讓各位了解牠們是多麼重要，

But more importantly, for Africa --

能協助解決世界上最大的 問題之一：食物保障。

it's resultant childhood stunting.

但，更重要的，對非洲而言，

Nutritional stunting manifests itself

缺乏食物造成兒時發育遲緩。

in a reduction of growth rate in human development.

營養造成的發展遲緩呈現的方式

And according to UNICEF,

是人類發展的成長率下降。

stunting doesn't come easy.

根據聯合國兒童基金會，

It doesn't come quickly.

發育遲緩不容易發生。

It happens over a long period of time

發育遲緩不會很快發生。

during which a child endures painful and debilitating cycles of illness,

它橫跨很長的一段時間，

depressed appetite,

在這期間孩子要忍受 痛苦和虛弱的疾病循環、

insufficient nutrition

胃口不好、

and inadequate care.

營養不良，

And most kids simply can't endure such rigors.

以及不當的照護。

But those that do survive,

大部分的孩子實在 無法忍受這樣的艱苦。

they carry forward long-term cognitive problems

但，存活下來的孩子，

as well as losses of stature.

他們會帶著長期的認知問題，

The numbers of stunted children under the age of five,

伴隨著身體發育不良。

in most regions of the world,

五歲以下發展遲緩的孩子數目，

has been declining.

在世界大部分的區域，

And I really hate to say this,

都在下降中。

but the only place where they haven't been declining is here,

我很不想這麼說，

in Africa.

但，唯一人數沒有 下降的地方，就是這裡，

Here, 59 million children,

非洲。

three in 10 in that age group,

在這裡，5900 萬孩童，

struggle to meet their genetic potential --

在那個年齡層中，十個就有三個，

their full genetic potential.

要非常努力才能達到 他們基因上的潛能，

Protein is one of our most important dietary requirements,

他們完整的潛能。

and evidence shows that lack of essential amino acids,

蛋白質是我們最重要的 飲食需求之一，

the building blocks of proteins, in young children's diets,

有證據顯示，若孩童的飲食

can result in stunting.

缺乏必要的氨基酸， 即蛋白質的基礎成份，

Essential amino acids are called essential

就可能造成發展遲緩。

because we can't synthesize them in our bodies.

必要的氨基酸之所以必要，

We have to get them from our foods

是因為我們自體無法合成它們。

and the best sources are animal-derived:

我們得要從食物中攝取，

milk, meat and eggs.

而最好的來源是動物源食品：

Most protein consumed on the African continent is crop-based.

牛奶、肉、蛋。

And although we have millions of smallholder farmers rearing animals,

在非洲大陸，大部分被吃下的 蛋白質都是以作物為基礎的。

livestock production is not as easy as we think.

雖然我們有數百萬名 小佃農在飼養動物，

The big livestock gaps between rich countries and poor countries

家畜生產沒有我們想的那麼容易。

are due to poor animal health.

富國和窮國之間有很大的家畜落差，

Endemic livestock diseases,

原因是動物的健康很差。

some of them transmissible to humans,

地方性的家畜疾病，

threaten not only livestock producers in those poor countries,

有些可以傳染給人類，

but all human health across all countries.

這些疾病威脅的不只是 窮國的家畜生產者，

This is a global pathogens network.

還包括所有國家所有人類的健康。

It shows the pathogens found across the world

這是全球的病原體網路。

according to the Enhanced Infectious Diseases database.

它顯示在全世界發現的病原體，

And it shows those pathogens that share hosts.

資料來自強化傳染病資料庫。

In a nutshell,

它能顯示出有共同宿主的病原體。

we share pathogens, and thus diseases,

在一個小封閉空間中，

with the species we live closest to:

我們共享病原體 進而共享疾病的對象，

our livestock.

就是和我們居住地相近的物種：

And we call these zoonotic diseases.

我們的家畜。

Recent reports show

我們稱之為人畜共通病。

that the deadly dozen zoonotic diseases kill 2.2 million people

近期的報告指出，

and sicken 2.4 billion people annually.

十多種致命的人畜共通病， 每年會奪走 220 萬條人命，

And Jimmy says,

並讓 24 億人生病。

"The greatest burden of zoonoses

吉米說：

falls on one billion poor livestock keepers."

「人畜共通病最沉重的擔子，

We totally underestimate the importance of our smallholder farmers.

落在十億貧窮的家畜飼養者肩上。」

We're beginning to recognize how important they are

我們完全低估了小佃農的重要性。

and how they influence our medical health,

我們開始認可他們的重要性，

our biosafety

以及他們如何影響我們的醫療健康、

and more recently, our cognitive and our physical health.

我們的生物安全性，

They stand at the frontline of zoonotic epidemics.

以及更近期的， 我們的認知與身體健康。

They pretty much underpin our existence.

他們站在人畜共通病 流行傳播的前線。

And they need to know so much,

他們可說是支撐著我們的生存。

yet most lack knowledge

他們需要知道很多知識，

on livestock disease prevention and treatment.

卻又最缺乏那些知識，

So how do they learn?

關於家畜疾病預防和治療的知識。

Apart from shared experiences,

所以，他們要如何學習？

trial and error,

除了分享共同的經驗

conventional farming extension services are boots on the ground and radio --

和反覆試驗外，

expensive and hard to scale in the face of population growth.

傳統農業的發展依靠人力和電台，

Sounds pretty gloomy, doesn't it?

在人口增長的情況下 既昂貴又難以普及。

But we're at an interesting point in Africa.

聽起來挺沮喪的，是嗎？

We're changing that narrative using innovative solutions,

但，現在的非洲 有個契機。

riding across scalable technologies.

我們可以用創新的解決方案 來改變現狀，

Knowledge doesn't have to be expensive.

橫跨可擴充的技術。

My company developed an agricultural platform called iCow.

知識不見得要很昂貴。

We teach farmers best livestock practices using SMS

我的公司發展出了一個 農業平台 iCow（i 乳牛）。

over simple, low-end phones.

通過傳簡訊，用簡單 易操作的手機教授農民們

Farmers receive three SMSs a week on best livestock practices,

最好的牲畜養殖方法。

and those that execute the messages go on to see increases in productivity

農場主每周會收到三則簡訊， 內容就是最好的家畜實做方式，

within as short a time as three months.

照著訊息去做的人，會在三個月的

The first increases in productivity, of course, are improved animal health.

短時間內看到生產力增加。

We use SMS because it is retentive.

當然，要增加生產力， 第一件事是改善動物健康。

Farmers store their messages,

我們用簡訊是因為它可以保存。

they write them down in books,

農場主會把訊息存起來，

and in effect,

他們會寫在筆記上，

we're drip-feeding agricultural manuals into the fields.

實際上，

We recognize that we are all part of the global food network:

我們是把農業手冊的內容 注入到田野實做中。

producers and consumers,

我們了解到，我們都是 全球食物網路的一部分：

you and me, and every farmer.

生產者與消費者，

We're focusing now on trying to bring together producers and consumers

你、我，和每一個農場主。

to take action and take responsibility for not only food security,

現在，我們的重點在試圖將 生產者與消費者結合起來，

but for food safety.

以採取行動和負起責任， 不單單是為了食物保障，

This beautiful animal is an African-Asian Sahiwal crossed with a Dutch Fleckvieh.

也為了食物安全。

She's milkier than her Sahiwal mom,

這隻美麗的動物是非亞的 沙希華牛與荷蘭的西門特牛混種。

and she's sturdier and more resistant to disease than her Fleckvieh father.

她比她的沙希華母親更能產乳，

In Ethiopia and Tanzania,

比她的西門特父親 更強健更能抵抗疾病。

the African Dairy Genetic Gains program is using SMS and cutting-edge genomics

在衣索比亞和坦尚尼亞，

and pioneering Africa's first tropically adapted dairy breeding centers

「非洲乳牛遺傳增益」 （ADGG）計畫

and dairy performance recording centers.

使用簡訊和最先進的 染色體雜交品種，

Farmers contribute their production data --

開拓非洲第一批能適應 熱帶的乳牛繁殖中心，

milking records,

以及乳牛表現記錄中心。

breeding records and feeding records --

農場主會貢獻他們的生產資料──

to the ADGG platform.

擠奶記錄、

This stage is synthesized through algorithms

繁殖記錄，以及餵食記錄──

from some of the top livestock institutions in the world

提供給 ADGG 平台。

before it lands back in the farmers' hands

在這個階段，會用世界頂尖

in actionable SMSs.

家畜機構提供的演算法把資料整合，

Customized data,

轉為可以實行的簡訊，

customized responses

送回到農場主手上。

all aimed at increasing productivity

客製化的資料，

based on the potential on the ground.

客製化的回應，

We're at a very interesting place in agriculture in Africa.

目標都是要根據一般潛能

By the end of this year,

來增加生產力。

we'll have almost one billion mobile phone subscriptions.

我們正處在非洲農業 一個很有意思的地方。

We have the power in our hands

今年年底，

to ensure that livestock production systems are not only healthy,

我們將會有接近十億筆的 行動電話訂閱。

productive and profitable,

我們手中就握有力量，

but that farmers are knowledgeable,

能夠確保家畜生產體制不僅健康、

and more importantly,

有生產力、能獲利，

that our farmers are safe.

而且農場主也有相關知識；

Working with smallholder farmers

更重要的是，

is one of the best ways to guarantee food security.

我們的農場主是安全的。

Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways

和小佃農合作，

to guarantee each and every child their full opportunity

是確保食物安全的最佳方式之一。

and ability to reach their full genetic potential.

和小佃農合作，也是個極佳的方式，

And harnessing the power of millions of smallholder farmers

能保障每一個孩童 都有完整的機會與能力，

and their badass cows like mine,

來發揮他們的遺傳的潛力。

we should be able to bring a halt to stunting in Africa.

利用數百萬名小佃農的力量

Thank you.

以及他們那些狠角色牛隻， 就像我的一樣，

(Applause)

我們應該能夠終止非洲的發展遲緩。

Thank you.

謝謝。