I was born and raised in Homs,

嗨。我的名字叫Marwa，我是建築師。

a city in the central western part of Syria,

我出生在霍姆斯，並在那裡長大，

and I've always lived here.

一個在敘利亞中西部的城市，

After six years of war,

我一直都住在這裡。

Homs is now a half-destroyed city.

六年的戰爭過去，

My family and I were lucky; our place is still standing.

霍姆斯有一半都被摧毀了。

Although for two years, we were like prisoners at home.

我和家人很幸遇；我們的住所仍然在那裡。

Outside there were demonstrations and battles and bombings and snipers.

儘管有兩年的時間，我們像囚犯一樣住在家裡。

My husband and I used to run an architecture studio

家外面有示威、鬥爭、炸彈和狙擊手。

in the old town main square.

我和丈夫以前經營一家建築工作室，

It's gone, as is most of the old town itself.

在舊城鎮的主廣場那裡。

Half of the city's other neighborhoods

它已經不在了，正如 舊城鎮大部分的地方一樣。

are now rubble.

城市裡其它社區有半數

Since the ceasefire in late 2015,

現在都變成了瓦礫。

large parts of Homs have been more or less quiet.

自從2015年末停戰以來，

The economy is completely broken, and people are still fighting.

霍姆斯的大部分地區都比較安靜。

The merchants who had stalls in the old city market

經濟完全被破壞了，人們仍然在奮鬥。

now trade out of sheds on the streets.

曾經在舊城市場有攤位的商人

Under our apartment, there is a carpenter,

現在在街上的儲物棚外面做生意。

sweetshops, a butcher, a printing house, workshops, among many more.

在我們的公寓下面，有一個木匠舖、

I have started teaching part-time,

糖果商店、一個肉舖、一間印刷廠、 工作坊，和許多其它的店鋪。

and with my husband, who juggles several jobs,

我開始兼職教課，

we've opened a small bookshop.

和我的丈夫一起，他同時接了幾份工作，

Other people do all sorts of jobs to get by.

我們開了一間小書店。

When I look at my destroyed city, of course, I ask myself:

其他人做各種各樣的工作來維持生計。

What has led to this senseless war?

當然，我看到被摧毀的家園時，我自問：

Syria was largely a place of tolerance,

是什麼導致了這場毫無意義的戰爭？

historically accustomed to variety,

敘利亞曾經是一個有包容性的地方，

accommodating a wide range of beliefs, origins, customs,

從歷史的角度來說， 能夠適應多樣性，

goods, food.

融合很多的信仰、出身、習俗、

How did my country --

商品，食物。

a country with communities living harmoniously together

我的國家 －

and comfortable in discussing their differences --

許多社區可以融洽地生活在一起

how did it degenerate into civil war, violence, displacement

並且可以很自然地談論這些差異的國家 －

and unprecedented sectarian hatred?

是如何淪為一個充滿了內戰、暴力、奪權，

There were many reasons that had led to the war --

和空前的宗教仇恨的地方？

social, political and economic.

導致戰爭的因素有很多：

They all have played their role.

社會、政治，和經濟的。

But I believe there is one key reason that has been overlooked

它們都起到了作用。

and which is important to analyze,

但是我認為有一個關鍵的原因被忽視了，

because from it will largely depend

可是對這個原因的分析很有必要，

whether we can make sure that this doesn't happen again.

因為它在很大程度上決定了

And that reason is architecture.

我們能否確保這樣的戰爭不再發生。

Architecture in my country has played an important role

那個原因就是建築。

in creating, directing and amplifying conflict between warring factions,

建築在我的國家起到了重要的作用，

and this is probably true for other countries as well.

在製造，集中和擴大派系衝突方面，

There is a sure correspondence between the architecture of a place

這可能在其他國家也是一樣的。

and the character of the community that has settled there.

有一種不容質疑的聯繫 存在於一個地方的建築

Architecture plays a key role in whether a community crumbles

和定居在那裡的社區的特徵之間。

or comes together.

建築在社區是分裂或是團結方面

Syrian society has long lived the coexistence

扮演關鍵作用。

of different traditions and backgrounds.

敘利亞社會經歷了很久的

Syrians have experienced the prosperity of open trade

不同傳統和背景的共存。

and sustainable communities.

敘利亞人體驗了自由貿易

They have enjoyed the true meaning of belonging to a place,

和永續發展社區帶來的繁榮。

and that was reflected in their built environment,

他們享受了一個地方 歸屬感的真正意義，

in the mosques and churches built back-to-back,

這些都反映在他們的建築環境中，

in the interwoven souks and public venues,

反映在連排的清真寺和教堂中，

and the proportions and sizes based on principles of humanity and harmony.

反映在交織的集市和公共街道中，

This architecture of mixity can still be read in the remains.

也反映在根據人性與和諧原則 而確定的比例和尺寸中。

The old Islamic city in Syria was built over a multilayered past,

這種混合性的建築風格 仍然可以在遺跡中辨析出來。

integrating with it and embracing its spirit.

敘利亞裡的伊斯蘭古城 建造在跌宕的歷史之上，

So did its communities.

與這段過去融合，並且容納了它的精神。

People lived and worked with each other

它的社區也是如此。

in a place that gave them a sense of belonging

人們一起生活，一起工作，

and made them feel at home.

在一個給了他們歸屬感

They shared a remarkably unified existence.

和讓他們賓至如歸的地方。

But over the last century,

他們共有著一種 非同尋常的統一的生活方式。

gradually this delicate balance of these places has been interfered with;

但是在上個世紀中，

first, by the urban planners of the colonial period,

這些地方美好的平衡逐漸受到了干擾；

when the French went enthusiastically about,

首先，是被殖民時期的城市規劃者，

transforming what they saw as the un-modern Syrian cities.

當法國人積極地行動，

They blew up city streets and relocated monuments.

改造著他們認為 非現代化的敘利亞城市的時候。

They called them improvements,

他們炸毀了城市街道而且遷移了紀念碑。

and they were the beginning of a long, slow unraveling.

他們把這些叫做改善，

The traditional urbanism and architecture of our cities

但是它們是一場漫長、 緩慢的破裂開始。

assured identity and belonging not by separation,

我們城市傳統的城市生活和建築

but by intertwining.

確保了身份和歸屬感，不是通過分裂，

But over time, the ancient became worthless, and the new, coveted.

而是通過融合。

The harmony of the built environment and social environment

但是隨著時光流逝，歷史變得 毫無價值，新潮成為了人們的追求。

got trampled over by elements of modernity --

建築環境和社會環境的和諧

brutal, unfinished concrete blocks,

被現代化的元素取代 －

neglect, aesthetic devastation,

令人不悅的尚未完工的混凝土街區，

divisive urbanism that zoned communities by class, creed or affluence.

冷漠、審美的破壞、

And the same was happening to the community.

把社區依照階級、信仰 或者財富劃分的分裂性城市生活。

As the shape of the built environment changed,

同樣的事情也發生在社區中。

so the lifestyles and sense of belonging of the communities

隨著建築環境的特徵發生了改變，

also started changing.

生活方式和社區的歸屬感

From a register of togetherness, of belonging,

也開始發生了變化。

architecture became a way of differentiation,

從團結和歸屬的記錄，

and communities started drifting apart

建築變成了一種區分的方式，

from the very fabric that used to unite them,

而且社區也開始逐漸疏遠，

and from the soul of the place that used to represent their common existence.

遠離那個曾經團結他們的社區結構，

While many reasons had led to the Syrian war,

遠離那個曾經代表他們共同生活方式的典範。

we shouldn't underestimate the way in which,

儘管很多原因導致了敘利亞戰爭，

by contributing to the loss of identity and self-respect,

我們不應該低估

urban zoning and misguided, inhumane architecture

通過導致身份和自尊的喪失，

have nurtured sectarian divisions and hatred.

城市分區和被誤導的而且非人性的建築

Over time, the united city has morphed into a city center

催生宗教分裂和仇恨的方式。

with ghettos along its circumference.

隨著時間流逝， 一個團結的城市變成了一個市中心

And in turn, the coherent communities became distinct social groups,

帶有遍佈在城市邊緣的貧民窟。

alienated from each other and alienated from the place.

接下來，和諧的社區 變成了有區分的社會群體，

From my point of view,

彼此疏遠，和那個地方也變得疏遠。

losing the sense of belonging to a place

在我看來，

and a sense of sharing it with someone else

失去對一個地方的歸屬感

has made it a lot easier to destroy.

以及能與別人分享它的感覺

The clear example can be seen in the informal housing system,

讓摧毀這個地方變得更容易。

which used to host, before the war, over 40 percent of the population.

非正式的住房體系就是個清楚的案例，

Yes, prior to the war, almost half of the Syrian population

一個在戰爭前曾經容納了 超過40%人口的住房體系。

lived in slums,

是的，在戰爭前， 大概有一半的敘利亞人口

peripheral areas without proper infrastructure,

住在貧民窟裡，

made of endless rows of bare block boxes

住在沒有足夠基礎設施的邊緣地區，

containing people,

由無止境的一排排裸露的塊狀箱子組成，

people who mostly belonged to the same group,

裡面住有人，

whether based on religion, class, origin or all of the above.

基本上屬於同一個族群的人，

This ghettoized urbanism proved to be a tangible precursor of war.

不論是基於宗教、階級、 出身或者是以上所有因素。

Conflict is much easier between pre-categorized areas --

這種隔離式的城市生活 已被證明是一種有形的戰爭前兆。

where the "others" live.

衝突在未被歸類的地區之間更容易發生 －

The ties that used to bind the city together --

「其他人」住的地方。

whether they were social, through coherent building,

曾經讓城市團結在一起的聯繫，

or economic, through trade in the souk,

不論是通過和諧建築形成的社會聯繫，

or religious, through the coexistent presence --

或者是通過集市貿易形成的經濟聯繫，

were all lost in the misguided and visionless modernization

還是通過共存的靈魂形成的宗教聯繫，

of the built environment.

都喪失在被誤導的而且毫無遠見的

Allow me an aside.

建築環境現代化的過程中。

When I read about heterogeneous urbanism in other parts of the world,

請允許我說一句題外話。

involving ethnic neighborhoods in British cities

當我讀到世界其它地方 各種各樣的城市生活的時候，

or around Paris or Brussels,

包括英國城市中的種族社區，

I recognize the beginning of the kind of instability

或者是在巴黎或布魯塞爾周邊，

we have witnessed so disastrously here in Syria.

我意識到動盪的開始，

We have severely destroyed cities,

那種我們在敘利亞 見到的災難性的動盪。

such as Homs, Aleppo, Daraa and many others,

我們有被嚴重破壞的城市，

and almost half of the population of the country is now displaced.

比如霍姆斯、阿勒坡、 德拉和許多其它的城市，

Hopefully, the war will end,

而且這個國家中 差不多一半的人口都離開了。

and the question that, as an architect, I have to ask, is:

但願戰爭將會結束，

How do we rebuild?

作為建築師，我想問的問題是：

What are the principles that we should adopt

我們要如何重建？

in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes?

我們應該採取的原則是什麼

From my point of view, the main focus should be on creating places

才能避免同樣的錯誤？

that make their people feel they belong.

在我看來，重點應該集中在創建

Architecture and planning need to recapture

會讓人有歸屬感的地方上。

some of the traditional values that did just that,

建築和規劃需要再現

creating the conditions for coexistence and peace,

一些曾經實現 那種歸屬感的傳統價值觀，

values of beauty that don't exhibit ostentation,

創造條件實現共同的生活方式，和平，

but rather, approachability and ease,

追求美而不虛有其表

moral values that promote generosity and acceptance,

而展現隨和與安逸的審美觀，

architecture that is for everyone to enjoy, not just for the elite,

提倡慷慨和寬容的道德觀，

just as used to be in the shadowed alleys of the old Islamic city,

讓所有人，而不是貴族， 都可以享受的建築，

mixed designs that encourage a sense of community.

就像曾經在古老的伊斯蘭城市中 陰暗小巷裡的那些建築一樣，

There is a neighborhood here in Homs that's called Baba Amr

鼓勵團體意識的混合式設計。

that has been fully destroyed.

在霍姆斯，有個叫做Baba Amr的社區

Almost two years ago, I introduced this design

完全被摧毀了。

into a UN-Habitat competition for rebuilding it.

大概兩年前，我把這個設計提交到

The idea was to create an urban fabric inspired by a tree,

一個為了重建它 而舉辦的聯合國人居署比賽中。

capable of growing and spreading organically,

這個想法是創建一個城市結構， 從一棵樹中得到的靈感，

echoing the traditional bridge hanging over the old alleys,

可以天然地增長和擴張，

and incorporating apartments, private courtyards, shops,

呼應鄰近古老小巷的傳統橋樑，

workshops, places for parking and playing and leisure,

並且包括公寓、私人庭院、商店、

trees and shaded areas.

工作坊、停車、玩耍和娛樂的地方，

It's far from perfect, obviously.

樹木和庇蔭的地區。

I drew it during the few hours of electricity we get.

很明顯，它仍不夠完美。

And there are many possible ways to express belonging and community

我在僅能通電的幾個小時裡畫出了它。

through architecture.

還有很多方法來透過建築 表示歸屬感和團體感。

But compare it with the freestanding, disconnected blocks

但是把它和獨立式、 彼此分開的街區相比，

proposed by the official project for rebuilding Baba Amr.

由官方重建Baba Amr的項目提出的。

Architecture is not the axis around which all human life rotates,

建築不是人類生活圍繞的軸心，

but it has the power to suggest and even direct human activity.

但是它有建議、 甚至指引人類活動的力量。

In that sense, settlement, identity and social integration

從那個角度來看， 定居、身份和社會融合

are all the producer and product of effective urbanism.

都是精彩的城市生活的生產者和產品。

The coherent urbanism of the old Islamic city

例如，古老的伊斯蘭城市

and of many old European towns, for instance,

和許多歐洲城鎮和諧的城市生活

promote integration,

促進了融合，

while rows of soulless housing or tower blocks,

然而一排排沒有生氣的住宅 或者鐘樓街區，

even when they are luxurious,

即使當它們很奢華的時候，

tend to promote isolation and "otherness."

卻很容易引起孤立和排他。

Even simple things

即便是簡單的事情

like shaded places or fruit plants or drinking water inside the city

像城市內庇蔭的地方、果樹或者飲用水

can make a difference in how people feel towards the place,

都能影響人們對這個地方的感受，

and whether they consider it a generous place that gives,

影響人們是否認為 那是一個寬容的地方，

a place that's worth keeping, contributing to,

一個值得保留、建設的地方，

or whether they see it as an alienating place,

或者他們是否把它 當作一個令彼此疏遠的地方，

full of seeds of anger.

充滿了憤怒的隱患。

In order for a place to give, its architecture should be giving, too.

為了讓一個地方具備給予的特質， 它的建築也應該具備這種特質。

Our built environment matters.

我們的建築環境很重要。

The fabric of our cities is reflected in the fabric of our souls.

我們城市的結構 反映在我們靈魂的構造中。

And whether in the shape of informal concrete slums

不論是非正式的混凝土貧民窟，

or broken social housing

或者是破損的社會住房，

or trampled old towns

或者是被踐踏的古老城鎮，

or forests of skyscrapers,

或者是一幢幢的摩天大樓，

the contemporary urban archetypes

現代的城市原型，

that have emerged all across the Middle East

已經出現在整個中東地區的城市原型，

have been one cause of the alienation and fragmentation of our communities.

是我們社會排外和分裂的一個原因。

We can learn from this.

我們可以從中吸取教訓。

We can learn how to rebuild in another way,

我們可以學會如何以另一種方式重建，

how to create an architecture that doesn't contribute only

如何建造一個建築，不只是在

to the practical and economic aspects of people's lives,

人們生活的實用方面 和經濟方面起到作用，

but also to their social, spiritual and psychological needs.

也要滿足他們的社會需求、 精神需求和心理需求。

Those needs were totally overlooked in the Syrian cities before the war.

在戰爭以前，那些需求 在敘利亞城市中完全被忽視了。

We need to create again cities that are shared

我們需要重建那個

by the communities that inhabit them.

由他們賴以生存的社區構成的城市。

If we do so, people will not feel the need

如果我們這樣做，人們不會覺得有必要

to seek identities opposed to the other identities all around,

去尋找和周圍其他身份不同的身份，

because they will all feel at home.

因為他們都會覺得賓至如歸。

Thank you for listening.

感謝你們的傾聽。