For example, some of us tend to think

我們都有自己的偏見

that it's very difficult to transform failing government systems.

比如有些人覺得

When we think of government systems,

改變一個正走下波的政府系統是很困難的

we tend to think that they're archaic, set in their ways,

當我們談到政府系統，

and perhaps, the leadership is just too bureaucratic

我們常認為它們古老，有著既定的運轉模式

to be able to change things.

又或者領導階層太官僚

Well, today, I want to challenge that theory.

以至於不易改變

I want to tell you a story of a very large government system

那麼今天我想挑戰這個理論

that has not only put itself on the path of reform

我想告訴你一個故事，是關於一個

but has also shown fairly spectacular results

不僅正走在改革道路上而且還在

in less than three years.

三年內取得了不俗成績的

This is what a classroom in a public school in India looks like.

非常大的政府系統

There are 1 million such schools in India.

這是一個公立學校的教室的摸樣。

And even for me, who's lived in India all her life,

在印度有一百萬所這樣的學校

walking into one of these schools is fairly heartbreaking.

即使是對於一個生活在印度一輩子的我，

By the time kids are 11,

走進一個這樣的學校還是挺傷心的

50 percent of them have fallen so far behind in their education

到孩子十一歲的時候，

that they have no hope to recover.

他們之中的百分之五十已經在教育之路上落後了太多

11-year-olds cannot do simple addition,

以至於他們沒有恢復的希望

they cannot construct a grammatically correct sentence.

十一歲的孩子不能做簡單的加法，

These are things that you and I would expect an 8-year-old

不能組成一個語法正確的句子

to be able to do.

這些是我們希望在八歲孩子

By the time kids are 13 or 14,

能夠做的事

they tend to drop out of schools.

在孩子十三或十四歲時，

In India, public schools not only offer free education --

他們常常傾向於選擇輟學。

they offer free textbooks, free workbooks, free meals,

在印度，公立學校不但提供免費教育

sometimes even cash scholarships.

而且還有免費課本，練習本和食物 ，

And yet, 40 percent of the parents today

有時甚至還有現金獎學金

are choosing to pull their children out of public schools

但是，現在仍然有百分之四十的父母

and pay out of their pockets to put them in private schools.

選擇讓孩子離開學校

As a comparison, in a far richer country, the US,

和繳學費讓他們進入私立學校

that number is only 10 percent.

相對來講，美國作為一個比印度富有得多的國家

That's a huge statement on how broken the Indian public education system is.

那個比例只有百分之十

So it was with that background that I got a call in the summer of 2013

這非常有力地證明了印度公立教育系統有多失敗

from an absolutely brilliant lady called Surina Rajan.

所以這樣的情況讓我在2013年暑假接到了

She was, at that time, the head of the Department of School Education

從一個非常有才華的叫Surina Rajan的女士打來的電話

in a state called Haryana in India.

她那時是在一個在印度叫哈里亞納邦的州

So she said to us, "Look, I've been heading this department

擔任學校教育部門的領導。

for the last two years.

她對我說，"我已經管理這部門

I've tried a number of things, and nothing seems to work.

兩年了。

Can you possibly help?"

我已經嘗試不少方法，但都沒有效果。

Let me describe Haryana a little bit to you.

你能夠幫忙嗎？”

Haryana is a state which has 30 million people.

讓我給你描述一下哈里亞納邦的情況

It has 15,000 public schools

哈里亞納邦是一個住著三百萬人的州。

and 2 million plus children in those public schools.

它有一萬五千所公立學校

So basically, with that phone call,

和超過兩百萬孩子在這些公立學校就讀。

I promised to help a state and system

所以基本上，憑藉這通電話，

which was as large as that of Peru or Canada transform itself.

我承諾了幫助一個州和一個

As I started this project, I was very painfully aware of two things.

有著和秘魯或加拿大的改革一樣大的系統

One, that I had never done anything like this before.

當我開始這項目，我痛苦地意識到兩件事情。

And two, many others had, perhaps without too much success.

第一是我從未解決過類似的問題

As my colleagues and I looked across the country

第二，很多人已經嘗試但都沒成功

and across the world,

當我和我的同事對國內以及全世界

we couldn't find another example

進行了考察，

that we could just pick up and replicate in Haryana.

我們未能找到

We knew that we had to craft our own journey.

讓我們可以借鑒和在哈里亞納邦模仿的案例。

But anyway, we jumped right in and as we jumped in,

我們知道我們要自己鋪路。

all sorts of ideas started flying at us.

但總之，我們開始進行了嘗試，而當我們開始嘗試

People said, "Let's change the way we recruit teachers,

各種意見開始圍繞我們

let's hire new principals and train them

有人說："我們應該改變我們僱用教師的方法，

and send them on international learning tours,

應該聘請新校長並訓練他們

let's put technology inside classrooms."

和送他們去國外學習

By the end of week one, we had 50 ideas on the table,

應該把技術引進課室。"

all amazing, all sounded right.

第一個星期結束時，我們提及了50個意見

There was no way we were going to be able to implement 50 things.

全都很精彩，也聽起來沒錯

So I said, "Hang on, stop.

但我們沒辦法執行全部50個方法

Let's first at least decide what is it we're trying to achieve."

所以我說，"等一下

So with a lot of push and pull and debate,

我們應該至少決定我們想要達到的目標。"

Haryana set itself a goal which said: by 2020,

所以通過了很多的選拔和討論

we want 80 percent of our children to be at grade-level knowledge.

哈里亞納邦有了自己的目標：在2020年之時

Now the specifics of the goal don't matter here,

我們想要百分之八十的孩子達到他們這個年級應有的知識

but what matters is how specific the goal is.

現在目標的細節不是關鍵

Because it really allowed us to take all those ideas

重要的是這個目標有多麼具體

which were being thrown at us

因為它能讓我們評估

and say which ones we were going to implement.

所有擺在我們面前的想法

Does this idea support this goal? If yes, let's keep it.

和選出哪個應該執行

But if it doesn't or we're not sure, then let's put it aside.

這想法能夠幫助實現目標嗎？如果能，那就保留它

As simple as it sounds, having a very specific goal right up front

但如果沒有或者我們不確定，那就暫且擱置

has really allowed us to be very sharp and focused

就這麼簡單，有一個明確的目標擺在眼前

in our transformation journey.

真的讓我們在改革的道路上

And looking back over the last two and a half years,

保持精準和堅定

that has been a huge positive for us.

回頭看過去的兩年半

So we had the goal,

這給我們帶來了極大的有利條件

and now we needed to figure out what are the issues, what is broken.

當我們有了目標，

Before we went into schools, a lot of people told us

現在我們需要找出問題是什麼，損壞的部分在哪裡。

that education quality is poor

在我們進入學校之前，很多人告訴我們

because either the teachers are lazy, they don't come into schools,

教育質量很低

or they're incapable, they actually don't know how to teach.

要麼是老師們很懶散，他們沒到學校，

Well, when we went inside schools, we found something completely different.

就是他們無能，其實不懂得怎麼教書。

On most days, most teachers were actually inside schools.

當我們走進學校，我們發現了事情的緣由完全不同。

And when you spoke with them,

在大多數日子裡，大多數教室其實都在學校。

you realized they were perfectly capable of teaching elementary classes.

而且當你跟他們談話時就能發現，

But they were not teaching.

他們其實完全能夠勝任小學教師一職

I went to a school

然而他們卻沒有在教書

where the teachers were getting the construction of a classroom

我去過一間學校

and a toilet supervised.

老師們所負責的是

I went to another school

監督教室以及衛生間的修理狀況

where two of the teachers had gone to a nearby bank branch

我去了另外一個學校，

to deposit scholarship money into kids' accounts.

有兩位教師去了附近的銀行

At lunchtime, most teachers were spending all of their time

為把獎學金寄存到學生帳號

getting the midday meal cooking, supervised and served to the students.

在午餐時，大多數老師都把時間用在了

So we asked the teachers,

烹飪午餐上，以及監督和服務學生

"What's going on, why are you not teaching?"

所以我們問那些老師

And they said, "This is what's expected of us.

“什麼情況，你們為什麼沒在教書？”

When a supervisor comes to visit us,

他們說，"這是我們被要求完成的工作。

these are exactly the things that he checks.

當監督者來考察時

Has the toilet been made, has the meal been served.

這些就是我們被考察的項目

When my principal goes to a meeting at headquarters,

衛生間清理了嗎，午餐發放了嗎

these are exactly the things which are discussed."

當我們的校長去參加總部的會議時

You see, what had happened was, over the last two decades,

這些正是被討論的問題

India had been fighting the challenge of access, having enough schools,

從此可看到的問題是，在過去的二十年來

and enrollment, bringing children into the schools.

印度正在試圖克服資源匱乏的問題，是否有足夠的學校

So the government launched a whole host of programs

以及學生入學的問題，希望吸引孩子們到學校就讀

to address these challenges,

所以政府實施了一系列的方案

and the teachers became the implicit executors of these programs.

來解決這些問題

Not explicitly, but implicitly.

然而老師們卻成為了這些計畫最終的執行者

And now, what was actually needed was not to actually train teachers further

不是明確被要求的，而是間接成為的

or to monitor their attendance

現在，需要做的不是訓練教師

but to tell them that what is most important

或者檢查他們的出勤率

is for them to go back inside classrooms and teach.

而是告訴他們走進教室教學

They needed to be monitored and measured and awarded

是最重要的

on the quality of teaching

他們需要根據教學質量得到監督

and not on all sorts of other things.

評估以及得到獎勵

So as we went through the education system,

而不是根據其他工作來測評

as we delved into it deeper, we found a few such core root causes

所以當我們著手觀察教育系統

which were determining, which were shaping how people behaved in the system.

對它有了更深的了解后，我們找到了一些關鍵性的因素

And we realized that unless we change those specific things,

這些問題因素導致人們在這個教育系統中形成了一些的行為

we could do a number of other things.

我們發現除非改變這些根本性的因素

We could train, we could put technology into schools,

我們才能更進一步地做其他的

but the system wouldn't change.

我們可以提供培訓，可以把科技帶進學校

And addressing these non-obvious core issues

但是，教學系統本身不會改變

became a key part of the program.

因此，解決那些不易發現的核心問題

So, we had the goal and we had the issues,

成為了這次活動的關鍵部分

and now we needed to figure out what the solutions were.

終於，我們確定了目標和問題所在

We obviously did not want to recreate the wheel,

現在我們需要找出解決辦法

so we said, "Let's look around and see what we can find."

我們當然不想再次走進惡性循環

And we found these beautiful, small pilot experiments

所以我們說，"讓我們試著觀察四周，看看能否找出些什麼。”

all over the country and all over the world.

然後我們找到了這些遍佈于印度和世界各地的

Small things being done by NGOs, being done by foundations.

精彩的小實驗

But what was also interesting was that none of them actually scaled.

是那些由非政府組織和基金會所組織的小規模活動

All of them were limited to 50, 100 or 500 schools.

然而有趣的是它們其中沒有一個是在大規模上實施的

And here, we were looking for a solution for 15,000 schools.

它們全部只限制在50，100 或者500間學校以內

So we looked into why,

但我們要找的是能夠改善一萬五千所學校的方法

if these things actually work, why don't they actually scale?

因此我們開始尋找這些小實驗為何無法被大規模實現原因

What happens is that when a typical NGO comes in,

如果這些辦法有效，為什麼不擴展得更廣呢？

they not only bring in their expertise

原因是當一個典型的非政府機構採取措施時

but they also bring in additional resources.

他們帶來的不只是他們的專業知識

So they might bring in money,

更還有額外的資源

they might bring in people,

他們可能帶來財力

they might bring in technology.

可能是人力

And in the 50 or 100 schools that they actually operate in,

也可能是科技技術

those additional resources actually create a difference.

在他們實施改革的50或100 間學校裡，

But now imagine that the head of this NGO

那些額外資源確實帶來了效果

goes to the head of the School Education Department

但試想一下，如果這些組織的領導對

and says, "Hey, now let's do this for 15,000 schools."

學校教育部門的領導說

Where is that guy or girl going to find the money

"我們把這些方法實施在一萬五千所學校上吧"

to actually scale this up to 15,000 schools?

他要從哪裡去找那麼豐厚的一筆財力

He doesn't have the additional money,

去把資源供應給一萬五千所學校

he doesn't have the resources.

他沒有這麼多的資金

And hence, innovations don't scale.

也沒有這麼多的資源

So right at the beginning of the project, what we said was,

所以，這些創新和改革都沒有得到大規模地拓展

"Whatever we have to do has to be scalable,

在這項目的最開始我們就明確了一點

it has to work in all 15,000 schools."

"不管我們做什麼，都一定要能夠進行大規模化的普及，

And hence, it has to work within the existing budgets

要能夠被實施于多達一萬五千所學校。“

and resources that the state actually has.

所以，它要在州政府現有的預算

Much easier said than done.

和資源以內得以實施

(Laughter)

說起來容易做起來難

I think this was definitely the point in time

（笑聲）

when my team hated me.

我想那時是我的團隊

We spent a lot of long hours in office, in cafés,

最討厭我的時候

sometimes even in bars,

我們花了很多時間在辦公室，咖啡廳

scratching out heads and saying,

有時甚至在酒吧

"Where are the solutions, how are we going to solve this problem?"

想破了腦袋然後說，

In the end, I think we did find solutions to many of the issues.

"方法到底在哪裡，我們如何才能解決這個問題？"

I'll give you an example.

最後，我認為我們確實想出了很多問題的解決方法

In the context of effective learning,

舉一個例子

one of the things people talk about is hands-on learning.

在討論有效的學習方法時

Children shouldn't memorize things from books,

我們常說通過實踐來學習非常有效

they should do activities,

孩子們不應對課本上的知識死記硬背

and that's a more effective way to learn.

他們需要動手

Which basically means giving students things

因為這是一個更有效的學習途徑

like beads, learning rods, abacuses.

這個意思基本上就是給學生一些小東西

But we did not have the budgets to give that

比如珠子，學習桿，算盤等

to 15,000 schools, 2 million children.

但我們沒有預算能夠將這些提供給

We needed another solution.

一萬五千所學校，兩百萬個孩子

We couldn't think of anything.

我們需要其他方法

One day, one of our team members went to a school

但我們想不出來

and saw a teacher pick up sticks and stones from the garden outside

有一天，我們團隊中的一名成員來到一所學校

and take them into the classroom

然後看到了一個老師從外面的公園撿起棍子和石頭

and give them to the students.

然後帶進教室

That was a huge eureka moment for us.

分發給學生們

So what happens now in the textbooks in Haryana

那是讓我們期待已久的喜悅時刻

is that after every concept, we have a little box

所以從此之後在哈里亞納邦的教科書裡

which are instructions for the teachers which say,

在每個概念之後，我們都有一個小方塊

"To teach this concept, here's an activity that you can do.

寫著對老師的指示：

And by the way, in order to actually do this activity,

"為了教好這個概念，可以做以下活動

here are things that you can use from your immediate environment,

并且為了做這些活動

whether it be the garden outside or the classroom inside,

這是你能從所在的環境中直接獲取的東西，

which can be used as learning aids for kids."

不論是在外邊的花園還是課室裡面的

And we see teachers all over Haryana

都可以讓一些東西成為孩子們的教學輔助工具

using lots of innovative things to be able to teach students.

之後我們看到了哈里亞納邦各處的老師們

So in this way, whatever we designed,

利用了很多有創意的東西給孩子們教學

we were actually able to implement it

在這方式下，不論我們設計什麼方案，

across all 15,000 schools from day one.

我們都能真正立刻在

Now, this brings me to my last point.

一萬五千所學校執行

How do you implement something across 15,000 schools

現在，這促使我走到了最後一點，

and 100,000 teachers?

我們如何將解決方案傳遞給一萬五千所學校

The department used to have a process

以及十萬位老師

which is very interesting.

相關部門曾經有一個

I like to call it "The Chain of Hope."

很有趣的程序

They would write a letter from the headquarters

我喜歡把它叫做"希望之鏈"

and send it to the next level,

他們會從總部寫出一封信

which was the district offices.

然後寄信到下一個階層

They would hope that in each of these district offices,

也就是區辦公室

an officer would get the letter, would open it, read it

他們會希望每個區域的辦公室中

and then forward it to the next level,

會一名官員會收到信，會打開和閱讀它

which was the block offices.

然後轉交給下一個階層

And then you would hope that at the block office,

也就是部門辦公室

somebody else got the letter,

然後你會希望部門辦公室的某個人

opened it, read it and forwarded it eventually to the 15,000 principals.

會收到信

And then one would hope that the principals

打開，閱讀和轉交給一萬五千所學校的校長

got the letter, received it, understood it

最後會希望各位校長們

and started implementing it.

收到並且理解信的內容

It was a little bit ridiculous.

開始把它實現

Now, we knew technology was the answer,

這聽起來有點荒繆

but we also knew that most of these schools

現在，我們知道科技成了答案

don't have a computer or email.

但我們也知道大多數學校沒有