I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded,

自我有記憶以來 戰爭就是我生活的一部分

and even though I was too young to understand what was happening,

就在蘇維埃入侵六個月之後 我出生於阿富汗

I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.

儘管當時我還年幼 並不知道發生了什麼

Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict.

但我深深地感覺到 災難和恐懼在我周邊

I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake,

這些早期的經歷 讓我現在對戰爭和衝突的看法 產生了重要的影響

for most of them,

我了解到人們遭遇到危險時

giving in is not an option.

對他們大部分人而言

For these types conflicts --

屈服不是一個選擇

when people's rights are violated,

對於以下幾種類型的衝突

when their countries are occupied,

當人們的權利受到侵害時

when they're oppressed and humiliated --

當他們的國家被佔領時

they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back.

當他們受到壓迫和受到羞辱時

Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is,

他們需要一個強有力的方式 去抵制和反抗

if people see it as their only choice,

這就意味著無論暴力有多麼兇殘可怕

they will use it.

如果人們認為暴力是 他們唯一的選擇

Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world.

他們就會使用暴力

But we're not going to end war

我們絕大部分人都對 存在於世界上的暴力感到擔心

by telling people that violence is morally wrong.

但告訴人們戰爭是錯誤的

Instead, we must offer them a tool

並不能結束戰爭

that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.

取而代之的 我們必須 給他們一個工具

This is the work I do.

至少是一個與暴力 有相同效力的工具

For the past 13 years,

這是我的工作

I've been teaching people

在過去的十三年裡

in some of the most difficult situations around the world

我在一些有著最困難處境的地區

how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict.

教導人們 怎樣可以

Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

用非暴力手段來結束分歧

But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years.

很多人使用這種手段 比如 甘地和馬丁路德金

In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country --

人們已經使用非暴力手段近千年

as women,

事實上 今天在這個國家裡 大部分的權利

as minorities,

作為女性

as workers,

作為少數族群

as people of different sexual orientations

作為工人

and citizens concerned with the environment --

作為性少數人群

these rights weren't handed to us.

還有擔心環境的人們

They were won by people who fought for them

這些權利沒有直接給到我們

and who sacrificed for them.

這些是經過人們奮鬥而來的

But because we haven't learned from this history,

還有為此犧牲的人們

nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.

但是因為我們還沒有從 這歷史當中學到教訓

I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists,

非暴力鬥爭被廣泛的誤解

and they told me something that I hear a lot.

我最近見了一個埃塞俄比亞積極團體

They said they'd already tried nonviolent action,

然後他們跟我說了些我常聽到的事情

and it hadn't worked.

他們說他們已經嘗試過非暴力手段

Years ago they held a protest.

但它沒有效果

The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that.

幾年前 他們發起了抗議活動

The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests

政府把他們全部都逮捕了去來 這就是故事的結果

is a real problem.

非暴力鬥爭的想法 是跟街頭抗議一樣的

Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change,

這是一個問題

on their own, they don't actually create change --

因為抗議會是一個很好的方式來 表達人們想要變革的意願

at least change that is fundamental.

靠人們自己 他們並不能改變任何事情

(Laughter)

至少改變一些基礎的東西

Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want

（笑聲）

just because they asked nicely ...

太過強勢的對手不會給抗議者 帶來他們所想要的東西

or even not so nicely.

僅僅是因為他們抗議得太過禮貌

(Laughter)

或者太過火

Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent,

（笑聲）

not physically,

非暴力鬥爭通過非武力方式

but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive,

打擊對手來取勝

and then denying them those sources of power.

但是要給他們的對手留一些顏面

Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military

然後否定他們的權利

by causing soldiers to defect.

非暴力積極人士可以 通過使士兵叛變

They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts.

來擊潰軍隊

And they can challenge government propaganda

他們可以通過 罷工和抵制來搗亂經濟

by creating alternative media.

他們還可以通過其他媒體來

There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this.

挑戰政府的宣傳

My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,

有很多方法可以達成這樣的效果

has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action.

我的同事和導師 基恩 夏普

And protest is only one.

已經發現了198種非暴力手段

Let me give you a recent example.

然而抗議是唯一一個

Until a few months ago,

讓我來給你們一個最近的例子

Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials

直到幾個月以前

with ties to organized crime.

瓜地馬拉是被一個腐敗的前軍官統治

People were generally aware of this,

與有關聯的有組織犯罪

but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it --

人們普遍的知曉此事

until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people,

但是大部分人們都不敢有任何舉措

put out a call on Facebook to their friends

直到一個由12個普通人組成的團體

to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message:

在臉書上告訴他們的朋友

"Renuncia YA" --

在中心廣場舉牌

resign already.

牌上寫著

To their surprise,

立刻辭職

30,000 people showed up.

讓他們驚喜的是

They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country.

30000人出現在廣場

At one point,

他們在那裡待了幾個月 抗議也擴散到了全國

the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings

有一天

with a message:

組織者給政府部門送了幾百個雞蛋

"If you don't have the huevos" --

帶著一條訊息

the balls --

如果你沒有

"to stop corrupt candidates from running for office,

雞蛋

you can borrow ours."

來阻止那些腐敗份子來糟蹋政府部門

(Laughter)

你可以借我們的

(Applause)

（笑聲）

President Molina responded

（掌聲）

by vowing that he would never step down.

莫里納總統回應

And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting

發誓說他絕不退讓

and ask the president to resign.

然後抗議者意識到他們不能 僅僅停留在抗議上

They needed to leave him no choice.

然後讓總統下台

So they organized a general strike,

他們得讓總統別無他選

in which people throughout the country refused to work.

所以他們阻止了大範圍的罷工

In Guatemala City alone,

整個國家的人們拒絕工作

over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors.

僅在危地馬拉的城市

Meanwhile,

超過400所公司和學校關門了

farmers throughout the country blocked major roads.

同時

Within five days,

全國的農民阻斷了公路

the president,

罷工持續了五天

along with dozens of other government officials,

總統

resigned already.

和其他數十個政府官員

(Applause)

下台了

I've been greatly inspired

（掌聲）

by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action

我已經極大的被 使用非暴力手段的抗議者

in nearly every country in the world.

和其他勇敢的人們所鼓舞

For example,

基本上這放生在世界上所有的國家

recently a group of activists in Uganda

舉個例子

released a crate of pigs in the streets.

最近一組在烏干達的行動家

You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.

在街上放了一箱子的豬

(Laughter)

你可以看到警察對於那些豬顯得 不知所措

The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party.

（笑聲）

One pig was even wearing a hat,

豬被劃上了執政黨的顏色

a hat that people recognized.

有一頭豬甚至戴上了一頂帽子

(Laughter)

一頂所有人都可以認出的帽子

Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines,

（笑聲）

but these isolated actions do very little

世界上的行動家們變得 越來越能佔據頭條

if they're not part of a larger strategy.

但是這些孤立的活動能做的卻很少

A general wouldn't march his troops into battle

如果他們不能有更深遠的戰略

unless he had a plan to win the war.

一個將軍如果沒考慮過怎麼贏，

Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate.

他不會帶著他的士兵進入戰場。

Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare,

事實上這是世界上大部分 的非暴力運動的工作方式

if not more.

非暴力鬥爭就跟打仗一樣複雜

Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives,

如果沒有比打仗更多的話

and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.

參與者必須是受過良好培訓 並且條例清晰的人

The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years

領導人必須有一個戰略 來達到這些目標

with massive resources

戰爭的戰略已經經過幾千年的發展

and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding

伴隨著大量的資源

and improving how it works.

還有最聰明的人來致力於學習

Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied,

以及它是怎樣工作的

and even though the number is growing,

同時 非暴力鬥爭是基本上沒有 系統性地研究過的

there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it.

雖然現在使用的人越來越多

This is dangerous,

但是世界上也只有十幾人真正地 在教授它

because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict

這是很危險的

are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.

因為我們知道以前用來解決爭端的方法

The US government recently admitted

並不能應對這些新的挑戰

that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS.

美國政府最近承認

But what most people don't know

現在對於打擊伊斯蘭國 處在一個膠著的狀態

is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action.

但是大部分人不知道的

When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,

是有些人在用非暴力手段與伊斯蘭國抗爭

they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum,

當伊斯蘭國在2014年 佔領摩蘇里時

based on their own extremist ideology.

他們宣布要在公立學校裡 實施新標準

But on the first day of school,

建立在他們自己的極端主義形態上

not a single child showed up.

但是在開學的第一天

Parents simply refused to send them.

沒有一個孩子出現

They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children

家長不讓他們的孩子去上學

than to have them brainwashed.

家長們告訴記者他們 寧願在家裡教他們的孩子

This is an example of just one act of defiance

也不希望他們被洗腦

in just one city.

這是一個抗爭的例子

But what if it was coordinated

僅僅在摩蘇里這一座城市裡

with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance

但 如果他們妥協了

that have taken place against ISIS?

與其他數十個抵抗伊斯蘭國

What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy

的非暴力抵抗行為

to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function;

如果家長的抵制是大戰略的一部分

the skilled labor needed to produce food;

用來切斷伊斯蘭國的資源

the engineers needed to extract and refine oil;

伊斯蘭國指望 有經驗的國人需要來製造食物

the media infrastructure and communications networks

工程師們需要提煉過的油

and transportation systems,

媒體基礎設施還有通訊網絡

and the local businesses that ISIS relies on?

還有運輸系統

It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS

還有當地的公司

with action that is nonviolent.

也許很難想像通過非暴力手段

But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict

來擊潰伊斯蘭國

and the choices we have in facing it.

但是這是挑戰我們 如何面對分歧的時機

Here's an idea worth spreading:

我們選擇了去面對

let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked

這裡是一個值得傳播的想法

and how we can make it more powerful,

讓我們學習更多非暴力手段 成功的事蹟

just like we do with other systems and technologies

還有我們怎樣讓它變得更加有效

that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs.

就像我們對待其它系統和技術的時候

It may be that we can improve nonviolent action

他們總是可以隨著人類 需求來更新換代

to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war.

我們也可以讓非暴力行動得意昇華

Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned

達到替代戰爭的效果

in the same way that bows and arrows were,

用暴力解決紛爭的手段將被拋棄

because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective.

就像是弓箭一樣

With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful

但是我們用更加有效 的武器代替了它們

than the newest and latest technologies of war.

伴隨著人類的革新 我們可以 讓非暴力手段變得比

The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence

最新的戰爭技術更加有效

but in making violence obsolete.

人性上最期望的不是對暴力的譴責

Thank you.

而是讓暴力永遠停留在過去

(Applause)

（謝謝）