Let's start with a question:

你可曾想過動物在想什麼？ 感受為何？

Does my dog really love me, or does she just want a treat?

我們從這問題講起：

Well, it's easy to see that our dog really loves us,

我的狗真的愛我？ 還是她只想吃零食？

easy to see, right,

當然我們都知道 我們的狗是真的愛我們。

what's going on in that fuzzy little head.

簡單就看得出來，對吧？

What is going on?

可以想像這些毛絨絨的 小腦袋裡想著什麼嗎？

Something's going on.

所以牠們到底在想什麼？

But why is the question always do they love us?

一定有些事。

Why is it always about us?

但是為什麼我們總是 問牠們是否愛我們？

Why are we such narcissists?

為什麼問題總是關於我們？

I found a different question to ask animals.

為何我們如此自戀？

Who are you?

我想問動物另一個問題：

There are capacities of the human mind

你是誰？

that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind.

人類的智力具有數種能力，

But is that true?

我們一向認為是只有人類才擁有的能力。

What are other beings doing with those brains?

但是事實真是如此嗎？

What are they thinking and feeling?

其他生物跟腦有何關係？

Is there a way to know?

牠們思考和感受到什麼？

I think there is a way in.

能有辦法知道嗎？

I think there are several ways in.

我認為可以，

We can look at evolution, we can look at their brains

我認為有一些方法可以。

and we can watch what they do.

我們可以看看演化過程， 我們可以看看牠們的大腦，

The first thing to remember is: our brain is inherited.

我們也可以觀察牠們的習性。

The first neurons came from jellyfish.

首先要記得： 我們的頭腦是演化繼承而來的。

Jellyfish gave rise to the first chordates.

最古老的神經元來自水母。

The first chordates gave rise to the first vertebrates.

水母演化成早期的脊索動物，

The vertebrates came out of the sea,

脊索動物演化成脊椎動物，

and here we are.

脊椎動物走出海洋，

But it's still true that a neuron, a nerve cell, looks the same

然後演化成我們。

in a crayfish, a bird or you.

然而，這仍是事實： 神經元、神經細胞看起來都一樣，

What does that say about the minds of crayfish?

不管存在於小龍蝦、鳥， 或是你都一樣。

Can we tell anything about that?

那這些事實又怎樣說明 小龍蝦的頭腦呢？

Well, it turns out that if you give a crayfish

我們能知道什麼？

a lot of little tiny electric shocks

我們發現如果你給一隻小龍蝦

every time it tries to come out of its burrow,

多次的微量電擊，

it will develop anxiety.

每次牠想從地洞裡出來時 都這麼做的話，

If you give the crayfish the same drug

牠會變得緊張。

used to treat anxiety disorder in humans,

如果你給小龍蝦人類的藥物，

it relaxes and comes out and explores.

一些治療人類焦慮症的藥物，

How do we show how much we care about crayfish anxiety?

牠會放鬆然後爬出來走一走。

Mostly, we boil them.

那如何呈現我們 多麼在乎小龍蝦的焦慮？

(Laughter)

我們大都把牠們烹煮了吧。

Octopuses use tools, as well as do most apes

（笑聲）

and they recognize human faces.

章魚也使用工具， 做得跟多數猿類一樣熟練，

How do we celebrate the ape-like intelligence of this invertebrate?

牠們也會識別人臉。

Mostly boiled.

我們要如何讚頌 這如猿類智力般的無脊椎動物？

If a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral,

我們大都把牠們烹煮了吧。

it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping

如果石斑魚將魚趕到珊瑚縫中，

and it will signal to the moray, "Follow me,"

牠有時候會游去 已知道有海鰻睡覺的地方，

and the moray will understand that signal.

然後對著海鰻發出 「跟我走」的信號，

The moray may go into the crevice and get the fish,

海鰻可以理解牠的意思，

but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it.

然後跟著游進珊瑚縫去捕獵魚，

This is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about.

但魚可能逃脫， 而石斑魚就可以逮到牠。

How do we celebrate that ancient partnership?

這種古老的合作關係 我們最近才發現。

Mostly fried.

我們要如何讚頌 這古老的合作關係？

A pattern is emerging and it says a lot more about us

我們大都把牠們炸了吧！

than it does about them.

這些行為模式的出現 更加清楚說明了我們的行為，

Sea otters use tools

並不單只是說明了牠們的。

and they take time away from what they're doing

水瀨會用工具，

to show their babies what to do, which is called teaching.

而且他們挪出時間

Chimpanzees don't teach.

示範動作給牠們的寶寶看， 這就是教學。

Killer whales teach and killer whales share food.

黑猩猩沒有教學行為。

When evolution makes something new,

虎鯨不但會教學， 也會分享食物。

it uses the parts it has in stock, off the shelf,

在演化創造新生物時，

before it fabricates a new twist.

保留原有部分的血統體系，

And our brain has come to us

再分化轉變。

through the enormity of the deep sweep of time.

而我們現在所演化而成的大腦

If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain,

歷經了時間的巨輪。

what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain.

如果你拿人類的大腦 與黑猩猩的大腦來比較，

It's a good thing ours is bigger, because we're also really insecure.

你看到的基本上是 我們有一顆很大的黑猩猩大腦。

(Laughter)

我們頭腦較大是好事， 因為我們很真的很沒信心。

But, uh oh, there's a dolphin,

（笑聲）

a bigger brain with more convolutions.

然而... 喔哦... 這是的海豚大腦。

OK, maybe you're saying, all right, well, we see brains,

這是更大的腦， 皺摺也更多。

but what does that have to say about minds?

好了，也許你會說： 「沒錯我們看到大腦，

Well, we can see the working of the mind

但這跟心智有什麼關係呢？」

in the logic of behaviors.

嗯，我們可以看到心智

So these elephants, you can see,

在行為邏輯中的活動。

obviously, they are resting.

所以你看這些大象

They have found a patch of shade under the palm trees

很明顯正在休息。

under which to let their babies sleep,

牠們在棕梠樹下找到一方樹蔭，

while they doze but remain vigilant.

作為牠們寶寶睡覺的地方，

We make perfect sense of that image

牠們自己則在小盹中也仍維持警戒。

just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing

我們相當能理解這個景象，

because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains,

就像動物完全可以理解他們正在做什麼，

listening to the howls of the same dangers,

因為同在一個太陽下、同一片平原上，

they became who they are and we became who we are.

聆聽著相同危險的怒號聲音，

We've been neighbors for a very long time.

牠們演化成牠們如今的模樣， 正如我們演化成現成我們現今的模樣。

No one would mistake these elephants as being relaxed.

我們有很長一段時間 一直為相比為鄰。

They're obviously very concerned about something.

沒人會誤以為 這些大象的情緒是鬆懈的，

What are they concerned about?

牠們顯然正擔心某些事物。

It turns out that if you record the voices of tourists

牠們在擔心什麼呢？

and you play that recording from a speaker hidden in bushes,

如果你將遊客的聲音錄下來，

elephants will ignore it, because tourists never bother elephants.

然後從草叢裡的擴音器播放音檔，

But if you record the voices of herders

大象會無視錄音， 因為大象從不會操心遊客。

who carry spears and often hurt elephants in confrontations at water holes,

但如果你錄的是牧人的聲音，

the elephants will bunch up and run away from the hidden speaker.

牧人都攜帶長矛 且經常在水源地和大象對峙，

Not only do elephants know that there are humans,

大象就會集結在一起跑走， 遠離隱藏的擴音器，

they know that there are different kinds of humans,

大象不僅知道這是人類的聲音，

and that some are OK and some are dangerous.

他們也知道人類分為好幾種，

They have been watching us for much longer than we have been watching them.

有些人類還是好的， 有些人類則是危險的。

They know us better than we know them.

大象觀察我們的時間 遠比我們觀察牠們的時間多。

We have the same imperatives:

牠們了解我們的程度 遠超過我們了解牠們的程度。

take care of our babies, find food, try to stay alive.

我們和大象有相同的生存責任：

Whether we're outfitted for hiking in the hills of Africa

照顧嬰兒、覓食、試著活下去。

or outfitted for diving under the sea, we are basically the same.

無論是我們是穿戴旅行裝備 健走在非洲的山丘，

We are kin under the skin.

或是穿戴潛水裝備潛入海底， 我們基本上都是一樣的，

The elephant has the same skeleton,

我們在皮囊之下是一樣的。

the killer whale has the same skeleton,

大象有相同的骨架，

as do we.

殺人鯨有相同的骨架，

We see helping where help is needed.

我們亦是如此。

We see curiosity in the young.

我們能看到牠們互相幫助，

We see the bonds of family connections.

我們明白年幼者的好奇心，

We recognize affection.

我們了解家人之間的聯繫，

Courtship is courtship.

我們領悟愛情，

And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"

追求愛。

When you get general anesthesia, it makes you unconscious,

於是我們想問：「動物也有意識嗎？」

which means you have no sensation of anything.

如果你服用了麻醉劑， 你就會暫時失去意識，

Consciousness is simply the thing that feels like something.

也就是說你對任何事情 都不會有知覺。

If you see, if you hear, if you feel, if you're aware of anything,

意識簡單地說 就是感覺與比對。

you are conscious, and they are conscious.

如果你看見、聽見 感覺、認知到任何東西，

Some people say

你就是有意識的， 而且動物也是。

well, there are certain things that make humans humans,

有人說，

and one of those things is empathy.

人之所以為人，有一些特點，

Empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions.

其中之一就是同理心。

It's a very useful thing.

同理心是能夠感受 同伴情緒的心靈力量。

If your companions start to move quickly,

這是有益的事情。

you have to feel like you need to hurry up.

如果同伴開始快速動作，

We're all in a hurry now.

你便會覺得也應該加快腳步， 我們都在急促追趕中。

The oldest form of empathy is contagious fear.

同理心最古老的一種形式 就是具有傳染力的恐懼。

If your companions suddenly startle and fly away,

如果你的同伴 突然受驚嚇且全部飛走，

it does not work very well for you to say,

如果你還像這樣悠悠哉哉地說：

"Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."

「老天，為何大家都飛走了！」 這對你沒有什麼幫助。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Empathy is old, but empathy, like everything else in life,

同理心雖然存在已久， 但像生活大小事一樣，

comes on a sliding scale and has its elaboration.

排山倒海而來，有其精密複雜。

So there's basic empathy: you feel sad, it makes me sad.

基本的同理心是： 如果你很難過，我也會跟著難過，

I see you happy, it makes me happy.

我看見你高興，所以我也高興。

Then there's something that I call sympathy,

還有一種情感我稱之為同情心，

a little more removed:

情緒稍微疏離一點：

"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother has just passed away.

「我很難過聽到你祖母剛過世的消息。」

I don't feel that same grief, but I get it; I know what you feel

雖然我沒有感到同樣的悲傷， 但我懂，我知道那感覺，

and it concerns me."

這讓我擔心。

And then if we're motivated to act on sympathy,

而如果我們被觸發了 同情心因而產生行動，

I call that compassion.

我稱那為憐憫。

Far from being the thing that makes us human,

這根本不是人類獨特所有，

human empathy is far from perfect.

人類同理心也並非那麼完美。

We round up empathic creatures, we kill them and we eat them.

我們圍捕擁有同理心的動物， 殺死牠們，把牠們吃掉。

Now, maybe you say OK, well, those are different species.

你可能會說：好了，好吧。 牠們是不同物種嘛。

That's just predation, and humans are predators.

肉若強食很正常啊， 人類是肉食動物。

But we don't treat our own kind too well either.

然而我們對待同胞也沒多好。

People who seem to know only one thing about animal behavior

人們也似乎只認識一種動物行為，

know that you must never attribute human thoughts and emotions

就是你絕對不能 將人類的思想和情緒

to other species.

套用在其他物種身上。

Well, I think that's silly,

我覺得這是愚蠢的，

because attributing human thoughts and emotions to other species

因為把人類思緒和情感 套用在其他物種身上，

is the best first guess about what they're doing and how they're feeling,

是了解牠們的最佳第一步， 猜測牠們在做什麼、感覺如何，

because their brains are basically the same as ours.

因為牠們的大腦 基本上和我們一樣，

They have the same structures.

有相同的結構，

The same hormones that create mood and motivation in us

造就我們情緒與動力的賀爾蒙

are in those brains as well.

也同樣在牠們的大腦中。

It is not scientific to say that they are hungry when they're hunting

這並不是科學的說法： 牠們餓了才會獵食、

and they're tired when their tongues are hanging out,

牠們舌頭垂在外面時， 就表示牠們是累了。

and then say when they're playing with their children

或者說，當牠們和孩子玩耍，

and acting joyful and happy,

行為表現喜悅和快樂的時候，

we have no idea if they can possibly be experiencing anything.

我們無從了解是否牠們真的感受如此。

That is not scientific.

這些說法不科學。

So OK, so a reporter said to me,

所以，好了，有個記者跟我說：

"Maybe, but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel?"

「也許吧，但你如何真正知道 其他動物能思考與感覺？」

And I started to rifle through all the hundreds

我開始到處搜尋

of scientific references that I put in my book

我書裡引用的所有科學參考資料，

and I realized that the answer was right in the room with me.

我發現答案就在我的房間裡。

When my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me --

當我的狗起身離開了毯子， 來到我身邊，

not to the couch, to me --

沒有跑到沙發，而是跑向我，

and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly,

她滾躺著露出肚子，

she has had the thought, "I would like my belly rubbed.

她所想的是：「我要肚子抓抓。

I know that I can go over to Carl,

我知道我可以跑到卡爾那，

he will understand what I'm asking.

他會知道我想要什麼，

I know I can trust him because we're family.

我信任他，因為我們是家人。

He'll get the job done, and it will feel good."

他會把事情做好，讓我開心。」

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

She has thought and she has felt,

她有思考過，而且她也感覺到了。

and it's really not more complicated than that.

這真的沒有那麼複雜。

But we see other animals and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,

當我們欣賞其他動物時說： 「瞧！虎鯨、狼、大象。」

wolves, elephants:

這並非牠們觀察其他動物的方式。

that's not how they see it."

這隻背鰭高大的公鯨叫 L41，

That tall-finned male is L41.

38歲，

He's 38 years old.

在牠左側的母鯨是 L22，

The female right on his left side is L22.

44歲。

She's 44.

牠們彼此認識已經幾十年了。

They've known each other for decades.

牠們知道自己是誰，

They know exactly who they are.

牠們知道誰是朋友，

They know who their friends are.

牠們知道誰是敵人。

They know who their rivals are.

牠們也有生涯曲線。

Their life follows the arc of a career.

總是知道自己身處何處。

They know where they are all the time.

這隻叫作菲洛的大象，

This is an elephant named Philo.

是年輕的公象。

He was a young male.

四天之後牠變成這樣。

This is him four days later.

人類不只可以感受悲傷， 我們做了很多這種駭人之舉。

Humans not only can feel grief, we create an awful lot of it.

我們想拔除牠們的象牙，

We want to carve their teeth.

但為何就不能等牠們死亡後再做？

Why can't we wait for them to die?

大象曾經分布在地中海的沿岸，

Elephants once ranged from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea

一路到好望角。

all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope.

1980年這裡是大象的廣大分布區，

In 1980, there were vast strongholds of elephant range

就在中非、東非。

in Central and Eastern Africa.

而現在牠們散布到零星的區域。

And now their range is shattered into little shards.

這是我們造成大象滅絕的情況，

This is the geography of an animal that we are driving to extinction,

牠們是地表上最壯觀的動物、 也我們的同伴。

a fellow being, the most magnificent creature on land.

當然，在美國我們 照顧野生動物更為周到。

Of course, we take much better care of our wildlife in the United States.

我們在黃石公園 獵殺每隻一隻狼，

In Yellowstone National Park, we killed every single wolf.

其實我們也在加拿大的南境 獵殺每一隻狼。

We killed every single wolf south of the Canadian border, actually.

在1920年代， 森林警備隊都在執行這種任務。

But in the park, park rangers did that in the 1920s,

而60年後，他們必須增加狼群數量，

and then 60 years later they had to bring them back,

因為駝鹿的數目已經失控。

because the elk numbers had gotten out of control.

然後遊客也來了，

And then people came.

成千上萬的人前來觀賞狼群，

People came by the thousands to see the wolves,

這裡是全世界最容易 看到狼群的地方。

the most accessibly visible wolves in the world.

我也前往觀察這個 令人驚嘆的野狼家族，

And I went there and I watched this incredible family of wolves.

這是一個狼群家族，

A pack is a family.

有成年的狼與幾代年輕的狼。

It has some breeding adults and the young of several generations.

我在黃石公園觀察這個 名聲響亮、最穩定的野狼家族。

And I watched the most famous, most stable pack in Yellowstone National Park.

當牠們徘徊在邊境，

And then, when they wandered just outside the border,

有兩隻成年狼被獵殺了，

two of their adults were killed,

其中一隻是雌狼媽媽，

including the mother,

我們有時候稱之為頭號母狼。

which we sometimes call the alpha female.

剩下的狼族立即展開了兄弟鬩牆。

The rest of the family immediately descended into sibling rivalry.

狼的姊妹彼此互相驅離，

Sisters kicked out other sisters.

左邊的這一隻狼有好幾天想回到家族，

That one on the left tried for days to rejoin her family.

但其他狼不接受，因為忌妒她，