Name: 【TED】Severine Autesserre:(Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals) (【TED】Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals (Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:29:28.000Z
Duration: 16 min 6 s

I want to speak about  a forgotten conflict.

程度副詞

It's a conflict that rarely hits the headlines.

我想要講一個早已被遺忘的紛爭，

It happens right here, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Now, most people outside of Africa don't know much about the war in Congo,

就發生在這裡 ─ 剛果民主共和國。

so let me give you a couple of key facts.

當今在非洲以外的大部分人 都不太知道在剛果的戰爭，

The Congolese conflict is the deadliest  conflict since World War II.

讓我來向你們介紹幾個重大的真相：

It has caused almost four million deaths.

「剛果紛爭」是二次世界大戰之後 死傷最慘重的紛爭，

It has destabilized most of Central Africa for the past 18 years.

It is the largest ongoing humanitarian crisis in the world.

讓中非的許多地方在過去18年來不安定，

That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.

是世界上最大、進行中的人道災難，

I was a young humanitarian aid worker, and I met this woman who was my age.

那就是我在 2001 年 首次去剛果的原因。

當時我是個年輕的人道援助人員， 碰到了一位和我同年齡的女士，

Local militias had attacked Isabelle's village.

They had killed many men, raped many women.

他們殺掉許多男人、強姦許多女人，

後來他們還打算帶走伊莎貝爾，

and he said, "No, please don't take Isabelle.

他說：「不行，請不要帶走伊莎貝爾， 用我來頂替吧！」，

So he had gone to the forest with the militias,

為此他就和民兵一起了進入森林裡，

而伊莎貝爾就不曾再見過他了。

Well, it's because of people like Isabelle and her husband

就是因為有像伊莎貝爾 和她丈夫的這些人，

that I have devoted my career to studying this war

我才投入我的生涯來研究這場 我們所知極少的戰爭。

有一種對剛果的報導你們可能知道，

Although there is one story about Congo that you may have heard.

通常皆關注於剛果動亂的一個主要原因－

both usually focus on a primary cause of violence in Congo --

the illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources --

當作戰爭手段來性侵女人和女孩。

sexual abuse of women and girls as a weapon of war.

並非這兩個主題不重要、不悲慘， 它們既重要也悲慘；

So, not that these two issues aren't important and tragic. They are.

不過今天我想要跟你們 講不一樣的故事，

But today I want to tell you  a different story.

我的故事側重在進行中之紛爭的核心原因。

I want to tell you a story that emphasizes a core cause

在剛果的動亂大部分是地方 由下而上擴展的紛爭所帶動，

國際建立和平任務 在協助處理這些紛爭上也受到挫敗。

Violence in Congo is in large part driven by local bottom-up conflicts

故事始於剛果在現實中 不但是世界上惡名昭彰、

that international peace efforts have failed to help address.

The story starts from the fact that not only is Congo notable

for being the world's worst ongoing humanitarian crisis,

but it is also home to some of the largest

international peacebuilding efforts in the world.

最耗錢的聯合國維護和平任務，

它也是第一個由歐洲主導 維護和平任務的地方；

and most expensive United Nations peacekeeping mission in the world.

國際刑事法庭決定起訴剛果的軍閥，

It was also the site of the first European-led peacekeeping mission,

這也是剛果有史以來的第一次。

在 2006 年剛果舉辦了 史上第一次的全民選舉，

the International Criminal Court chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.

許多觀察家認為此地區的動亂 終於快要結束了；

In 2006, when Congo held the first  free national elections in its history,

國際社會讚揚選舉成功的籌辦，

many observers thought that an end to  violence in the region had finally come.

就像是在破敗的國家裡 終於有成功的國際介入案例。

The international community lauded the  successful organization of these elections

不過東部的省份持續面臨著 大量流離失所的人口，

as finally an example of successful international intervention

去年夏天在我重回那裡的不久前，

南基伍省發生了恐怖的屠殺案，

have continued to face massive population displacements

Shortly before I went back there last summer,

there was a horrible massacre in the province of South Kivu.

東部省份的鬥爭經常地激發出 全面性的內戰和跨國戰爭。

基本而言， 每次我們感覺已經走到了和平的邊上，

fighting in the eastern provinces has regularly reignited

要幫助剛果獲取長久的和平 與安全上卻不管用呢？

So basically, every time we feel that we are on the brink of peace,

我的答案與兩個主要的 觀察脫離不了關係，

第一、在剛果動亂持續不斷的主要原因之一，

Why have the massive international efforts

failed to help Congo  achieve lasting peace and security?

Well, my answer to this question revolves around two central observations.

宗族、自治市、社群、地區的等級，

First, one of the main reasons for the continuation of violence in Congo

比如說還記得伊莎貝爾的故事吧，

民兵之所以攻擊伊莎貝爾的村落，

I really mean at the level of the individual, the family,

the clan, the municipality, the community, the district,

而村民需要這些土地來栽種食物與維持生計。

For instance, you remember the story of Isabelle that I told you.

國際的和平推動在協助處理 地方性紛爭上是不管用的，

Well, the reason why militias had attacked Isabelle's village

因為目前建立和平的主流文化 ─

我指的是大多數致力於化解衝突的 西方與非洲的外交官們、

that the villagers needed to cultivate food and to survive.

聯合國的維護和平人員、贊助者們、

The second central observation is that international peace efforts

have failed to help address local conflicts

他們全都共享著一個看待世界 的獨特方式，

because of the presence of a dominant peacebuilding culture.

我也曾是其中的一份子， 我有分享到這種文化，

這個共同的文化影響著國際介入者 對動亂起因的認知，

the staff of most nongovernmental organizations

把它當作是主要定位在國家與國際範疇的東西。

that work with the resolution of conflict,

它影響到我們對和平之路的理解：

they all share a specific way of seeing the world.

And I was one of these people, and I shared this culture,

so I know all too well how powerful it is.

Throughout the world, and throughout conflict zones,

在參與國內和跨國和平步驟時角色的認知。

this common culture shapes the intervener's understanding

讓國際建立和平的介入者 忽視了細瑣的衝突，

as something that is primarily located in the national and international spheres.

但那經常有損於總體面之和平協定。

It shapes our understanding of the path toward peace

as something again that requires top-down intervention

to address national and international tensions.

聯合國官員、贊助者、外交人員、

And it shapes our understanding of the roles of foreign actors

和大多數非政府機構的成員們，

as engaging in national and international peace processes.

他們將持續不斷的鬥爭和屠殺 理解成從中央往地方衍生出來的問題；

Even more importantly, this common culture

enables international peacebuilders to ignore the micro-level tensions

乃是卡比拉總統和許多國內對手之間、

【TED】Severine Autesserre:(Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals) (【TED】Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals (Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals))

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【TED】Severine Autesserre:(Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals) (【TED】Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals (Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals))

crucial

massive

term

crisis