who are blind.

在這個世界上，有三千九百萬人

Eighty percent of them

是盲人。

are living in low-income countries such as Kenya,

其中有 80% 的人，

and the absolute majority

生活在低收入國家，比如肯亞，

do not need to be blind.

其中的絕大多數

They are blind from diseases

本不該失明。

that are either completely curable or preventable.

他們是因為疾病而成為的盲人

Knowing this, with my young family,

而且那些疾病是可以被預防或治癒的。

we moved to Kenya.

知道了這些，我和我的家人

We secured equipment,

搬到了肯亞。

funds, vehicles, we trained a team,

我們找來了設備、

we set up a hundred clinics throughout

資金、載具、也訓練了一個團隊，

the Great Rift Valley

我們一共建立了 100 多個診所，

to try and understand a single question:

分佈在整個東非大裂谷。

why are people going blind,

我們嘗試去理解一個問題：

and what can we do?

爲什麽人們會變成盲人，

The challenges were great.

以及我們能夠做些什麽？

When we got to where we were going,

這是一個巨大的挑戰。

we set up our high-tech equipment.

當我們到達了目的地，

Power was rarely available.

我們搭建了高科技設備。

We'd have to run our equipment

但是幾乎沒有電力。

from petrol power generators.

我們只能用

And then something occurred to me:

柴油發電機來提供電力。

There has to be an easier way,

然後我想到了一些事情：

because it's the patients who are the most in need

應該會有更加簡單的方法，

of access to eye care

因為這裡最需要

who are the least likely to get it.

眼科治療的病人

More people in Kenya,

看起來是最沒有條件接受治療的人。

and in sub-Saharan Africa,

越來越多生活在肯亞

have access to a mobile phone

以及撒哈拉以南非洲的人，

than they do clean running water.

擁有手機

So we said, could we harness

還比擁有清潔水源容易。

the power of mobile technology

所以我們想，是否能夠

to deliver eye care in a new way?

利用行動科技

And so we developed Peek,

提供新的方法進行眼部治療？

a smartphone [system] that enables

所以我們開發了 Peek，

community healthcare workers

它是一種智慧型手機系統，

and empowers them to deliver eye care everywhere.

能讓社區醫療工作者

We set about replacing traditional hospital equipment,

在任何地方提供眼部醫療服務。

which is bulky, expensive and fragile,

我們打算替換掉占地方

with smartphone apps and hardware

昂貴且脆弱的傳統醫療設備。

that make it possible to test anyone

有了智慧型手機軟體以及硬體，

in any language and of any age.

就可以為說任何語言、

Here we have a demonstration

任何年齡的任何人檢查。

of a three-month-old having their vision

這裡有一段示範影片，

accurately tested using an app and an eye tracker.

展示如何使用軟體以及眼部追蹤器

We've got many trials going on

替三個月大的孩子準確測量視力。

in the community and in schools,

我們正在社區以及學校裡

and through the lessons that we've learned in the field,

進行多項的測試。

we've realized it's extremely important

從之前的經驗

to share the data in non-medical jargon

我們了解到極端重要的是，

so that people understand

把資料轉換成非醫學術語，

what we're examining and what that means to them.

好讓大家能夠理解

So here, for example,

我們在做的檢驗及對他們的意義。

we use our sight sim application,

舉例來說，

once your vision has been measured,

我們運用了視覺模擬軟體。

to show carers and teachers

一旦一個人的視覺被檢測出來，

what the visual world is like for that person,

就可以讓照顧者還有老師們

so they can empathize with them and help them.

知道這個人眼中的世界是怎麼樣的，

Once we've discovered somebody has low vision,

讓他們能夠以同理心來幫助這些人。

the next big challenge is to work out why,

一旦我們發現某個人視力很差，

and to be able to do that,

下一個大挑戰就是找出原因。

we need to have access to the inside of the eye.

要做到這點

Traditionally, this requires expensive equipment

我們要能夠進到眼睛裡。

to examine an area called the retina.

傳統上，我們需要昂貴的儀器來檢測

The retina is the single part of the eye that has

一塊叫做視網膜的區域。

huge amounts of information about the body

視網膜是一塊蘊含了龐大訊息的區域。

and its health.

這些訊息和身體還有健康息息相關。

We've developed 3D-printed,

我們研發了 3D 列印出的

low-cost hardware

低花費的硬體，

that comes in at less than five dollars to produce,

製造成本只要不到五美元。

which can then be clipped onto a smartphone

這個裝置可以安裝到智慧型手機上，

and makes it possible to get views

在手機上就可以看到眼睛後面的狀況，

of the back of the eye

並且成像效果很好。

of a very high quality.

美妙之處在於每個人都可以使用它。

And the beauty is, anybody can do it.

在我們超過兩千五百人的測試當中，

In our trials on over two and half thousand people,

安裝了這個裝置的智能手機

the smartphone with the add-on clip

可以媲美

is comparable to a camera

貴上許多

that is hugely more expensive

且難以搬運的攝影機。

and hugely more difficult to transport.

當我們抵達肯亞的時候，

When we first moved to Kenya,

我們身上有價值 10 萬美元的儀器

we went with 150,000 dollars of equipment,

以及一支 15 人的團隊。

a team of 15 people,

我們要提供醫療服務 就是需要這麼多資源。

and that was what was needed to deliver health care.

現在只需要

Now, all that's needed

一隻智慧型手機

is a single person

和一輛腳踏車就足夠了。

on a bike with a smartphone.

只花費 500 美元。

And it costs just 500 dollars.

電力供應的問題

The issue of power supply

已經用連接太陽能解決了。

is overcome by harnessing the power of solar.

我們的醫療人員

Our healthcare workers travel

背著太陽能背包

with a solar-powered rucksack

為智能手機充電及提供備用電源。

which keeps the phone charged and backed up.

現在，我們主動去找病人，

Now we go to the patient

而不是坐等永遠 不會出現的病人來找我們。

rather than waiting for the patient never to come.

我們到他們的家裡，

We go to them in their homes

提供他們最全面、

and we give them the most comprehensive,

高科技、準確的檢查。

high-tech, accurate examination,

任何人受過簡單的訓練都可以做到

which can be delivered by anyone with minimal training.

我們能夠讓全世界的專家

We can link global experts

跟位於窮鄉僻壤、

with people in the most rural,

難以抵達地區的人們搭上線，

difficult-to-reach places

有效率地把這些專家送到他們家中。

that are beyond the end of the road,

讓我們進行診斷

effectively putting those experts in their homes,

以及治療計劃。

allowing us to make diagnoses

專案經理、醫院管理人員

and make plans for treatment.

可以根據他們感興趣的部分，

Project managers, hospital directors,

在我們的介面上搜尋。

are able to search on our interface

在納庫魯（Nakuru） 這個我們現在住的地方，

by any parameter they may be interested in.

我們可以根據任何的健康狀況搜尋病人，

Here in Nakuru, where I've been living,

這些病人，

we can search for people

是可以被治癒的白內障患者。

by whatever condition.

每一個紅色大頭針，

Here are people who are blind

代表一個能夠被治療的盲人，

from a curable condition cataract.

而我們知道他們的所在地。

Each red pin depicts somebody

我們可以使用大量簡訊服務

who is blind from a disease that is curable

來說明我們將會前去提供治療。

and treatable, and they're locatable.

更甚者，我們了解到

We can use bulk text messaging services

這不只是我們替社區建立的，

to explain that we're coming to arrange a treatment.

而是和社區合作而建立的。

What's more, we've learned that this is something

藍色大頭針代表

that we haven't built just for the community

長者或是地區領袖。

but with the community.

我們和這些人有聯繫，

Those blue pins that drop represent

來確保我們能找到病人

elders, or local leaders,

並提供治療。

that are connected to those people

像是 Mama Wangari ，

who can ensure that we can find them

這樣看不見超過十年

and arrange treatment.

且從未見過她孫兒女的盲人，

So for patients like Mama Wangari,

只要不到 40 美元， 我們就能重建她的視力。

who have been blind for over 10 years

這樣的事情是必須要實現的。

and never seen her grandchildren,

數百萬人可能眼盲

for less than 40 dollars, we can restore her eyesight.

只是統計數字。

This is something that has to happen.

實際上每個盲人都在單打獨鬥。

It's only in statistics

但現在，他們離幫助

that people go blind by the millions.

只有一封簡訊的距離。

The reality is everyone goes blind on their own.

（掌聲）

But now, they might just be

現場示範從來都不是個好主意，

a text message away from help.

所以我們要來做現場示範。

(Applause)

（笑聲）

And now because live demos are always a bad idea,

這就是 Peek Vision 應用程式。

we're going to try a live demo.

好，看這裡，

(Laughter)

這是 Sam 的視神經，

So here we have the Peek Vision app.

它從她的大腦直接延伸出來。

Okay, and what we're looking at here,

我是實際上正看到她的大腦內部。

this is Sam's optic nerve,

我們可以看到她整個視網膜，

which is a direct extension of her brain,

這樣一來就可以找出

so I'm actually looking at her brain as we look there.

眼睛以及身體的疾病。

We can see all parts of the retina.

看不到眼睛內部的話是做不到的。

It makes it possible to pick up diseases

這個活動裝置只需要數美元

of the eye and of the body

就可以製造出來，

that would not be possible without access to the eye,

也使患者免於失明。

and that clip-on device can be manufactured

這對人類來說意義重大，

for just a few dollars,

不能光是研究出治療方法 卻無法實際提供給患者，

and people can be cured of blindness,

但現在我們可以做到。

and I think it says a lot about us as a human race

謝謝。

if we've developed cures and we don't deliver them.

（掌聲）

But now we can.

Thank you.

(Applause)