of our generation

當代影響最大的

are the Internet and the mobile phone.

兩個發明

They've changed the world.

是網絡和手機。

However, largely to our surprise,

它們改變了世界。

they also turned out to be the perfect tools

然而，大大出乎我們意料的是，

for the surveillance state.

它們竟成了國家監視

It turned out that the capability

的理想工具。

to collect data, information and connections

事實是

about basically any of us and all of us

收集關於我們任何一人，乃至所有人

is exactly what we've been hearing

的數據，信息，和關係的能力

throughout of the summer through revelations and leaks

就是我們

about Western intelligence agencies,

整個夏天通過 揭露和洩密所聽到的

mostly U.S. intelligence agencies,

關於西方情報機構

watching over the rest of the world.

主要是美國的情報機構，

We've heard about these starting with the

正在窺探整個世界。

revelations from June 6.

6月6日的揭露

Edward Snowden started leaking information,

使我們開始了解到這些

top secret classified information,

愛德華斯諾登開始披露

from the U.S. intelligence agencies,

有關美國情報機構的

and we started learning about things like PRISM

最高機密信息，

and XKeyscore and others.

因此我們知道了諸如棱鏡計劃

And these are examples of the kinds of programs

XKeyscore和其他的監視計劃。

U.S. intelligence agencies are running right now,

這些只是美國情報機構正在進行的

against the whole rest of the world.

此類監視計劃中的幾個個案，

And if you look back about the forecasts

對象是全世界其他國家。

on surveillance by George Orwell,

現在若回過去看

well it turns out that

被監視的喬治奧威爾，

George Orwell was an optimist.

事實證明

(Laughter)

喬治奧威爾是個樂天派。

We are right now seeing a much larger scale

（笑聲）

of tracking of individual citizens

我們現在面臨的是比我們

than he could have ever imagined.

所能想像得到的更大規模的

And this here is the infamous

對於每個公民的監視和跟蹤

NSA data center in Utah.

這個就是臭名昭著的

Due to be opened very soon,

美國安全局位於猶他州的數據中心。

it will be both a supercomputing center

不久將正式辦公，

and a data storage center.

它將作為超級計算機中心

You could basically imagine it has a large hall

和數據儲存中心。

filled with hard drives storing data

你可以簡單想像一下，

they are collecting.

它有一個巨大的廳堂，

And it's a pretty big building.

裡面放滿了他們蒐集的 存有數據的硬碟。

How big? Well, I can give you the numbers --

而且這棟樓非常大。

140,000 square meters --

有多大？我可以給你幾個數字---

but that doesn't really tell you very much.

14萬平方米--

Maybe it's better to imagine it as a comparison.

但是這可能不夠具體。

You think about the largest IKEA store

或許比較之下更好想像。

you've ever been in.

想像一下你所去過的

This is five times larger.

最大的宜家賣場。

How many hard drives can you fit in an IKEA store?

這棟大樓就是它的五倍大。

Right? It's pretty big.

在宜家裡面能裝進多少硬碟？

We estimate that just the electricity bill

對吧？它很大。

for running this data center

我們估計光這個數據中心

is going to be in the tens of millions of dollars a year.

運營的電費賬單

And this kind of wholesale surveillance

每年就可高達數千萬美元了。

means that they can collect our data

而且這種大規模的監聽

and keep it basically forever,

意味著他們將會收集我們的數據

keep it for extended periods of time,

還永久保存下去，

keep it for years, keep it for decades.

留更長的時間，

And this opens up completely new kinds of risks

留上幾年，幾十年。

to us all.

這對我們所有人來說

And what this is is that it is wholesale

是一種新的危機。

blanket surveillance on everyone.

這是對每個人的大規模

Well, not exactly everyone,

地毯式的監聽。

because the U.S. intelligence only has a legal right

也許，不是每一個人

to monitor foreigners.

因為美國情報機構只能合法

They can monitor foreigners

監視外國人

when foreigners' data connections

他們可以在外國人的

end up in the United States or pass through the United States.

數據連接到美國

And monitoring foreigners doesn't sound too bad

或經過美國的時候進行監視。

until you realize

對外國人實施網路監視 聽起來並不那麼糟

that I'm a foreigner and you're a foreigner.

直到你意識到

In fact, 96 percent of the planet are foreigners.

我是外國人，你也是外國人

(Laughter)

事實上，地球上百分之九十六的人 都是外國人。

Right?

（笑聲）

So it is wholesale blanket surveillance of all of us,

對吧？

all of us who use telecommunications and the Internet.

所以這是針對我們所有人的 大規模的地毯式的監聽。

But don't get me wrong:

所有使用電信通訊和網絡的人 都受到監聽。

There are actually types of surveillance that are okay.

但是別誤解我的意思：

I love freedom, but even I agree

其實有些類型監聽是合理的。

that some surveillance is fine.

我熱愛自由，但是我也認同

If the law enforcement is trying to find a murderer,

有些監視是可以的。

or they're trying to catch a drug lord

如果執法人員在搜尋殺人犯，

or trying to prevent a school shooting,

或者他們在追蹤毒梟

and they have leads and they have suspects,

或在防止校園槍擊，

then it's perfectly fine for them to tap the suspect's phone,

他們有證據 或有鎖定的犯罪嫌疑人，

and to intercept his Internet communications.

那他們監聽嫌疑人的電話

I'm not arguing that at all,

攔截他的網絡通訊 是完全合理的。

but that's not what programs like PRISM are about.

我沒有就此辯論，

They are not about doing surveillance on people

因為這些與棱鏡計劃是不同的。

that they have reason to suspect of some wrongdoings.

他們不是對那些疑似犯罪嫌疑人

They're about doing surveillance on people

進行監視。

they know are innocent.

他們是對那些他們明知

So the four main arguments

無辜的人進行監視。

supporting surveillance like this,

所以，針對支持此等監視

well, the first of all is that whenever you start

主要有四個爭論據，

discussing about these revelations,

首先，每當你開始說起

there will be naysayers trying to minimize

這些被披露的真相時，

the importance of these revelations, saying that

就有否定者想息事寧人

we knew all this already,

聲稱早已知道，

we knew it was happening, there's nothing new here.

我們早已知道會發生此事

And that's not true. Don't let anybody tell you

我們知道已經在發生， 這些資訊我們早已掌握

that we knew this already, because we did not know this already.

那都是騙人的。 別信他們說“我們已經知道了”

Our worst fears might have been something like this,

因為我們不知道。

but we didn't know this was happening.

我們最怕可能就是這樣的，

Now we know for a fact it's happening.

但是我們不知道這正在發生。

We didn't know about this. We didn't know about PRISM.

現在我們知道事實就是它正在發生。

We didn't know about XKeyscore. We didn't know about Cybertrans.

我們不知道這些。 我們不知道棱鏡計劃。

We didn't know about DoubleArrow.

我們不知道XKeyscore 我們不知道Cybertrans.

We did not know about Skywriter --

我們不知道Doublearrow.

all these different programs

我們不知道到Skywriter--

run by U.S. intelligence agencies.

這些各種各樣的

But now we do.

美國情報機構進行的計劃。

And we did not know

但現在我們知道了。

that U.S. intelligence agencies go to extremes

我們過去不知道美國

such as infiltrating standardization bodies

情報機構會極端的

to sabotage encryption algorithms on purpose.

做出例如潛入官方標準機構

And what that means

有目的地破壞加密運算法。

is that you take something which is secure,

也就是說

an encryption algorithm which is so secure

當你使用一個安全的文件，

that if you use that algorithm to encrypt one file,

一個安全的加密運算法會

nobody can decrypt that file.

給你的文件加密，

Even if they take every single computer on the planet just to decrypt that one file,

一旦被加密那麼 沒有人能破解它。

it's going to take millions of years.

即使他們想用地球上的所有電腦 去破解那個文件

So that's basically perfectly safe, uncrackable.

也得花上百萬年。

You take something which is that good

所以它稱得上是安全的， 無懈可擊的。

and then you weaken it on purpose,

你擁有那麼好的東西

making all of us less secure as an end result.

卻故意削弱它的優勢

A real-world equivalent would be that

導致我們承擔不安全的後果。

intelligence agencies would force

而現實是

some secret pin code into every single house alarm

情報機構強行

so they could get into every single house

給每個房子的報警器 都植入秘密的識別碼

because, you know, bad people might have house alarms,

這樣他們就可以 自由進入每一座房子

but it will also make all of us

因為，壞人也會有房屋報警鈴，

less secure as an end result.

但是它也最終讓我們

Backdooring encryption algorithms

都少一些保障。

just boggles the mind.

越位加密算法

But of course, these intelligence agencies are doing their job.

讓這種想法退縮。

This is what they have been told to do:

然而，情報機構當然有他們的職責。

do signals intelligence,

他們被命令做如下幾件事：

monitor telecommunications,

信號情報，

monitor Internet traffic.

監聽電信，

That's what they're trying to do,

監控網絡流量。

and since most, a very big part of the Internet traffic today is encrypted,

那就是他們正在做的，

they're trying to find ways around the encryption.

由於當今大多數的網絡流量都是加密的，

One way is to sabotage encryption algorithms,

他們在努力破解。

which is a great example

一種破解辦法是破壞加密運算法，

about how U.S. intelligence agencies

這就是美國情報機構

are running loose.

胡作非為的

They are completely out of control,

典型例子。

and they should be brought back under control.

他們完全失控了，

So what do we actually know about the leaks?

而他們必須趕快恢復理智。

Everything is based on the files

那我們又對洩密有什麼真正的了解呢？

leaked by Mr. Snowden.

我們的了解全都基於

The very first PRISM slides

斯諾登曝露的文件。

from the beginning of June

六月初最先

detail a collection program where the data

揭露的棱鏡計劃

is collected from service providers,

詳述這個數據收集計劃

and they actually go and name the service providers

是從服務提供商那裡獲得的，

they have access to.

而且實際上他們指定

They even have a specific date

這些可以合作的服務提供商。

on when the collection of data began

他們有詳細的日期記錄

for each of the service providers.

記錄著從什麼時候開始

So for example, they name the collection from Microsoft

從哪個服務提供商得到收集的數據。

started on September 11, 2007,

例如，他們指定從2007年9月11日開始

for Yahoo on the March 12, 2008,

從微軟收集數據，

and then others: Google, Facebook,

雅虎是從2008年3月12日，

Skype, Apple and so on.

隨後其他的：谷歌, 臉書,

And every single one of these companies denies.

Skype, 蘋果等也開始了。

They all say that this simply isn't true,

每一家公司都拒絕承認。

that they are not giving backdoor access to their data.

他們都說這是胡扯，

Yet we have these files.

他們沒有授權讓人秘密使用他們的數據。

So is one of the parties lying,

然而，我們有這些文件。

or is there some other alternative explanation?

所以，是他們之中有一方在撒謊呢，

And one explanation would be

還是有什麽其他的解釋呢？

that these parties, these service providers,

有一種解釋是

are not cooperating.

這些當事人，這些服務提供商，

Instead, they've been hacked.

沒有配合政府。

That would explain it. They aren't cooperating. They've been hacked.

其實他們的系統是被駭客侵入了。

In this case, they've been hacked by their own government.

這樣猜行得通。他們沒有狼狽為奸， 他們是被駭客攻擊了。

That might sound outlandish,

這就是說，他們被 自己政府的駭客侵入了。

but we already have cases where this has happened,

這說法聽起來很奇特，

for example, the case of the Flame malware

但是也不是第一次了， 已有類似情況發生，

which we strongly believe was authored

例如惡意軟件“火焰”

by the U.S. government,

我們堅信這是

and which, to spread, subverted the security

美國政府授權的，

of the Windows Update network,

散播，破壞Windows升級

meaning here, the company was hacked

網絡的安全性，

by their own government.

這就意味著，這家公司被

And there's more evidence

他們自己政府的駭客攻擊了。

supporting this theory as well.

還有更多的證據

Der Spiegel, from Germany, leaked more information

證明這個論點。

about the operations run by the elite hacker units

德國人Der Spiegel洩露更多

operating inside these intelligence agencies.

在這些情報機構內， 精英駭客小組

Inside NSA, the unit is called TAO,

執行的任務。

Tailored Access Operations,

在美國國家安全局NSA，這個小隊代號TAO，

and inside GCHQ, which is the U.K. equivalent,

特別侵入行動，

it's called NAC, Network Analysis Centre.

在英國同類機構 政府通訊總部GCHQ里，

And these recent leaks of these three slides

這樣的小組叫做NAC， 網絡分析中心。

detail an operation

最近洩漏的3個幻燈片

run by this GCHQ intelligence agency

詳細描述了

from the United Kingdom

英國政府通訊總局

targeting a telecom here in Belgium.

指揮的一次行動

And what this really means

目標是比利時的一個電信公司。

is that an E.U. country's intelligence agency

這顯然

is breaching the security

是一個歐盟國家的情報機構

of a telecom of a fellow E.U. country on purpose,

故意破壞另外一個

and they discuss it in their slides completely casually,

歐盟國家的電信安全，

business as usual.

然後在他們的幻燈片里，

Here's the primary target,

完全像談生意一樣 隨意地討論這件事。

here's the secondary target,

這是第一個目標，

here's the teaming.

第二個目標是這個，

They probably have a team building on Thursday evening in a pub.

這樣組隊。

They even use cheesy PowerPoint clip art

他們這個小組可能 星期四晚上在酒吧聚餐。

like, you know, "Success,"

當他們達到目的， 像進入這家電信

when they gain access to services like this.

他們竟然用了PowerPoint

What the hell?

剪貼畫，比如“成功”。

And then there's the argument

搞什麽？

that okay, yes, this might be going on,

接著有這樣一個論點

but then again, other countries are doing it as well.

好吧，對，我們在做這件事，

All countries spy.

但其他國家也在做。

And maybe that's true.

所有的國家都監視。

Many countries spy, not all of them, but let's take an example.

或許，確實如此。

Let's take, for example, Sweden.

很多國家都監視， 但不是全部，舉個例子。

I'm speaking of Sweden because Sweden

拿瑞典舉例。

has a little bit of a similar law to the United States.

我用瑞典舉例主要因為

When your data traffic goes through Sweden,

他們的法律和美國 有一點相似之處。

their intelligence agency has a legal right by the law

當你的數據流量通過瑞典時，

to intercept that traffic.

他們的情報機構可以合法的

All right, how many Swedish decisionmakers

攔截那個流量。

and politicians and business leaders

好吧，哪有有多少瑞典的決策人

use, every day, U.S.-based services,

政客，商業領袖

like, you know, run Windows or OSX,

每天使用美國服務器呢，

or use Facebook or LinkedIn,

例如運行Windows,或OSX

or store their data in clouds like iCloud

或者使用Facebook或LinkedIn,

or Skydrive or DropBox,

或把他們的數據存儲到諸如iCloud

or maybe use online services like Amazon web services or sales support?

或Skydrive或DropBox之類的雲端存儲

And the answer is, every single Swedish business leader does that every single day.

或者使用例如Amazon網站服務 或銷售支持這樣的線上服務呢

And then we turn it around.

答案是，每個瑞典的商業領袖 每天都在使用。

How many American leaders

然後我們反過來看。

use Swedish webmails and cloud services?

有多少美國各界領袖使用瑞典的

And the answer is zero.

郵件和雲端存儲服務呢？

So this is not balanced.

答案是零。

It's not balanced by any means, not even close.

這顯然不平衡。

And when we do have the occasional

從任何的角度來看， 都絕對不平衡。

European success story,

當我們偶爾有個

even those, then, typically end up being sold to the United States.

歐洲企業成功的故事，

Like, Skype used to be secure.

但它們最終也總會被美國買走。

It used to be end-to-end encrypted.

像Skype，曾經是安全的。

Then it was sold to the United States.

它曾經是客戶端與服務器終端加密的。

Today, it no longer is secure.

後來被賣給美國了。

So once again, we take something which is secure

目前，它已經不再是安全的了。

and then we make it less secure on purpose,

再一次，我們把安全的東西