I set up a climate change NGO

我畢生都為永續發展而努力

called The Climate Group.

我成立了一個氣候變遷非政府組織

I worked on forestry issues in WWF.

叫做 The Climate Group （氣候組群）

I worked on development and agriculture issues

我在世界自然基金會處理林業問題

in the U.N. system.

我也致力於經濟開發及農業問題

About 25 years in total,

在聯合國體系內

and then three years ago, I found myself talking to

我用了總共約 25 年時間致力於永續

IKEA's CEO about joining his team.

然而三年前，我發現我自己在

Like many people here, well,

與宜家家居執行長談加入他的團隊的事情

I want to maximize my personal impact in the world,

就像在座許多人一樣，嗯

so I'm going to explain why I joined the team there.

我想極大化我個人在世界上的影響力

But first, let's just take three numbers.

所以我要跟各位解釋 為什麼我要加入那個團隊

The first number is three:

但首先，讓我們先談談三個數字

three billion people.

第一個數字是三

This is the number of people joining

「三」十億人

the global middle class by 2030,

這個數字是有多少人

coming out of poverty.

能在 2030 年前加入全球中產階級

It's fantastic for them and their families,

脫離貧窮

but we've got two billion people in the global middle class today,

對他們及其家人而言這棒極了

and this swells that number to five,

但今天我們已有 二十億全球中產階級人口

a big challenge when we already have resource scarcity.

而這數字還要膨脹到五（十億）

The second number is six:

在我們已經資源不足的情況下 這是很大的挑戰

This is six degrees centigrade,

第二個數字是六

what we're heading towards in terms of global warming.

這是指攝氏六度

We're not heading towards one degree or three degrees

這是我們在全球暖化上的走向

or four degrees, we're heading toward six degrees.

我們不是只增加一度或三度

And if you think about it, all of the weird weather

或四度，我們是朝六度邁進

we've been having the last few years,

如果你回想一下，在過去幾年我們經歷的

much of that is due to just one degree warming,

那些奇怪的天氣

and we need CO2 emissions to peak

很多都只是因為暖化了一度

by the end of this decade globally

而我們要讓全球二氧化碳排放量

and then come down.

在 2020 年結束前達到高峰

It's not inevitable, but we need to act decisively.

然後下降

The third number is 12:

這不是不可避免的 但我們必須果斷做出行動

That's the number of cities in the world

第三個數字是 12

that had a million or more people

這是這世界有多少城市

when my grandmother was born.

有一百萬以上的人口

You can see my grandmother there.

在我祖母出生之時

That was in the beginning of the last century.

你看這是我祖母

So just 12 cities. She was born in Manchester, England,

那是上世紀初的時候

the ninth largest city in the world.

所以那時只有 12 個城市 她在曼徹斯特出生

Now there are 500 cities, nearly,

當時的世界第九大都市

with a million people or more in them.

現在全球已經有將近五百個都市

And if you look at the century from 1950 to 2050,

有一百萬以上的人口

that's the century when we build all the world's cities,

如果你縱覽 1950 到 2050 這一百年

the century that we're in the middle of right now.

這是我們建造全球都市的一百年

Every other century was kind of practice,

我們現在就在這百年中間

and this lays down a blueprint for how we live.

之前的其他百年就像是一種預演

So think about it.

而這奠定了我們生活的藍圖

We're building cities like never before,

所以應該好好想想

bringing people out of poverty like never before,

我們正以前所未見的方式建造城市

and changing the climate like never before.

以前所未見的方式 把人們從貧窮中拯救出來

Sustainability has gone from a nice-to-do

並以前所未見的方式改變氣候

to a must-do.

永續已經從可行

it's about what we do right here, right now,

變成必行的事

and for the rest of our working lives.

這與我們此時此刻在做什麼

So I'm going to talk a little bit about

及我們未來的工作該做什麼有關

what business can do

所以我要談一談

and what a business like IKEA can do,

企業能做什麼

and we have a sustainability strategy

像宜家家居這樣的公司能做什麼

called "people and planet positive"

我們的永續策略

to help guide our business to have a positive impact on the world.

稱為「人類與地球正能量」

Why would we not want to have a positive impact

以幫助我們的企業給 世界帶來正面影響

on the world as a business?

身為企業， 我們怎麼會不想給這個世界

Other companies have sustainability strategies.

帶來正面影響呢？

I'm going to refer to some of those as well,

其他公司都有永續策略

and I'm just going to mention a few

我也一會兒會講到他們，

of the commitments as illustrations that we've got.

我也會提出一些

But first, let's think of customers.

承諾的實證

We know from asking people from China to the U.S.

但首先讓我們先想一下顧客

that the vast majority of people care about sustainability

我們從詢問人們得知 無論是中國人或美國人

after the day-to-day issues,

絕大多數的人都關心永續

the day-to-day issues of, how do I get my kids to school?

在日常瑣事之餘

Can I pay the bills at the end of the month?

這些日常瑣事 像我怎樣讓孩子去學校？

Then they care about big issues like climate change.

月底付不付得了帳單？

But they want it to be easy, affordable and attractive,

之後他們會關心大的議題 像氣候變遷

and they expect business to help,

但他們希望它簡單、實惠而且吸引人

and they're a little bit disappointed today.

而且他們期望企業幫助

So take your mind back and think

所以現在他們有點失望

of the first sustainable products.

所以請你回想一下

We had detergents that could wash your whites grayer.

第一個永續產品

We had the early energy-efficient light bulbs

我們有洗衣精把你的白衣愈洗愈灰

that took five minutes to warm up

我們有早期的省電燈泡

and then you were left looking a kind of sickly color.

要等五分鐘預熱

And we had the rough, recycled toilet paper.

而且會讓你看起來病懨懨的

So every time you pulled on a t-shirt,

然後我們還有粗糙 回收紙製成的衛生紙

or switched the light on, or went to the bathroom,

所以每次你穿上 T 恤

or sometimes all three together,

或開燈，或去洗手間

you were reminded sustainability was about compromise.

或偶爾三者同時做的時候

It wasn't a great start.

你就被提醒要永續就要有所犧牲

Today we have choices.

這不是很好的開始

We can make products that are beautiful or ugly,

今天我們有選擇了

sustainable or unsustainable, affordable or expensive,

我們可以選擇製造美或醜

functional or useless.

永續或不永續，實惠或昂貴

So let's make beautiful, functional, affordable,

有用或無用的產品

sustainable products.

所以讓我們製造美觀實用又實惠的

Let's take the LED.

永續產品

The LED is the next best thing to daylight.

就來談談 LED （發光二極體）

The old-fashioned lightbulbs, the incandescent bulbs --

LED 是僅次於日光的最佳光源

I'm not going to ask for a show of hands

老式傳統燈泡，就是白熾燈泡——

of how many of you still have them in your homes,

我沒有要大家舉手

wasting energy every time you switch them on --

看有多少人家裡還有這個東西

change them after this --

每次開燈都在浪費能源——

or whether we have them on the stage here at TED or not --

聽完這段演講就去換掉——

but those old incandescent light bulbs

或是我們 TED 舞台上的燈是不是這種——

really should have been sold as heaters.

但是那些老式白熾電燈泡

They were mis-sold for more than a hundred years.

真的應該被當作暖爐來賣

They produced heat and a little bit of light on the side.

他們錯賣超過一百年

Now we have lights that produce light

他們產生熱能順便產生一點光

and a little bit of heat on the side.

而現在我們有燈泡會發光

You save 85 percent of the electricity with an LED

卻很少產熱

that you would have done in an old incandescent.

用 LED 燈，你節省 85% 的電力

And the best thing is, they'll also last

比之於你使用老式白熾電燈泡

for more than 20 years.

而最棒的是，他們可維持壽命

So think about that.

超過 20 年

You'll change your smartphone seven or eight times,

所以想想吧

probably more if you're in this audience.

這期間你會換智慧手機七八次

You'll change your car, if you have one, three or four times.

現場觀眾可能還會換更多次

Your kids could go to school, go to college,

如果你有車你會換車三四次

go away and have kids of their own, come back,

你的孩子會上學，上大學

bring the grandkids,

離家還有了自己的孩子，

you'll have the same lightbulb saving you energy.

帶著孫子回來看你

So LEDs are fantastic.

你的電燈泡還是原來那顆，持續節能

What we decided to do

所以 LED 太棒了

was not to sell LEDs on the side marked up high

我們決定要做的

and continue to push all the old bulbs,

不是把 LED 燈價錢標高放在旁邊

the halogens and the CFLs.

然後繼續促銷那些老式燈泡

We decided, over the next two years,

就是鹵素燈泡及省電型螢光燈泡

we will ban the halogens and the CFLs ourselves.

我們決定，在未來兩年

We will go all in.

我們自己要禁止使用鹵素燈泡 及省電型螢光燈泡

And this is what business needs to do: go all-in,

我們要全力投注

go 100 percent,

而這是所有的企業都需要做的：全力投注

because then you stop investing in the old stuff,

下 100% 的賭注

you invest in the new stuff, you lower costs,

因為這樣你才會停止投資舊東西

you use your supply chain and your creativity

你會投資在新東西上，你會降低成本

and you get the prices down so everybody can afford

你會利用你的供應鏈及你的創造力

the best lights so they can save energy.

你會把價格降低所以每個人都買得起

(Applause)

最好的燈泡，所以他們能節省能源

It's not just about products in people's homes.

（掌聲）

We've got to think about the raw materials

這不僅僅只限於人們的家用品

that produce our products.

我們還必須想到

Obviously there's fantastic opportunities

生產我們產品的原物料

with recycled materials,

很明顯有很棒的機會

and we can and will go zero waste.

能利用回收材質

And there's opportunities in a circular economy.

而且我們可以、也會走向零浪費

But we're still dependent on natural, raw materials.

在循環經濟裡有的是機會

Let's take cotton.

但我們仍然依賴自然的原物料

Cotton's brilliant. Probably many people

就以棉來舉例

are wearing cotton right now.

棉很棒。大概很多人

It's a brilliant textile in use.

現在就穿著棉製品

It's really dirty in production.

這是很好利用的紡織品

It uses lots of pesticides, lots of fertilizer, lots of water.

製程卻真的很髒

So we've worked with others,

它要用很多的殺蟲劑 很多的肥料，很多的水

with other businesses and NGOs,

所以我們與別人合作

on the Better Cotton Initiative,

與其他企業及非政府組織合作

working right back down to the farm,

提出棉花更環保倡議

and there you can halve the amount of water

回頭從種植的農地開始更環保

and halve the chemical inputs,

在農地你能把水用量減半

the yields increase, and 60 percent of the costs

並減半化肥施用量

of running many of these farms

產量增加，這些低收入農夫

with farmers with low incomes

經營的這些農場

can be chemical imports.

60% 的成本

Yields increase, and you halve the input costs.

是化肥進口費用

Farmers are coming out of poverty. They love it.

產量增加且減半施用成本

Already hundreds of thousands of farmers

農夫就可從貧窮脫身。他們喜歡這樣的計劃

have been reached,

已有數以萬計的農夫

and now we've got 60 percent better cotton in our business.

已被接洽過

Again, we're going all-in.

而現在我們的公司已有 60% 的更環保棉花

By 2015, we'll be 100 percent Better Cotton.

再說一次，我們要全力投注

Take the topic of 100 percent targets, actually.

在 2015 年前 我們要做到 100% 環保棉花

People sometimes think that

就實際來談 100% 目標

100 percent's going to be hard,

大家有時會想

and we've had the conversation in the business.

100% 會很難

Actually, we found 100 percent is easier to do

我們在企業裡也有這樣的對話

than 90 percent or 50 percent.

實際上，我們發現 100% 還容易點

If you have a 90 percent target,

與做 90% 或 50% 相比

everyone in the business finds a reason

如果你設目標是 90%

to be in the 10 percent.

企業裡的每一個人都能找到一個理由

When it's 100 percent, it's kind of clear,

去當那 10%

and businesspeople like clarity,

當目標是 100% 時，其實還滿清楚的

because then you just get the job done.

而企業人喜歡清楚的目標

So, wood. We know with forestry, it's a choice.

因為這樣你就只要把工作做好

You've got illegal logging

所以，木料。我們都知道 對林業而言這是個選擇

and deforestation still on a very large scale,

你可以選擇非法砍伐

or you can have fantastic, responsible forestry

目前森林砍伐的規模仍然很大

that we can be proud of.

或者你可以選擇積極負責任地發展林業，

It's a simple choice, so we've worked

讓我們以你為驕傲

for many years with the Forest Stewardship Council,

這是簡單的選擇題，所以我們與

with literally hundreds of other organizations,

森林管理委員會合作多年

and there's a point here about collaboration.

其實就是與百餘個其他組織合作

So hundreds of others, of NGOs,

而這樣的合作是有意義的

of forest workers' unions, and of businesses,

所以這百餘個其他單位 由非政府組織

have helped create the Forest Stewardship Council,

林業工人公會及企業組成

which sets standards for forestry

都參與創立森林管理委員會

and then checks the forestry's good on the ground.

這個單位為林業制定標準

Now together, through our supply chain,

然後從基礎面來檢查林業的利益

with partners, we've managed to certify

現在我們透過與供應鏈

35 million hectares of forestry.

以及企業夥伴合作，我們已經可以認證

That's about the size of Germany.

三千五百萬公頃的森林

And we've decided in the next three years,

這大約是德國國土的面積

we will double the volume of certified material

而且我們已經決定在未來三年

we put through our business.

我們要倍增認證材料量

So be decisive on these issues.

給我們的企業使用

Use your supply chain to drive good.

所以在這些議題上要很堅決

But then it comes to your operations.

用你的供應鏈驅使往好的方向走

Some things are certain, I think.

但之後還有你的營運

We know we'll use electricity in 20 or 30 years' time.

有些事情很確定，我想

We know the sun will be shining somewhere,

我們知道我們會 繼續使用電力二三十年

and the wind will still be blowing in 20 or 30 years' time.

我們知道在某處太陽依舊升起

So why not make our energy out of the sun and the wind?

而風也還是會繼續吹個二三十年

And why not take control of it ourselves?

所以為什麼不拿 太陽及風力來產生能量呢?

So we're going 100 percent renewable.

而且為什麼不自己掌控呢？

By 2020, we'll produce more renewable energy

所以我們要作百分百可再生能源

than the energy we consume as a business.

在 2020 之前 我們要生產更多的可再生能源

For all of our stores, our own factories,

要比我們身為企業所花的能源還多

our distribution centers,

在我們所有的店面，我們自己的工廠

we've installed 300,000 solar panels so far,

我們的配送中心

and we've got 14 wind farms we own and operate

我們到目前已安裝了 三十萬個太陽能板

in six countries, and we're not done yet.

我們還有 14 個 自有自營的風力發電廠

But think of a solar panel.

分佈在六個國家，而且我們還沒停

A solar panel pays for itself in seven or eight years.

但想一下太陽能板

The electricity is free.

一個太陽能板七八年就能回收成本

Every time the sun comes out after that,

電力免費

the electricity is free.

之後每次太陽升起

So this is a good thing for the CFO,

電力就是免錢的

not just the sustainability guy.

所以這對財務長是好事

Every business can do things like this.

不僅是對永續傢伙

But then we've got to look beyond our operations,

每個企業都能做像這樣的事

and I think everybody would agree

但我們一定要看的比營運長遠

that now business has to take full responsibility

而我想每個人都會同意

for the impacts of your supply chain.

現行的企業必須負完全的責任

Many businesses now, fortunately,

在你的供應鏈所產生的沖擊上

have codes of conduct and audit their supply chains,

幸運的是現在很多企業

but not every business. Far from it.

都有規範標準且稽查他們的供應鏈

And this came in IKEA actually in the '90s.

但不是每個企業都如此。還早呢

We found there was a risk

而宜家家居其實在 90 年代就開始了

of child labor in the supply chain,

我們發現

and people in the business were shocked.

在供應鏈上有使用童工的風險

And it was clearly totally unacceptable, so then you have to act.

而公司裡的人都很震驚

So a code of conduct was developed,

這很清楚是完全不能接受的事 所以你必須立刻行動

and now we have 80 auditors out in the world