My children and I like playing it sometimes.

我和我的孩子有時喜歡玩。

It's all about achieving balance and thinking about placement.

都是為了達到平衡，考慮安置。

If you fit the blocks together with care, they keep building upwards.

如果你小心翼翼地把積木裝在一起，它們就會一直往上建。

But if you rush and get careless, the tower is more likely to fall.

但如果你急於求成，一不小心，塔就更容易掉下來。

This reminds me a bit of grammar and how we fit words together into sentences.

這讓我想起了一點文法，以及我們如何將單詞組合成句子。

Do it with care and you can build effective sentences.

認真做，你就可以建立有效的句子。

If you rush and get sloppy, however, things can fall apart and communication isn't so successful.

然而，如果你急於求成，馬虎了事，事情就會一發不可收拾，溝通也不會那麼成功。

That's why I think it will be helpful for us to review the kinds of clauses we have in English.

所以我覺得複習一下英語中的從句種類，對我們會有幫助。

Understanding clauses will help you build sentences. If you can build a variety of sentences,

理解分句將幫助你構建句子。如果你能構建各種句子。

then you can accomplish even larger tasks, such as writing clear email or putting together a solid essay or report.

那麼你就可以完成更大的任務，比如寫清晰的電子郵件，或者整理出一篇紮實的論文或報告。

If you agree that grammar is a helpful tool to master, then be sure you're subscribed to my channel so that you get all my future grammar lessons.

如果你同意文法是一個有用的工具來掌握，那麼一定要你'訂閱我的頻道，這樣你就可以得到我未來所有的文法課程。

Well, let's begin!

好吧，我們開始吧！

There are two basic kinds of clauses: independent and dependent clauses.

從句有兩種基本類型：獨立從句和從句。

Both kinds have a subject and a verb. But independent clauses can stand alone and make sense. Dependent clauses can't.

兩種都有一個主語和一個動詞。但獨立從句可以獨立存在，有意義。從屬句不能。

Can you identify which clauses are independent?

你能確定哪些分句是獨立的嗎？

These are independent clauses. They can stand alone and form simple sentences.

這些都是獨立的分句。它們可以單獨存在，組成簡單的句子。

The other clauses are dependent clauses. They fall into the category of fragments.

其他分句是從句。它們屬於從句類。

Each dependent clause is only part of a sentence.

每個從句只是句子的一部分。

We have to put a dependent clause together with independent clauses to form a sentence.

我們要把從句和獨立從句放在一起組成一個句子。

Now these are complete ideas and they make sense.

現在這些都是完整的想法，而且很有意義。

Independent clauses can follow different patterns, but they all have a subject and a verb

獨立分句可以遵循不同的模式，但它們都有一個主語和一個動詞。

If you'd like to study patterns like subject-verb, subject-verb-object, and subject-verb-complement,

如果你想研究主語-動詞，主語-動詞-賓語，主語-動詞-補語等模式。

then you can click to watch my lesson on sentence patterns.

那麼你可以點擊觀看我的句型課程。

There are three different types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses.

從句有三種不同的類型：名詞從句、形容詞從句、副詞從句。

All three types of dependent clauses must combine with a main clause or independent clause to form a complete sentence.

這三類從句都必須與主句或獨立句組合成一個完整的句子。

When we put a dependent clause together with an independent clause, we get a complex sentence.

當我們把一個從句和一個獨立從句放在一起時，我們就會得到一個複雜的句子。

We can put dependent and independent clauses together in various combinations to get:

我們可以把從句和獨立從句進行各種組合，得到。

compound sentences,

複句。

complex sentences,

複雜的句子。

and even complex-compound sentences.

甚至是複雜的複合句。

It helps to be familiar with these combinations because then you can achieve variety in your writing.

熟悉這些組合是有幫助的，因為這樣你就可以在寫作中實現多樣性。

If you'd like to review simple, compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences, check out the video description.

如果你想複習簡單句、複合句、複雜複合句，請看視頻說明。

I'm going to include some useful links. There will be a link to my website, and there's a page with useful videos to improve your writing.

我'要包括一些有用的鏈接。會有一個鏈接到我的網站，還有'的頁面與有用的視頻，以提高你的寫作。

Let's talk about noun clauses first.

我們先說說名詞性從句。

One kind of noun clause is an embedded question or wh- clause.

有一種名詞性從句是嵌入式疑問句或wh-從句。

These noun clauses start with a question word and, of course, they have a subject and verb.

這些名詞性從句以疑問詞開頭，當然，它們也有主語和動詞。

As a whole unit, a noun clause functions like a noun.

作為一個整體組織、部門，名詞性子句的功能就像一個名詞。

That means that an embedded question can be a subject,

也就是說，一個嵌入式問題可以成為一個主題。

an object of a verb,

的對象。

an object of a preposition,

的對象。

and even a complement.

甚至是一種補充。

If you need to review embedded questions, then click on the link. I'll also place links to related lessons in the video description.

如果你需要複習嵌入的問題，那麼請點擊鏈接。我也會在視頻描述中放置相關課程的鏈接。

Another type of noun clause is a "that" clause.

另一種名詞性從句是 "that "從句。

We commonly use "that" clauses as objects of verbs, and when we do, we often omit the word “that.”

我們常用 "那 "字從句作為動詞的賓語，在使用時，往往會省略 "那 "字。

Check out these examples.

看看這些例子。

We see that clauses after reporting verbs.

我們看到，報告動詞後的從句。

We also see "that" clauses subject and adjective complements.

我們還可以看到 "那 "句主語和形容詞補語。

Here are more examples.

下面是更多的例子。

Okay. Onward to adjective clauses.

好了，繼續說形容詞從句。接著是形容詞從句。

Hopefully, you've watched my series on this topic, so you know how to form adjective clauses and where to place them.

希望你已經看了我關於這個話題的系列報道，所以你知道如何組成形容詞從句，以及將它們放在哪裡。

Just like noun clauses function like nouns, well, adjective clauses basically function like adjectives.

就像名詞從句的功能像名詞一樣，好吧，形容詞從句的功能基本像形容詞一樣。

They describe or modify nouns or pronouns.

它們描述或修飾名詞或代詞。

The big difference is position.

最大的區別是位置。

Single-word adjectives can appear before a noun or after a linking verb.

單字形容詞可以出現在名詞之前，也可以出現在連接動詞之後。

But an adjective clause has to follow the head noun as closely as possible.

但形容詞分句要儘量緊跟頭名詞。

Recall that there are two types of adjective clauses. Identifying and non-identifying.

回顧一下，形容詞從句有兩種類型。識別性和非識別性。

Identifying clauses, also known as restrictive clauses, are necessary.

識別性條款，又稱限制性條款，是必要的。

We need them to identify the head noun. We use no commas with these identifying or restrictive clauses.

我們需要它們來標識頭部名詞。我們在使用這些識別性或限制性子句時不用逗號。

Non-identifying clauses (or non-restrictive clauses) give additional information that could be left out,

非識別性條款(或非限制性條款)提供了可以省略的額外資訊。

and we set them off with commas when we write them or we drop our pitch when we say them.

而我們在寫的時候用逗號來襯托，或者說的時候就掉音。

Note that adjective clauses are also called relative clauses. And we use use relative pronouns and relative adverbs to build them.

注意，形容詞從句也叫相對從句。而我們使用使用相對代詞和相對副詞來構建它們。

I know I'm using a lot of terminology right now, but I think you can follow along, especially with the help of all the examples, right?

我知道我現在用了很多術語，但我想你能跟上，特別是在所有例子的幫助下，對嗎？

Okay. Let's move on to the final type of dependent clause.

好了，我們繼續看最後一種從句。我們再來看看最後一種從句。

Adverb clauses, or as some say, adverbial clauses, allow us to add information about things like time and reason.

副詞從句，或者有人說，副詞從句，讓我們可以添加時間和理由等資訊。

Adverb clauses answer questions just like adverbs: How? How much? Why? When? Where?

副詞從句和副詞一樣回答問題。怎樣？多少錢？為什麼？何時？何時？

Remember, all this additional information doesn't make sense alone. An adverb clause is a fragment until it combines with a main clause.

記住，所有這些附加資訊並不是單獨的意義。副詞從句在與主句結合之前是一個片段。

Another term you may hear when people talk about a dependent clause is a subordinate clause.

當人們談論從句時，你可能聽到的另一個術語是從句。

It's the same thing.

這是同樣的事情。

The prefix “sub” means below or or under.

前綴 "子 "是指下面或下面的意思。

A subordinate clause must hook up with a main clause (an independent clause) to make sense.

一個從句必須與主句（獨立句）勾連起來才有意義。

Adverb clauses are examples of subordinate clauses.

副詞從句是從句的例子。

They have subordinating conjunctions. Those are connecting words like after, before, because, if.

它們有從屬連詞。這些都是連接詞，比如after，before，because，if。

Here are different types of adverb clauses.

下面是不同類型的副詞從句。

This is not meant to be a complete list of all subordinating conjunctions, but I'll show you a good variety.

這並不是要完整地列出所有的從屬連詞，但我'會向你展示一個好的品種。

Here are more subordinating conjunctions to form adverb clauses.

這裡有更多的從屬連詞組成副詞從句。

Remember this is not a complete list.

請記住，這不是一個完整的清單。

Adverb clauses have some flexibility within a sentence.

副詞從句在句中有一定的靈活性。

They can come before or after the main clause.

它們可以出現在主句之前或之後。

If the adverb clause is first, we use a comma to separate the two clauses.

如果副詞分句在先，我們用逗號將兩個分句分開。

If the adverb clause is second, we usually write the sentence without a comma between the two clauses.

如果副詞從句是第二種，我們通常在兩個從句之間不寫逗號。

Something adverb and adjective clauses have in common is that they both can be reduced to phrases.

副詞和形容詞從句有一個共同點，就是它們都可以還原成短語。

If you'd like some practice reducing adverb clauses, click on the link to my other lesson. I'll also put the link in the video description.

如果你想練習減少副詞從句，請點擊我的另一個課程的鏈接。我也會把鏈接放在視頻描述中。

Okay. Let's see how well you followed. Take a short quiz to review.

好吧，讓我們來看看你跟得好不好。看看你跟得怎麼樣？做個小測驗來複習一下。

Note how there's a pause, and I drop my pitch slightly when I say that nonrestrictive clause.

請注意，怎麼會有'的停頓，我說那個非限制性條款的時候，我的音調稍微下降了一點。

So how did you do? I hope you found it helpful to study grammar with me

那麼你的成績如何呢？希望大家覺得和我一起學習文法有幫助。

Please like this video if you think it's important to develop your grammar skills.

如果你認為培養自己的文法能力很重要，請喜歡這個視頻。

That's all for now.

暫時就到這裡吧。

Thanks for watching and happy studies!

感謝您的觀看，祝您學習愉快!