Compassion has many faces.

我想要談談同情心

Some of them are fierce; some of them are wrathful;

同情心有很多面相。

some of them are tender; some of them are wise.

這些面相中有些是激烈的，有些是憤怒的，

A line that the Dalai Lama once said,

有些是溫柔的，有些是有智慧的。

he said, "Love and compassion are necessities.

達賴喇嘛曾說：

They are not luxuries.

「愛與同情是必須的。

Without them,

他們不是奢侈品。

humanity cannot survive."

沒有他們，

And I would suggest,

人類無法存活。」

it is not only humanity that won't survive,

而我認為

but it is all species on the planet,

不只是人類不能存活，

as we've heard today.

地球上的所有的物種，

It is the big cats,

都無法存活。

and it's the plankton.

不論是大型貓科動物

Two weeks ago, I was in Bangalore in India.

或是小浮游生物

I was so privileged

我兩周前在印度的班家羅爾

to be able to teach in a hospice

很榮幸能

on the outskirts of Bangalore.

在班家羅爾郊區的一所

And early in the morning,

安寧照護中心教學

I went into the ward.

我在清晨

In that hospice,

進入安寧房

there were 31 men and women

在那安寧照護中心

who were actively dying.

有31名男女

And I walked up to the bedside

正在面臨死亡

of an old woman

我走到一名年老女的女性

who was breathing very rapidly, fragile,

床邊

obviously in the latter phase

她的呼吸非常急促、虛弱

of active dying.

我看得出來

I looked into her face.

她的時間不多了

I looked into the face

我看了她的臉。

of her son sitting next to her,

及她身旁

and his face was just riven

兒子的臉

with grief and confusion.

她兒子臉上

And I remembered

滿是憂傷與迷惘

a line from the Mahabharata,

然後我想起

the great Indian epic:

印度史詩摩訶婆羅多中

"What is the most wondrous thing in the world, Yudhisthira?"

的一段對話

And Yudhisthira replied,

「尤迪斯帝拉，世上什麼最奇妙?」

"The most wondrous thing in the world

尤迪斯帝拉答道：

is that all around us

「這世上最奇妙的是

people can be dying

我們知道周遭所有人

and we don't realize

都可能死亡

it can happen to us."

但我們卻沒有意識到

I looked up.

自己也可能死亡。」

Tending those 31 dying people

我看了看

were young women

照顧這些面臨死亡的31人是

from villages around Bangalore.

來自班家羅爾村莊的

I looked into the face of one of these women,

年輕女士

and I saw in her face

我看了這些女士的臉

the strength that arises

我在她們臉上看到

when natural compassion is really present.

自然的同情心顯現時

I watched her hands

所顯露的能量

as she bathed an old man.

當她在為老人洗澡時

My gaze went to another young woman

的雙手

as she wiped the face

我又看了另外一名女士的雙手

of another dying person.

她正擦拭著

And it reminded me

即將死亡的人的臉

of something that I had just been present for.

這提醒了我

Every year or so,

一件我才剛遇到的事

I have the privilege of taking clinicians

大約每隔一年

into the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.

我都有榮幸帶領一些醫生

And we run clinics

到喜馬拉雅和西藏台地

in these very remote regions

然後我們在這些

where there's no medical care whatsoever.

沒有任何醫療機制的深山

And on the first day at Simikot in Humla,

進行診療

far west of Nepal,

在尼泊爾的席米哥的前幾天

the most impoverished region of Nepal,

在拿博遙遠的西邊

an old man came in

也就是拿博最落後的地方

clutching a bundle of rags.

有一名老人緊抓著一堆破布

And he walked in, and somebody said something to him,

走進來了診所

we realized he was deaf,

他進來後有人跟他說了話

and we looked into the rags,

但我們發現他是聾的

and there was this pair of eyes.

然後我們看了那些破布

The rags were unwrapped

我又看到了那滿是同情心的眼神

from a little girl

那堆破布是從

whose body was massively burned.

一為全身嚴重灼傷的女孩

Again,

身上取下來的

the eyes and hands

我又看見了

of Avalokiteshvara.

那屬於觀世音菩薩的

It was the young women, the health aids,

眼神和手

who cleaned the wounds of this baby

這是一位年輕的女醫護人員眼神和手

and dressed the wounds.

她清洗了這名嬰兒身上的傷口

I know those hands and eyes;

並為傷口包紮

they touched me as well.

我認識這雙手和眼睛

They touched me at that time.

他們也感動過我

They have touched me throughout my 68 years.

不只在當時感動了我

They touched me when I was four

他們在過去的68年間不斷地感動著我

and I lost my eyesight

他們在我四歲失去視力

and was partially paralyzed.

且半身癱瘓的時候

And my family brought in

感動著我

a woman whose mother had been a slave

當時我的家人帶來一位女士

to take care of me.

她母親曾是奴隸，而她是來

And that woman

照顧我的

did not have sentimental compassion.

那位女士

She had phenomenal strength.

的同情心不是來自感傷

And it was really her strength, I believe,

她有非凡的力量

that became the kind of mudra and imprimatur

而我相信她那強大的力量

that has been a guiding light in my life.

成為一種啓發

So we can ask:

成為我生命中的明燈

What is compassion comprised of?

所以我們可以問：

And there are various facets.

同情心是什麼組成的？

And there's referential and non-referential compassion.

而那有非常多面向

But first, compassion is comprised

同情心有來自經驗及非經驗的

of that capacity

但首先，同情心是由

to see clearly

能夠洞悉

into the nature of suffering.

受苦的意義

It is that ability

的能力而來

to really stand strong

這個能力

and to recognize also

讓我們能堅強得

that I'm not separate from this suffering.

瞭解到

But that is not enough,

我們夜身處這些苦難中

because compassion,

但光這些是不夠的

which activates the motor cortex,

因為同情心

means that we aspire,

會激發運動皮質區

we actually aspire to transform suffering.

表示我們會想去改變

And if we're so blessed,

我們真的會去改變這些苦難

we engage in activities

然後如果我們是蒙神祝福的

that transform suffering.

我們會身體力行

But compassion has another component,

來化解苦難

and that component is really essential.

但同情心還有另一個要件

That component

而且這要件很重要

is that we cannot be attached to outcome.

這個要件是

Now I worked with dying people

我們不能有情感上的依附

for over 40 years.

我和這些走在生命最後階段的人

I had the privilege of working on death row

相處超過40年了

in a maximum security [prison] for six years.

我有幸在戒備最深嚴的地方

And I realized so clearly

與死囚們共事了六年

in bringing my own life experience,

我很清楚得瞭解到

from working with dying people

而這是我經驗之談

and training caregivers,

與面臨死亡的人相處

that any attachment to outcome

和訓練照護人員時

would distort deeply

若對結果有情感的依附

my own capacity to be fully present

會嚴重影響

to the whole catastrophe.

我面對悲劇

And when I worked in the prison system,

的能力

it was so clear to me, this:

當我在監牢裡工作時

that many of us

我更瞭解到

in this room,

在我們當中

and almost all of the men that I worked with on death row,

有很多人

the seeds of their own compassion had never been watered.

和多數的死刑犯

That compassion is actually

心中同情心的種子從未被灌溉過

an inherent human quality.

同情心事實上是

It is there within every human being.

人類與生俱來

But the conditions

每一個人都有的

for compassion to be activated,

但能夠促使

to be aroused,

同情心萌芽

are particular conditions.

的狀況，

I had that condition, to a certain extent,

是很特殊的

from my own childhood illness.

在某種程度上，我小時候的一場大病

Eve Ensler, whom you'll hear later,

給了我這樣的狀況

has had that condition activated

等下我來告訴你們依夫‧恩斯勒

amazingly in her

她那驚人的同情心

through the various waters of suffering

如何在一連串

that she has been through.

的痛苦中

And what is fascinating

被啓發的

is that compassion has enemies,

更驚人的是

and those enemies are things like pity,

同情心是有敵人的

moral outrage,

敵人的名字就叫做遺憾

fear.

憤怒

And you know, we have a society, a world,

與害怕

that is paralyzed by fear.

如你們所知，我們的社會

And in that paralysis, of course,

被恐懼癱瘓了

our capacity for compassion

在這樣的狀況下，當然的

is also paralyzed.

我們同情的能力

The very word terror

也被癱瘓了

is global.

恐怖這個辭

The very feeling of terror is global.

存於全世界

So our work, in a certain way,

恐怖這個感覺是全世界都有的

is to address this imago,

所以我們的工作，在某些程度上

this kind of archetype

就是解決這樣的意象

that has pervaded the psyche

這樣的原始的意念

of our entire globe.

這已經滲入全人類

Now we know from neuroscience

思想中了

that compassion has

我們從神經科學中瞭解到

some very extraordinary qualities.

同情心

For example:

有其與眾不同的特質

A person who is cultivating compassion,

舉例來說

when they are in the presence of suffering,

一個正在培養同情心的人

they feel that suffering a lot more

當他正在面對苦痛時

than many other people do.

他會比其他人

However,

更能感受到這些痛苦

they return to baseline a lot sooner.

但是

This is called resilience.

他們也可以更快復原

Many of us think that compassion drains us,

這叫做復原力

but I promise you

我們之中很多人認為同情心會讓我們枯乾

it is something that truly enlivens us.

但我向你們保證

Another thing about compassion

同情心絕對會讓我們充滿生命力

is that it really enhances what's called neural integration.

在來是

It hooks up all parts of the brain.

同情心會促進神經整合

Another, which has been discovered

將腦部的各個部份連接在一起

by various researchers

還有就是，艾默理大學的研究人員

at Emory and at Davis and so on,

及加州大學的研究人員

is that compassion enhances our immune system.

發現

Hey,

慈悲心會增加免疫力

we live in a very noxious world.

這很棒耶!

(Laughter)

因為我們處在一個很毒的世界

Most of us are shrinking

【笑聲】

in the face of psycho-social and physical poisons,

多數人面對

of the toxins of our world.

心理和生理的毒物時

But compassion, the generation of compassion,

不斷得在萎縮

actually mobilizes

但同情心，及慈悲心的產生

our immunity.

其實能活化我們的

You know, if compassion is so good for us,

免疫力

I have a question.

既然大家都知道同情心這麼好了

Why don't we train our children

讓我問你們一個問題

in compassion?

為何不訓練我們的孩子

(Applause)

擁有同情心？

If compassion is so good for us,

【掌聲】

why don't we train our health care providers in compassion

如果同情心這麼好，

so that they can do what they're supposed to do,

為何不訓練我們的醫護人員慈悲心

which is to really transform suffering?

如此他們就能把該做的事做好

And if compassion is so good for us,

他們的工作不就是化解苦難嗎？

why don't we vote on compassion?

而且如果同情心這麼好

Why don't we vote for people in our government

何不投票給同情心？

based on compassion,

何不在選舉時

so that we can have

投票給有同情心的人呢?

a more caring world?

如此我們就能

In Buddhism,

擁有一個充滿關懷的世界

we say, "it takes a strong back and a soft front."

在佛教中，

It takes tremendous strength of the back

我們說：「需要一個強壯的背脊，但柔軟的顏面。」

to uphold yourself in the midst of conditions.

我們背後需要有強大的力量

And that is the mental quality of equanimity.

來讓我們立足於各種狀況

But it also takes a soft front --

那也是能人處世泰然的能力

the capacity to really be open to the world as it is,

但我們需要柔軟的顏面

to have an undefended heart.

需要能夠敞開心胸接受這世界

And the archetype of this in Buddhism

能夠有個不俱防備的心靈

is Avalokiteshvara, Kuan-Yin.

而在佛教中這樣的榜樣

It's a female archetype:

就是觀世音菩薩

she who perceives

這是個女性的典型

the cries of suffering in the world.

她是個接受

She stands with 10,000 arms,

全世界苦難的人

and in every hand,

她有一萬隻手

there is an instrument of liberation,

每隻手上

and in the palm of every hand, there are eyes,

都有一個用以解放的工具

and these are the eyes of wisdom.

每一隻手掌上都有眼睛

I say that, for thousands of years,

而這些眼睛是智慧之眼

women have lived,

數幾千年來

exemplified, met in intimacy,

所有存在過的女性們

the archetype of Avalokitesvara,

都是例子，也親身接觸過

of Kuan-Yin,

觀世音菩薩

she who perceives

的典型

the cries of suffering in the world.

觀音感受著

Women have manifested for thousands of years

全世界的苦難

the strength arising from compassion

女性數千年來展現著

in an unfiltered, unmediated way

由同情心而來的力量

in perceiving suffering

她們毫不逃避及掩飾的

as it is.

感受著

They have infused societies with kindness,

苦難

and we have really felt that

他們將慈愛注入社會

as woman after woman

而我們可以確實在

has stood on this stage

這過去一天半裡

in the past day and a half.

從接連上講台的女性

And they have actualized compassion

深深得感受到。

through direct action.

而她們也將同情心

Jody Williams called it:

化為實際行動

It's good to meditate.

喬迪·威廉斯說過

I'm sorry, you've got to do a little bit of that, Jody.

冥想是件好事

Step back, give your mother a break, okay.

但我想對喬迪說，你也必須做點別的

(Laughter)

讓一步，讓你媽媽休息一下。好嗎？

But the other side of the equation

【笑聲】

is you've got to come out of your cave.

但這件事的另外一面是

You have to come into the world

你必須走出你的洞穴

like Asanga did,

你必須走進這個世界

who was looking to realize Maitreya Buddha

像無著菩薩那樣

after 12 years sitting in the cave.

在洞穴中坐禪12年

He said, "I'm out of here."

希望可以看見彌勒佛

He's going down the path.

他最後說：「我要出關了。」

He sees something in the path.

他沿著路往下走

He looks, it's a dog, he drops to his knees.

他看到路上有東西

He sees that the dog has this big wound on its leg.

原來是隻狗，他跪下看看

The wound is just filled with maggots.