One is what we have lost,

今天我將談兩點

and two, a way to bring it back.

一是我們失去了什麼

And let me start with this.

二是怎樣找回它

This is my baseline:

讓我從這兒開始

This is the Mediterranean coast

這是我的底線

with no fish, bare rock

這裡是地中海海岸

and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae.

沒有魚，只有光禿禿的岩石

Something like this is what I first saw

有許多喜歡吃海藻的海膽

when I jumped in the water for the first time

當我第一次在西班牙的

in the Mediterranean coast off Spain.

地中海海岸潛入水下

Now, if an alien came to earth --

看到的是這樣的景象

let's call him Joe --

假設﹐一個外星人來到地球

what would Joe see?

我們就叫他喬

If Joe jumped in a coral reef,

喬會看到什麼?

there are many things the alien could see.

如果喬在一個珊瑚礁潛水

Very unlikely, Joe would jump

這個外星人會看到很多

on a pristine coral reef,

但是不大可能的是﹐ 喬會

a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles,

跳入一片原始珊瑚礁

manatees, groupers,

未被人類造訪過﹐ 有著許多珊瑚、鯊魚、鱷魚

turtles, etc.

海牛、石班魚、

So, probably, what Joe would see

海龜等等

would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture.

所以﹐ 喬很可能看到的

Here we have the extreme with dead corals,

是在這一部份﹐ 圖中綠色的部份

microbial soup and jellyfish.

這是一個極端的例子: 死亡的珊瑚

And where the diver is,

充滿微生物的粘稠水域和海蜇

this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now,

潛水者所處的區域

with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals,

很可能是今天世界上大部份珊瑚礁存在的地方

lots of bacteria,

珊瑚所剩不多﹐而且長滿藻類

and where the large animals are gone.

大量的細菌

And this is what most marine scientists have seen too.

大型動物已經消失

This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural

這也是大部份海洋科學家所看到的

because we started modern science

這是他們的底線, 是他們認為正常的狀態

with scuba diving long after

因為我們依靠水肺潛水開始的現代科學

we started degrading marine ecosystems.

遠遠晚於

So I'm going to get us all on a time machine,

人類對海洋生態系統的破壞

and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past

所以我現在要讓各位登上時間旅行機器

to see what the ocean was like.

我們要向左邊,向過去出發

And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands,

去看看海洋往日的情形

where we have conducted a series

讓我們從這臺時間旅行機器開始,蘭島

of National Geographic expeditions.

我們在這裡進行了一系列的

This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati

國家地理探險

that spans across the equator

這片海洋是屬於基里巴斯共和國的一個群島

and it has several uninhabited,

跨越赤道

unfished, pristine islands

包括好幾個無人居住的

and a few inhabited islands.

尚未發展漁業的原始島嶼

So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people.

以及幾個有人居住的島嶼

Most of the reefs are dead,

讓我們首先從聖誕島開始-這裡有5千居民

most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae --

大部份珊瑚礁已經死亡

and most of the fish are smaller than

大部份珊瑚也已經死亡,長滿海藻

the pencils we use to count them.

大部份魚類都比

We did 250 hours of diving here

我們用來計算他們數量的鉛筆還小

in 2005.

我們在此地潛水了250小時

We didn't see a single shark.

那是2005年

This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777

我們沒有見到一條鯊魚

and he described a huge abundance of sharks

這個地方是庫克船長於1777年發現的

biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats

他描述了大量鯊魚的存在

while they were going ashore.

撕咬他們小船上的舵和槳

Let's move the dial a little bit to the past.

當時他們正在著陸

Fanning Island, 2,500 people.

讓我們把時光再倒回去一些

The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.

范寧島有兩千五百居民

This is what many divers would consider paradise.

這裡的珊瑚狀況稍好﹐有大量小魚

This is where you can see most

許多潛水員會認為這里可以算是天堂了

of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

在這裡你可以看到

And many people think this is really, really beautiful,

是大部份佛羅裡達國家海洋保護區的景象

if this is your baseline.

許多人認為這裡非常非常美麗

If we go back to a place

如果這是你的底線的話。

like Palmyra Atoll,

如果我們回到一個地方

where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago,

比如巴爾米拉環礁

the corals are doing better and there are sharks.

我同傑里米.傑克遜幾年前去過

You can see sharks in every single dive.

珊瑚狀況更好, 還有鯊魚

And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs.

你每次潛水都會看到鯊魚

But then, if we shift the dial

這在今天的珊瑚礁很少見

200, 500 years back,

但是﹐如果我們把時光指針

then we get to the places where the corals

撥回到200年或500年以前

are absolutely healthy and gorgeous,

那麼我們到達的地方珊瑚

forming spectacular structures,

非常健康,光彩奪目

and where the predators

呈現出各種壯觀的造型

are the most conspicuous thing,

這里捕食動物

where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive.

最為顯眼

What have we learned from these places?

你每次潛水都能看到25到50條鯊魚

This is what we thought was natural.

我們從這些地方了解了什麼?

This is what we call the biomass pyramid.

這些地方是我們所認為的自然狀態

If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them,

這就是我們所稱的生物量金字塔

this is what we would expect.

如果我們把一處珊瑚礁所有的魚類集中起來稱重

Most of the biomass is low on the food chain, the herbivores,

這就是我們所期望的﹕

the parrotfish, the surgeonfish that eat the algae.

大部份的生物量處在食物鏈的下端,他們是食草魚

Then the plankton feeders, these little damselfish,

比如食藻類的鸚哥魚,鱘魚

the little animals floating in the water.

然後是吃浮遊生物的魚類,小雀鯛

And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores,

等漂浮在水中的小生物

and a lower biomass of top head,

然後還有數量較少些的食肉魚類

or the sharks, the large snappers, the large groupers.

以及數量更少的處在頂端的

But this is a consequence.

鯊魚,大型笛鯛,大型石班魚

This view of the world is a consequence

但是這是一個後果

of having studied degraded reefs.

這種觀點是一個後果

When we went to pristine reefs,

是研究被破壞的珊瑚礁之後得出的結論

we realized that the natural world

當我們到達原始珊瑚礁以後

was upside down;

我們意識到自然世界

this pyramid was inverted.

是上下顛倒的

The top head does account for most of the biomass,

金字塔是倒過來的

in some places up to 85 percent,

頂層佔生物量的大部份

like Kingman Reef, which is now protected.

在某些地方﹐高達85%

The good news is that, in addition to having more predators,

比如現在受到保護的金曼礁

there's more of everything.

一個好消息就是﹐除了它有更多的捕食魚﹐

The size of these boxes is bigger.

它也有更多其他各種生物

We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers,

這些框框的面積更大

more biomass of herbivores, too,

這裡有更多鯊魚,更大的笛鯛群

like these parrot fish that are like marine goats.

也有更大的草食魚群

They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen,

這種鸚哥魚好像海洋里的山羊

they eat, and they keep the reef clean

他們清理珊瑚礁;上面所有看得見的生物

and allow the corals to replenish.

他們都吃,這樣保持珊瑚礁的清潔

Not only do these places --

使珊瑚可以更新換代

these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish,

這些地方不僅

but they also have other important components

這些古老的﹐原始的水域不僅有大量魚類

of the ecosystem like the giant clams;

他們還有其他重要的

pavements of giant clams in the lagoons,

生態系統的成份,比如巨蛤

up to 20, 25 per square meter.

巨蛤在瀉湖里成片生長

These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world,

多達每平方米20或25只

and they filter the water;

他們已經從所有有人居住的珊瑚礁消失了

they keep the water clean from

他們過濾水質

microbes and pathogens.

他們保持水質清潔

But still, now we have global warming.

防止微生物和病原體滋生

If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law

但是﹐目前全球變暖

or their remoteness, this is great.

如果我們因為這些珊瑚礁受法律保護

But the water gets warmer for too long

或者因為他們位置偏遠而停止捕魚,那會很好

and the corals die.

但是如果海水長時間變暖

So how are these fish,

珊瑚死亡

these predators going to help?

那麼這些魚類

Well, what we have seen is that

這些捕食魚類能起什麼作用呢?

in this particular area

我們所看到的是

during El Nino, year '97, '98,

就在這裡

the water was too warm for too long,

在97、98年的厄爾尼諾氣候期間

and many corals bleached

海水溫度過高太長時間

and many died.

很多珊瑚出現白化現象

In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down,

進而死亡

where the large animals are gone,

在聖誕島﹐ 食物網被簡化

the corals have not recovered.

大型動物消失

In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.

珊瑚還未恢復到從前

But you see here

范寧島的珊瑚也是一樣

a big table coral that died and collapsed.

但是在這裡你可以看到

And the fish have grazed the algae,

這個巨大的鹿角珊瑚死掉了

so the turf of algae is a little lower.

魚吃掉了藻類

Then you go to Palmyra Atoll

因此藻類的領域稍微低一些

that has more biomass of herbivores,

但是如果你去巴爾米拉環礁

and the dead corals are clean,

那裡有更多的食草魚類

and the corals are coming back.

那裡的珊瑚很乾淨

And when you go to the pristine side,

他們正在逐漸恢復

did this ever bleach?

如果你去原始海洋那邊

These places bleached too, but they recovered faster.

那裡的珊瑚會白化嗎?

The more intact, the more complete,

他們也會有白化發生,但是他們能更迅速地恢復

[and] the more complex your food web,

食物網越完整,越完備

the higher the resilience, [and] the more likely

越複雜

that the system is going to recover

就越堅韌﹐

from the short-term impacts of warming events.

生態系統從氣候變暖的短期影響下

And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure.

恢復的可能性就越大

We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there

這是好消息。所以我們有必要恢復生態結構

so the ecosystem can adapt

我們需要保證生態系統的所有部份齊全

to the effects of global warming.

這樣生態系統能夠應對

So if we have to reset the baseline,

全球變暖的影響

if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left,

如果我們必須重設底線

how can we do it?

如果我們要把生態系統推回到左邊

Well, there are several ways.

我們怎樣才能做到?

One very clear way is the marine protected areas,

有好幾種途徑

especially no-take reserves

一種顯而易見的辦法是海洋保護區

that we set aside

特別是“不取”保護區

to allow for the recovery for marine life.

我們設立這些區域

And let me go back to that image

使得海洋生物能夠修養生息

of the Mediterranean.

讓我回到前面那張

This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid.

地中海的圖片

And at the same time I was watching

這是我的底線。這是我兒時所看到的情景。

Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV,

與此同時我正在看

with all this richness and abundance and diversity.

雅克.庫斯托的電視節目

And I thought that this richness

他展示了海洋的博大﹐豐富﹐和多樣性

belonged to tropical seas,

我以為這種豐富性

and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea.

是屬于熱帶海洋的特性

But, little did I know,

地中海是一個資源缺乏的海洋

until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve.

但是,我當時根本不知道

And this is what I saw, lots of fish.

一直到我第一次在一處海洋保護區潛水

After a few years, between five and seven years,

這就是我看到的﹐大量的魚類

fish come back, they eat the urchins,

幾年後﹐5到7年左右

and then the algae grow again.

魚兒回來了, 他們吃海膽

So you have this little algal forest,

然後海藻也開始生長

and in the size of a laptop

先是一小片海藻

you can find more than 100 species of algae,

只有筆記本電腦大小的面積上

mostly microscopic fit

你可以找到一百多種海藻種類

hundreds of species of little animals

大部份極其微小

that then feed the fish,

幾百種魚類,小動物

so that the system recovers.

成為魚類的食物

And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve,

就這樣整個生態體系得以恢復

is only 94 hectares,

這個地方﹐馬代群島海洋保護區

and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy,

只有94公頃大

20 times more than fishing,

它帶給當地經濟6百萬歐元的收入

and it represents 88 percent

超過漁業收入的20倍

of all the tourist revenue.

佔全部旅遊業收入的

So these places not only help the ecosystem

百分之八十八

but also help the people

所以這些保護區不僅有助於生態系統

who can benefit from the ecosystem.

還能幫助到居民

So let me just give you a summary

他們也能夠受益於生態系統

of what no-take reserves do.

那麼讓我來總結一下

These places, when we protect them,

“不取”的保護區有什麼好處

if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby, this is what happens.

當我們保護起這些地方

The number of species increases 21 percent;

我們把它們跟附近未保護地區比較一下﹐這就是結果

so if you have 1,000 species

生物種類增加21%

you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve.

假設你有一千種物種

This is very substantial.

那麼在海洋保護區你會期待多出200種

The size of organisms increases a third,

這是很大的差別

so your fish are now this big.

生物體的體積也會增加三分之一

The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter,

那麼你看到的魚會有這麼大

increases almost 170 percent.

豐富度﹐即一平方米內魚的數量

And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change --

幾乎增加170%

4.5 times greater biomass

生物量-這是最讓人驚嘆的變化 -

on average, just after five to seven years.

會增加4.5倍

In some places up to 10 times

平均5到7年之後

larger biomass inside the reserves.

在一些地方,保護區內

So we have all these things

的生物量會增加10倍

inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do?

那麼我們有這麼多的生物

They reproduce. That's population biology 101.

在保護區內生長﹐它們的作用是什麼?

If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die,

它們繁殖。這是群種生物學常識

they grow larger and they reproduce a lot.

如果我們不殺死魚,它們就會活得久一些

And same thing for invertebrates. This is the example.

它們會長得更大,繁殖更多后代

These are egg cases

無脊椎動物也是一樣。這是一個例子

laid by a snail off the coast of Chile,

這是卵鞘

and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom.

是生活在智利海岸的一種蝸牛下的

Outside the reserve,

這是它們在海底產卵的數量

you cannot even detect this.

在保護區之外

One point three million eggs per square meter

你根本看不到這個

inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant.

一平方米有一百三十萬個卵

So these organisms reproduce,

這是在蝸牛數量眾多的海洋保護區裡面

the little larvae juveniles spill over,

所以這些生物體繁殖

they all spill over,

這些幼蟲擴散出保護區

and then people can benefit from them outside too.

它們都會擴散出去

This is in the Bahamas: Nassau grouper.

保護區之外的居民也因此受益

Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve,

這是巴哈馬群島的拿騷石班魚

and the closer you get to the reserve,

保護區之內有大量的石班魚

the more fish you have.

而且離保護區越近

So the fishermen are catching more.

石班魚越多

You can see where the limits of the reserve are

漁民捕到的也越多

because you see the boats lined up.

你可以看到保護區的邊界

So there is spill over;

因為漁船都在那裡排隊

there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves

所以存在效益擴散

that help people around them,

保護區的效益超越了它的邊界

while at the same time

給週圍的居民帶來益處

the reserve is protecting

與此同時

the entire habitat. It is building resilience.

保護區在保護

So what we have now --

整個棲息地,增強堅韌性

or a world without reserves --

我們現在所有的

is like a debit account

或者一個沒有保護區的世界