but how much does a shadow weigh?

It might sound like a silly question, because it is. I mean, a shadow cannot be put on a

scale and weighed; but, the material that it falls on top of can be weighed. And,

we know that light has energy. In fact, when light encounters an object, it pushes that

object just a little bit. On the surface of Earth, when sunlight is hitting it, every

square inch is being pushed with a force of about one-billionth of a pound, which is basically

nothing. But, over a large enough surface area, the results can be pretty fun.

On a sunny day, the city of Chicago weighs 300 pounds more, simply because sunlight is

falling on it, pushing it.

In outer space, where solar wind isn't filtered by Earth's atmosphere or magnetic field, the

results are even bigger. A space craft, traveling from Earth to Mars, would be pushed by light

1,000 km off course. So, these things have to be factored into journeys to Mars. We've

actually already created things that can sail with light: giant reflective solar sails that

are pushed by the Sun's light.

So, in a way that is calculable, though difficult to measure, an area covered in shadow technicaly

weighs less than surrounding areas being pushed by light.

But enough about the Sun. There are 3 astronomical bodies that can cast shadows on the surface

of Earth bright enough for us humans to see. One is obviously the Sun, and the other is

the Moon. But, what's the third? Venus.

Pete Lawrence investigated this over a digital sky. Now, to make sure that the shadow he

saw was caused by Venus, he used a tube that could be pointed at specific regions in the

sky. Inside the tube, he put a cutout shaped like the astronomical symbol for Venus.

Now, here is light coming through the tube when pointed just adjacent to Venus at a point

in the sky relatively dark, and empty, to the human eye. But here is what came out of

the tube when pointed at Venus: a Venusian shadow.

We all know that light travels quickly- 299,792,458 m/s=c.

But this light right here, in fact, the light coming off your screen into your eyeballs

right now, is moving slightly slower than "c" because "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum,

but all of this light if having to travel through a medium- in this case air.

The speed of light in air is ever-so slightly slower than "c"- 298,925,574 m/s. This is

interesting because light travels more slowly through different materials, but "c" remains

the universal speed limit, and as long as an object doesn't go that fast, it can still

outpace light in a material.

A charged particle- for instance, an electron- can travel through water faster than light

does, but never faster than "c". When this happens, we get something analogous to a sonic

boom. We get a "Photonic Boom."

In a sonic boom, the sound information propagating off of the object is in the form of compression

waves, and as the object gets closer and closer to the speed of sound, the speed that those

waves are moving away from it at, each new wave has less time to get out of the way of

the next until eventually the waves collapse all into each other and the denisty and pressure

is enormous, causing a sonic boom.

Normally, when a charged particle moves through a material whose molecules can be polarized,

the molecules give off photons. But each photon has room to fly away, and the waves all destructively

interfere with each other, so no radiation is given off.

But, the faster the particle goes, the less room the photons have away from each other,

and their waves begin to constructively interfere, giving off a photonic boom: "Cherenkov Radiation."

Astronauts, especially those who have gone all-the-way to the Moon, have reported seeing

flashes of light. Many people attribute this to high-speed particles moving through the

liquid inside their eye faster than light normally would, causing photonic boom's right

inside their body.

Speaking of the speed of light, here's a great question a few of you have sent me- it involves

a possible way of going faster than "c". Here's how it goes:

Let's say I want to push a button that is a lightyear away from me, which means that

it would take light, the fastest possible thing in the universe, a year just to get

from me to the button.

Ok, well what if I a built board, one lightyear long, all-the-way from me to the button, and

then I pushed one end of the board- would the other end immediately push the button?

And, if so, did I just break the speed of light? Did I just send information faster

than light? Well, we're not talking about the speed of light anymore, are we? We are

talking about the speed of push.

When you push a rigid object, what you are really doing is putting a series of compression

waves through the object, which move at the speed of sound in the object's material.

The information about "whoa, we've been pushed, you should move," is sent via that compression

wave, and it only travels at the speed of sound. So, when pushing a normal day-to-day size

type object, it feels almost instantaneous. But, pushing a lightyear-long board, it would

take a lot longer.

A cool way to see this in action is to look at an object in which compression waves travel

more slowly. For instance, what Veritasium has done: blowing minds by showing Slinky's

being dropped. The information telling the Slinky that "hey, uh, we're moving," travels

through the Slinky slow enough that a slow-mo camera can see it happen.

If you haven't watched all of Veritasium's Slinky videos, you've missed out. In fact,

you should watch all of their stuff, it is superb. But, to wrap things up, here's the

point: the speed of push is not instant, and it's certainly not the speed of light. But,

light can push you...In fact, technically, you weigh more when the lights are on than

you do when the lights are off.

I've put links in the description to all kinds of cool things you should definitely check

out for fun, and for science. And, as always, thanks for watching.