Name: 【TED】羅伯特-賴特:慈悲心的演變（羅伯特-賴特：慈悲心的演變）。 (【TED】Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion (Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:26:01.000Z
Duration: 16 min 54 s

I'm going to talk about compassion and the golden rule

程度副詞

from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.

我來談論關於同情心與黃金法則

I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history

不僅從世俗的觀點,某一程度也會從科學的觀點來看

我會試著帶領你從自然的歷史來看

So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language,

and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy

所以，有時候我會用到臨床診斷上所使用的語言

而且聽起來也許不會溫馨及暖昧

較不同於一般關於同情心的言論

So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think compassion's great.

The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both.

因此，我想說的是， 一開始我覺得同情心很棒

黃金法則也是。我是這倆者很大的支持者

the leaders of the religions of the world

另外，我覺得很棒的是這世上的宗教

are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles

都肯定同心情和黃金法則是信仰的基礎

At the same time, I think religions don't deserve all the credit.

I think nature gave them a helping hand here.

但同時，我覺得宗教不是唯一的功臣

I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule

are, in a certain sense, built into human nature.

今晚我要強調的是，同情心及黃金法則

that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature,

you realize that just affirming compassion,

一旦你理解了兩者是建立在人性自然的感官中，

and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.

當你認同時，那確認同情心存在，

There's a lot of work to be done after that.

確認黃金法則的存在，是遠遠不夠的。

OK so, a quick natural history, first of compassion.

好。所以，很快的看一下自然歷史，首先，同情心。

and I mean not just when human beings first showed up,

但我指的不是人類第一次出現在世上的時候，

I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage,

我想可能是這樣，在人類的演化譜系中，

feelings like compassion and love and sympathy

and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.

It happened through a principle known as kin selection.

而生物學家對於這個現象是如何發生有清楚的想法

And the basic idea of kin selection is that,

if an animal feels compassion for a close relative,

and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,

如果一個動物對近親有同情的感覺，

then, in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes

而且這種同情的感覺使這個動物去幫助牠的親戚，

So, from a biologist's point of view, compassion is actually

所以，從一個生物學家的角度，同情心是事實上

I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy.

一個基因幫助自己的方式。好。

I'll get there -- I hope to get a little fuzzier.

我提醒過你演講內容不會溫馨及暖昧。好吧。

我繼續。我希望說得更模糊點。

that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion

is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.

Actually, I think the bad news about kin selection

is just that it means that this kind of compassion

事實上，我覺得壞消息是關於親屬選擇

is naturally deployed only within the family.

That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.

The bad news is that this kin selected compassion

這是壞消息。好消息是同情心是自然的。

壞消息是這種親屬選擇的同情心

Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution,

現在，在之後的進化過程中有了更多的好消息，

Biologists call that "reciprocal altruism." OK.

生物學家稱它是互利主義。好的。

compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.

Again, I know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion

同情心帶領你去为那些能回報你的人做好事。

but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion

你過去聽到過的同情心概念那樣鼓舞人心，

但是從一個生物學家的角度來看，這種互利主義的同情心，

It's not that people think that, when they feel the compassion.

It's not consciously self-serving, but to a biologist, that's the logic.

這不是說當人們給予同情心時會這樣子想。

And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.

那不是有意識的自我服務，但是，對於一個生物學家來說，那就是他的邏輯。

I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them,

所以，你最終會容易對你的朋友和同盟者產生同情心。

我確信你們大多數人，當一個親近的朋友發生了嚴重的事情，

that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of,

上寫有一些很可怕的事情發生在一些你從來不認識的人身上的時候

So, it's another good news/bad news story.

It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family

所以，這是另一個好消息壞消息的故事。

好消息是因為同情心超越了家庭的範籌

The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself.

壞消息這沒有給我們帶來普遍存在的同情心。好的。

Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism,

現在，這種互利主義帶來了另一種結果

which is that the way that this is played out in the human species,

it has given people an intuitive appreciation of the golden rule.

那是以人類物種作爲完結，好的，

I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes,

那使人們對黃金法則有一種直覺的鑒賞。好的。

but you can go to a hunter gatherer society

我不是指黃金法則存在於我們的基因之中

that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,

但是你可以追溯到遠古獵物採集的社會，

and you'll find, if you spend time with these people,

that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,

然後你會發現，如果你花時間和這些人在一起，

那麽，基本上，他們做好事應該得到回報，

And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.

So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well,

而且進化論的心理學家認爲這些直覺在基因中是有基礎的

所以, 他們了解如果你想要別人對你好

And it's good to treat other people well.

That's close to being a kind of built-in intuition.

So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention,

那差不多是在直覺中被建立的。

you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here;

所以，那是好消息。現在，如果你注意聽了，

你可能正在想壞消息是什麽，好的，

and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural,

那就是我們還沒達到普遍存在的愛，

it's also natural to carve out exceptions to the golden rule.

而且那是真的，因爲，雖然對黃金法則的理解是自然的，

I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison,

但是這也很自然地雕刻出黃金法則的例外情況。

but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?

我的意思是，例如，我們中間沒有人，或許，想進監獄，

So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.

但是我們老是覺得有一些人應該被關在監獄裏。對吧？

所以，我們覺得我們應該對他們和他們對我們不一樣

We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.

現在，我們對于這個有一個基本原理。

字幕列表影片播放

【TED】羅伯特-賴特:慈悲心的演變（羅伯特-賴特：慈悲心的演變）。 (【TED】Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion (Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion))

perspective

situation

basically

tend